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ALPHABETICAL CHRONOLOGY 



milMJ^MJEAIlILlI 3WHMHF; 



THE EARLIEST AUTHENTIC PERIOD TO THE PRESENT 

TIME. 



WITH COPIOUS EXPLANATORY NOTES. 



COMPILED FROM THE MOST APPROVED AUTHORITIES 



BY LEONARD TOWNSEND. 

T 



LONDON : 

TALLIS AND CO., GREEN ARBOUR COURT, 



OLD BAILED 



PREFACE. 



A good Chronology is a book useful to every class of readers. It is - 
oook of reference on almost every subject. Hitherto, however, it has been 
seldom attempted to form a perfectly general work of this kind. We have 
had Chronologies of this country, and Chronologies of that country. We 
have had Chronologies of historical and political events — Chronologies of 
biography — Chronologies of the foundations of cities and towns — Chro- 
nologies of inventions in the arts and sciences, and in domestic life. We 
have, in the present work, combined all these in one, and we have en- 
deavoured to make a work which may be at once a valuable — indeed a 
necessary — companion to history and biography; a work to which the 
artizan may refer to, when he would know at what period were invented 
the machines which he is in the custom of using, and in which every one 
viay learn the period at which were first introduced the things which he 
eats or drinks. 

It has been said that a Chronology is a book of reference. The object 
of that reference is generally to learn the dates of some circumstance which 
we know, and seldom to seek the circumstance which may have happened 
at a given date. We have, therefore, made ours an Alphabetical 
Chronology, which, we think, will not fail, on that account, to be doubly 
acceptable to our readers, as it will facilitate in an extraordinary manner, 
the labour of seeking the dates of known events, and will often render easy 
of discovery, what, in a large Chronology, made on the common plan, it 
would be next to impossible to find. 



PREFACE. 



After all, a simple Chronicle of facts and dates is, though useful as a 
work of reference, but a dry book to the general reader. We have en- 
deavoured, however, to make our book more interesting, and with that 
intent we have enlivened its pages with amusing anecdotes, inserted under 
the form of Notes. In these notes will be found the pith and marrow of 
some hundreds of volumes, and they will, we have no doubt, be considered 
by our Subscribers to be an invaluable addition to the work. 

It would be impossible to say with truth, that in a work for which so 
many authorities have been examined, that no inaccuracies will be found ; 
but the Editor hopes that they are few in number, and of little importance, 
it having been his principal care to consult every authentic source of 
information. 



ALPHABETICAL CHRONOLOGY. 



AALST, a Dutch painter of fruit and flowers, born 

1602, died 1658. 
AARON, high priest of the Jews, brother of Mosqs, 

died 132 years of age, B.C. 1452. 
AARON the Caraite, a learned Jew, who wrote a 

Commentary on the Pentateuch, flourished 1299. 
AARON and JULIUS, (Saints) suffered martyrdom 

under the Emperor Dioclesian, 303. 
AARSENS, a distinguished statesman of the United 

Provinces, sent ambassador to England 1620, again 

in the reign of Charles I., 1641. 
ABA, the most celebrated doctor of the Musselmen, 

born at Coufah, 687. 
ABA, King of Hungary, murdered by his own sol- 
diers after reigning 3 years, 1044. 
ABAKA, Khan, the wise and good Emperor of the 

Moguls, ascended the throne, 1264. 
ABAS, Schah, the Great, whose memory is held in 

veneration by the Persians, succeeded his father 

when the affairs of Persia were at a low ebb at 

the age of eighteen, 1585 ; died after a victorious 

reign of 44 years, 1629. 



ABAS, Schah, his grandson, the open protector of 
the Christians, died, 1666. 

ABAUZIT, (Firman) a very learned Frenchman, 
who was admired for his talents by the great Sir 
Isaac Newton, lived respected 87 j'ears, and died, 
1767. 

ABBADIE, James, an eminent Protestant divine, 
born at Nay, in Berne, 1654. 

ABBAS, Uncle of the imposter Mahomet, died, 652. 

ABBEVILLE, (France). Its woollen manufactory 
established by Colbert, 1665. 

* ABBEYS, totally abolished in England by Henry 
VIII. in the early part of the 16th century. 

t ABBOTS, (The) of Reading, Glastonbury, and 
St. John's, Colchester, hanged and quartered, for 
denying the king's supremacy, and not surrender- 
ing their abbeys, Nov. 1559. 

ABBOTT, TheHon.Chas., resigned his situation as 
Speaker of the House of Commons, May 30, 1817 

ABBOTT, Mr. Justice, appointed Lord Chief Jus- 
tice of the Court of King's Bench, (in the room of 
Lord Ellenborough, resigned,) Nov. 4, 1S18. 



* ABBEYS. These were the repositaries, as well as seminaries of learning. Valuable books, national 
records, and the history of private families were preserved in their libraries, the only places in which they 
could have been safely lodged in those turbulent times. John Bale, in his declaration upon Lelund's 
Journal, pathetically remarks, " Covetousness was at that time so busy about private commodity, that 
public wealth was not any where regarded. A number of those who purchased these superstitious man- 
sions, reserved of the library books some to serve their jacks, some to scour the candlesticks, and some 
to rub their boots : some they sold to the grocer and soap-seller, and some they sent over sea to the book- 
binders, not in small numbers, but in whole ships full ; yea, the universities of this realm are not clear 
from so detestable a fact. I know a merchant that bought the contents of two noble libraries for forty 
shillings each— a shame it is to be spoken." 

t ABBOTS. Fuller, in his Church History, relates the following anecdote, terming it a " pleasant and 
true story :" — " As King Henry VIII. was hunting in Windsor Forest, he either casually lost, or more pro- 
bably wilfully losing himself, struck down, about dinner time, to the Abbey of Reading, where, disguising 
himself, he was invited to the Abbot's table, and passed for one of the King's guard. A sirloin of beef was 
set before him (so knighted saith tradition by this Henry), on which the King laid on lustily. 'Well 
fare thy heart,' quoth the Abbot, * and here in a cup of sack I remember the health of his Grace, 
your master. I w r ould give an hundred pounds on condition I could feed as well on beef as you 
do. Alas! my weak and squeezie stomach will hardly digest the wing of a chicken.' The King plea- 
santly pledged him, and heartily thanking him for his good cheer, departed. Some weeks after, the Abbot 
was sent for by a pursuivant, brought up to London, clapt in the Tower, kept close prisoner, and fed for a 
short time with bread and water ; yet not so empty his body of food, as his mind was filled with fears, 
creating many suspicions to himself, when and how he had incurred the King's displeasure. At last a sir- 
loin of beef was set before him, on which the Abbot fed as the farmer of his own grange ; in springs King 
Henry out of a private lobby, where he was an invisible spectator of the Abbot's behaviour. ' My Lord,' 
quoth the Sing, ' presently deposit your hundred pounds in gold, or else, no going hence all the days of 
your life. I have been your physician, and demand my fee for the same.' The Abbot down with his dust 
nnd departed merry in heart to Reading." 



ALPHABETICAL CHRONOLOGY. 



►ABBOT, George, Archbishop of Canterbury, died 
;.l '?. Ii:;«. a-ed 71. 

A.BBOTSBURY Abbey, of Benedictines. Dorset, 
founded, 1026. 

A HI )ALLA, a beautiful and modest Arabian, father 
of Mahomet, flourished 625. 

ABEL, bom in the third year of the world. Killed 
by Cain 129, or B.C. 3874. 

ABELARt9, Peter, an eminent French scholar and 
philosopher, born near Nantes, 1079, died in the 
63rd year of his age 1142. 

ABERBROTHICK, (Scotland) a noble abbey, 
founded by William the Lion, 1178. 

ABERCONWAY Castle. (Caernarvonshire) built 
in the reign of Edward L, 1284. 

ABERCORN, Scots earldom of, created 160G (fa- 
mily name Hamilton.) 

ABERCROMBY, Sir Ralph, born in 1738 ; served 
under the Duke of York 1785, died on board the 
Foudroyant, March 2S, 1801, in his 66th year. 

ABERDEEN, University of, founded 1477 ; King's 
College, founded 1500 ; Marischal College, found- 
ed 1 593. 

ABERDEEN, Scots earldom of, created 1784 ; (fa- 
mily name Gordon.) 

ABERNETHY, John, the Dissenting Minister, died 
1740. aged 60. 

ABERNETHY, Dr. John, born 1765, died 1831. ' 

ABERRATION of the stars discovered by Dr. 
Bradley, 1726. 

ABERYSTWITH Castle, built in Henry I. reign ; 
burnt in that of his successor Stephen, 1142 ; ves- 
tiges of the castle still remain. 

ABIATHAR, High Priest of the Jews, divested of 
his priesthood, and banished by Solomon, B.C. 
1014. 

ABIMELECH entered into a covenant with Abra- 
ham, Anno Mundi 2107. 

ABINGDON Abbey, built by Ethelwold, Bishop 
of Sherborne, in the reign of Edwy, 958. 

ABLE or ABEL, Thomas, an abettor of "The 
Holy Maid of Kent," hanged, drawn, and quar- 
tered, at Smithneld, in the reign of Henry VIII. 
1540. 

ABNEY, Sir Thomas, who had a principal share in 
establishing the Bank of England, chosen Lord 
Mayor 1700, died 1722, aged 83. 

ABOUKIR, (Egypt) taken by the English, in 1801. 

ABRABANEL, Isaac, a Jew, born at Lisbon, 
1437, became Counsellor to Alphonso V. and 
Ferdinand, the Catholic Kings of Portugal. 

ABRAHAM, the father and stock whence the 
faithful sprung, called B.C. 1921 ; entertained 
three angels BfC. 1897 ; offered up his son Isaac 
B.C. 1871 ; died B.C. 1821 ; aged 175. 

ABRAHAMITES, a religious sect, arose about the 
year 790. 



Joab as he was riuma 

hraim, B.C. 1023. 

id Emperor of the East, 



ABSALOM, killed by 
through the wood of Ei 

t ABSIMARUS proclaim 
698. 

ABSTINENTS, a sect who abstained from wine, 
flesh, and marriage, arose about the year 170. 

ABUBEKER, the' first Caliph, and the immediate 
successor of Mahomet, died 634, aged 63. 

ACADEMIES. The principal in Europe founded 
as follows :— Berlin, 1700; Bologna, 1690 ; Brest, 
1682; Caen, 1705; Copenhagen, 1753; Dublin, 
1750; Florence, 1272 ; Geneva , 1715 ; Haerlem, 
1760 ; Lisbon,1772 ; London, " The Royal," 1768 ; 
Lyons, 1700 ; Madrid, 1714 ; Milan, 1719 ; Naples, 
1540; Padua, 1610; Paris, "of the Sarbonne," 
1256 ; Petersburgh, 1724 ; Rome, for comic 
poetry, 1611 ; Stockholm, 1750 ; Toulon, 1682 ; 
Upsa'l, 1633 ; Venice, 1701 ; Warsaw, 1753. 

ACHILLES, the Grecian General, killed at the 
siege of Troy, B.C. 1184. 

ACRE taken by the Crusaders in the reign of 
Richard I., 1199. 

ACTS of the APOSTLES, written in the year 63. 

ADAM created B.C. 4004 ; died 3034 B.C." 

ADAMITES, a sect, whose followers went naked, 
established 130. 

ADDISON, Joseph, the Author of the " Spectator," 
born 1671 ; died June 17, 1719. 

ADMIRALTY COURT, first instituted 1347 ; in- 
corporated 1772. 

ADO, the historian, died 574. 

I ADRIAN, the Roman Emperor, born at Rome, Jan. 
24, 76 ; died at Baiae, aged 63, 139. (He visited 
Britain and built a celebrated wall.) 

ADRIAN I., Pope, ascended the Papal throne 772. 
II., Pope, ascended the Papal throne SC7 ; 

III., Pope, died on a journey to Worms, 

885. 
IV., the only Englishman made Pope ; 

died Sept. 1, 1159. 

V., Pope, succeeded Innocent V., 1276. 

VI., Pope, born 1459; died Sept. 14, 



died 872. 



1523. 

ADRIANOPLE, taken by the Turks, from the 
Greeks 1362. 

ADVOCATES, Faculty of, founded a library in 
Scotland, 1660. 

iEGINHARD, Secretary to Charlemagne ; died 840. 

MLFRIC, an eminent monk, died 1005 ; buried at 
Abingdon. 

^EMILIUS Paulus, the historian, died at Paris, 
May 5, 1529. 

AEROSTATION. Friar Bacon wrote on this sub- 
ject as early as 1292. Montgolfier's experiments, 
were made in 1782. Blanchard. and Jeffries crossed 
the straits of Dover, January 7, 1785. 



* ABBOT, George. This distinguished prelate, being in a declining state of health, used in the 
summer to go into Hampshire for the sake of recreation. He was invited by Lord Zouch to hunt in his 
park at Bramshill, near Basingstoke. Here he met with the greatest misfortune that ever befel him, for 
he accidentally killed the game-keeper with an arrow (shot from a cross bow) which he had aimed at one 
of the deer. This fatal accident threw him into a deep melancholy, and he ever afterwards kept a monthly 
fast on Tuesday, the day on which it happened. Advantage was taken of this misfortune to lessen him in 
the King's favour ; but his Majesty said, " An angel might have miscarried in this sort." 

t AB3IMARUS having dethroned Leontius, cut off his nose and ears, and shut him up in a monastery. 
Leontius himself was also an usurper. He had dethroned Justinian II., "who afterwards, with the assistance 
of the Bulgarians, surprized and took Constantinople, and made Absimarus prisoner. Justinian, now 
settled on the throne, and having both Absimarus and Leontius in his power, loaded them with chains, 
ordered them to lie down on the ground, and with a barbarous pleasure held a foot on the neck of each for 
the space of an hour, in the presence of the people, who, with shouts and exclamations, sung the words, 
which translated into English might read as follows :—" Thou shalt walk on the asp and on the basilisk, 
and tread on the lion and the dragon." 

J ADRIAN. The Latin verses this Emperor addressed to his soul, in a train of tender levity, have been 
the subject of numerous translations and criticisms, of which perhaps Pope's is the best ; it begins " Vital 
spark of heavenly flame," &c. Adrian's character was a strange combination of virtues and vices 



ALPHABETICAL CHRONOLOGY. 



jESCHlNES, the Grecian orator, born at Athens, 

B.C. 327. 
.-'KSCIIYLUS, the tragic poet, born at Athens in 

the 63rd Olympiad. 
J5SOP, the celebrated Phyrgian fabulist, lived 

about the 50th Olympiad. 
jESOP CLODIUS, a famous actor, flourished about 

the 670th vear of Rome. 
AET1US, the Arian, born in Syria about the year 

AFRICA. The Cape of Good Hope discovered 1-184. 
AFRICAN ASSOCIATION, established 1788; 

Siena Leona Company incorporated 1791. 
AGARD, the Antiquarian, born in Derbyshire. 

1540 ; died 1616. 
AGARIC of the oak, first known as a styptic, or 

stancher of blood, June 1750. 
AGELNORTH, made Archbishop of Canterbury 

1020. 
AGESILAUS, King of the Lacedemonians, died in 

the 3rd vear of the 104th Olympiad. 
« AGINCOURT, Battle of, fought Oct. 25, 1415. 
AGITATORS, set up by Cromwell to take care of 

the interests of the army 1647. 
AGUONBY, Chaplain to James I., died 1609. 
AGRARIAN Laws, published about the year of 

Rome 268. 
AGRIA besieged by the Turks 1552 ; taken by Ma- 
homet 1596 ; under the dominion of the house of 

Austria since 1687. 
AGR1COLA built the rampart of division between 

England and Scotland, with the chain of castles 

from the Forth to the Clyde, A.D. 84. 
AGRICOLA, George, a German physician, born 

1195. 
AGRIPPA, Cornelius, born at Cologne 1486. 
AGRIPPA, Herod, born B.C. 3 years; died, eaten 

of worms, A.D. 44. 



AHAB, sonofOmri, Ring of Israel, iucci 
father, A.M. 3086. 

AIRMAN, William, a painter of considerable emi- 
nence, born in Scotland, 1682. 

AILMER, Earl of Cornwall, founded the Abbey ot 

: Cernell, Dorset, 1016. 

AILRED, Abbot of Revesby, Lincolnshire, born 
1109. afterwards sainted. 

AINSWORTH, Dr. Henry, Divine, wrote in de- 
fence of the Brownists' 1590. 

AINSWORTH, Robert, author of a celebrated 
Dictionary, born 1660. died 1743 

AIR GUNS, invented by Guter, of Nuremburg 1656. 

AIR PUMPS, invented by Geruke, of Magdeburgh, 
1650. 

AITON, William, an eminent botanist, born 1731. 

AIX-LA-CHAPELLE, a city in Germany, destroyed 
by the Huns 451 ; Treaty of Peace concluded here 
between France and Spain 1688; and between 
Great Britain and France 1748 ; taken by the 
French 1792, retaken 1794. 

AKENSIDE, Mark, poet and physician, born Nov. 
9, 1721 ; died June 23, 1770. 

ALABASTER, William, an English divine, author 
of Roxana, a Tragedy. 

ALAIN, Chartier, secretary to Charles VII. king of 
France, born 1386. 

ALAMANDUS, Lewis, beatified by the Pope 1527. 

ALAMANNI, Lewis, poet, born at Florence 1495. 

ALAMOS, Balthasar, a Spanish writer, his works 
published at Madrid 1614. 

ALAN, Cardinal William, born 1532 at Rossal, 
Lancashire. 

ALARIC, the Goth, took Rome by treachery, 400 ; 
died 411. 

ALASCO, a Polish nobleman, expelled his country 
for preaching Protestantism, died 1560. 

t ALBAN, St., suffered martyrdom 286. 



Although he was affable, courteous, and liberal, yet he was capricious and unsteady in his attachments, 
and violent in his resentments ; he was distrusted b*- '.lis friends but dreaded by his enemies. 

* AGINCOURT. Henry V., undaunted by dangers and difficulties, proceeded from Harfleur by easy 
journeys, that he might not fatigue his troops, or discourage them by the appearance of a flight, observing 
the strictest discipline, and paying generously for every thing he received, which induced the country 
people to bring provisions to his camp. He fared as ill as the meanest soldier, although he always ap- 
peared with a cheerful countenance. At this village he resolved to hazard an action, as the only means of 
preserving his little army from destruction. Overhearing some of his nobles express a wish that the many 
brave men, lying idle in England, were present to assist them, " No I" he cried aloud, " I would not 
have one man more — if we are defeated we are too many ; if it shall please God to give us the victory, as 
I trust he will, the smaller our number the greater our glory !" The French spent the night in noisy 
festivity, exulting in their numbers, yet eventually they lost the battle. 

t ST. ALBAN is said to have been the first person who suffered martyrdom for Christianity in Great 
Britain; he is, therefore, usually styled the protomartyr of this island. He was born at Verulam, and 
flourished towards the end of the third century. In his youth he took a journey to Rome, in company with 
Amphibalus, a monk of Caerleon, and served seven years as a soldier, under the emperor Dioclesian. On 
his return home, he renounced the errors of Paganism, in which he had been educated, and became a con- 
vert to the Christian religion. Authors differ as to the time of his martyrdom. The venerable Bede fixes 
it in 286, but Usher reckons it among the events of 303. In our Chronology we have followed the former. 
The story and circumstances relating to his martyrdom, according to Bede, are as follows :— " It not being 
generally known he was a Christian, he ventured to entertain Amphibalus at his house. The Roman 
governor receiving information of this circumstance, sent a party of soldiers to apprehend Amphibalus, but 
Alban, putting on the habit of his guest, generously presented himself in his stead, and was carried before 
that magistrate. The governor asked him of what family he was. Alban replied, 'To what purpose do 
you inquire of my family 1 if you would know my religion, I am a Christian— my name is Alban, audi 
worship the only true and living God, who created all things.' The magistrate replied, 'If you would 
enjoy the happiness of eternal life, delay not to sacrifice to the great gods ' Alban answered, ' The 
sacrifices you offer are made to devils ; neither can they help the needy, or grant the petitions of their 
votaries.' His behaviour so enraged the governor, that he ordered him immediately to be beheaded. In 
his way to execution he was stopped by a river, over which was abridge, so thronged with spectators, 
that it was impossible to cross it. The saint, as we are told, lifted up his eyes to heaven, and the stream 
■ as miraculously divided, and afforded a passage for himself and a thousand more persons. [Although 



ALPHABETICAL CHRONOLOGY. 



A.LBANI, a famous painter of Bologna, born 1578, 
died 1660. 

ALBICRONI, Julius, Cardinal, born 1664, died 1752. 

*ALBERTUS, Magnus, Bishop of Ratisbon, died at 
Cologne, T280. 

ALBIGENSES, a sect of Church Reformers who 
sprung up in the 12th century. 

ALCjEUS, a lyric poet, born at Mitylene, in the Isle 
of Lesbos, flourished in the 41th Olympiad. 

ALCIBIADES, an Athenian General died 404 B.C. 

ALCOCK (John), Doctor of Laws, made Bishop of 
Ely in 1486. ^ 

ALC'UINUS, Flaccus, the friend of Charlemagne, 
died 804 ; courtiers denominated him " the Em- 
peror's delight." 

ALCYONIUS (Peter), author of the celebrated 
" Treatise on Banishment," flourished in the 
17th century. 

ALDHELM, or ADELM (St.), Bishop of Sherborn, 
died 709. ' 

ALDRED, Abbot of Tavistock, made Bishop of 
Worcester, 1046. 

ALDRICH (Dr. Henr}), an eminent English divine 
and musical composer, born 1647. 

ALE HOUSES in England first licensed 1551 ; they 
existed however from the earliest times. 

ALEANDER, Jerome, Cardinal, born 1480, died at 
Rome, 1542. 

ALFRED, fourth son of Ethel wolf, born 849 at Wan- 
tage, Berks ; succeeded his brother, Ethelredl. on 
the throne of England, 872 ; took London from the 
Danes, besieged Rochester, and drove them to their 
ships, 882 ; he divided England into counties and 
hundreds, built the University of Oxford, took a 
survey of England, and formed a body of laws, 
which, though now lost, is generally esteemed the 
origin of Common Law. He was thrice married : 
By his first queen he had two sons and a daughter ; 
by his second, two sons and five daughters ; and by 
his third, two sons and two daughters. He died 
900, and was succeeded by his second son Edward 
the Elder. 



ALEMBERT, an eminent French philosopher, born 

at Paris 1717. 
ALER, Paul, a French Jesuit, author of the cele- 
brated " Gradus ad Parnassum," in use in all the 

schools of Europe, died 1727. 
ALGEBRA, Treatise on, written by Diophantus350. 
ALIEN PRIORIES, seized by the King, 1337. 
ALLEGIANCE, Oath of, first administered 1606, 

altered 1689. 
ALMANAC STAMPS increased 1781 ; the duty 

repealed 1834. 
ALRESFORD, Hants, destroyed by fire 1660. 
ALTARS, first consecrated 1334. 
ALTHORP, (Lord) brought in a bill for amending 

the Poor Laws, April 17, 1834. 
AMERICA discovered by Columbus, 1492. 
AMPHITRITE, this ship conveying female convicts 

to New South Wales, lost on the Boulogne sands, 

August 31, 1833. 
ANABAPTISTS first appeared 1525 ; chose Buc- 

hold of Levden their king, 1533. 
ANABAPTIST Meeting houses established 1640. 
ANACREON the Greek poet, died B.C. 474. 
ANNE BOLEYN, married to King Henry VIII. 

1532 ; falsely charged with incest and beheaded 

1536. 
ANNE OF CLEVES, Henry the Eighth's fourth 

wife, died 1577. 
ANNE, Queen of England, began to reign 1702 ; 

died of a fever and lethargy 1714. 
ANGELO, Michael, an eminent Italian painter, 

died 1564, 
ANOINTING first used at English coronations, 872. 
ANTHEMS first introduced, A.D. 386. 
ANTHONY, Saint, born in Egypt, 251. 
ANTINOMIANS, a sect who teaches thai; good 

works do not promote or ill works hinder our sal- 
vation ; took their origin from John Agricola, 

about 153S. 
ANTIOCH, a city of Syria, Queen of the East for 

1600 years, now a miserable and ruinous town 

almost entirely destroyed by an earthquake, 587. 



does not mention the name of the river, we suppose the miracle will not be the less believed.] This wonder- 
ful event converted the executioner on the spot, who threw away his drawn sword, and falling at St. 
Alban's feet, desired he might have the honour of dying with him. This sudden conversion of the heads- 
man occasioned a delay in the execution till another person could be got to perform the office. St. Alban 
walked up to a neighbouring hill, where he prayed for water to quench his thirst, and a fountain sprung 
up under his feet. The executioner is said to have been a signal example of divine vengeance, for as soon 
as he gave the fatal stroke, his eyes dropt out of his head." — See St. Albans. 

* ALBERTUS Magnus, was a Dominican friar, and one of the most learned men and a celebrated doc- 
tor of the 13th century. He is said to have acted as a man-midwife, and some have been highly offended 
that one of his profession should follow such an employment. In a book he had written, there are several 
instructions for midwives, and so much skill shown in the art, that one would think the author could not 
have arrived at it without having practised himself. It has been alleged that he used some words in one 
of his works rather too gross for chaste and delicate ears. In his own vindication, he says, he came to the 
knowledge of so many monstrous things at confession, that it was impossible to avoid touching upon such 
questions. The bishops of the present time would undoubtedly think the office of man-midwife derogatory 
to their dignity. 

t ST. ANTHONY. He inherited a large fortune, which he distributed among the poor and retired 
into a desert to live in perfect solitude. Many ridiculous stories are told of his conflicts with the devil, 
and of his miracles. Seven epistles still extant are attributed to him. He is sometimes represented with 
a fire by his side, to signify his relieving persons from the inflammation called after his name ; but in these 
pictures he is always accompanied with a hog, on account of his having been a swine-herd, and professing to 
L-u re all disorders in that animal. In Stephen's " World of Wonders," are the following singular rhymes : — 

Once fedd'st thou Anthony, an herd of swine, 

And now an herd of monks thou feedest still. 

For wit and gut alike, both charges bin ; (are) 

Both loven filth alike ; both like to fill 

Their greedy paunch alike : nor was that kind 

More beastly, sottish, swinish, than this last. 

All else agrees : one fault I onty find, 

Thou faedest not thy monks with oaken mast. 



ALPHABETICAL CHRONOLOGY. 



4.NTONINUS, 1'ius, a good and wise Roman Em* I 
peror, bom 86. 

ANTONINUS' WALL. The third rampart of 
■, built by the Romans against the incur- 
sions of the North Britons, [40. 

ANTONIUS, (Marcus), a famous Roman orator, 
made consul in the year of Rome (>53. 

» APELLES, a celebrated Greek painter, flourished 
about 384 years B.C. 

APOCALYPSE, or The Revelations of St. John, 
were written in the Isle of Fatmos, A.D. 96. 

APOTHECARIES exempted from civil offices, in 
the year 1712. 

AQUINAS, (Thomas), styled the "Angelical Doc- 
tor," who refused the Archbishopric of Naples, 
died 1274. 

ARABIANS (The) took the names of Saracens, 622. 

ARBACES, who dethroned Sardanapalus, and 
began the monarchy of the Medes, which lasted 
317 years, under nine Kings, died A.M. 3206. 

ARBUTHNOT, (Alexander), the mathematician, 
poet, and divine, died at Aberdeen, 1583. 

ARBUTHNOT, (John), M.D., of whom Dean Swift 
said " that he had more wit than all his friends, 



died 



and his humanity was equal to In. svii 

Feb. 1731. 
ARC, (Joan of), the Maid of Orleans, one of the 

most famous heroines of history, was cruelly burnt 

to death in the market-place of Rouen, June 1431. 
ARCTIC EXPEDITION. Captain Rossarrivedat 

Hull, after an absence of four years, when all hope 

of his return was abandoned, Oft. 1H, 1833. 

ARCHBISHOPS first known in the east, 320. 

t ARCHERY introduced by the Saxons in the time 
of Vortigf in. 

ARCHILOCIH'S, the Greek poet and satirist, who 
when provoked to invectives, was compared " to 
a trodden serpent," flourished B.C. 700. 

ARCHIMEDES, one of the most eminent of the 
ancient mathematicians, born B.C. 180. 

ARCHITECTURE was first carried to any con- 
siderable pitch by the Tynans. 

AREOPAGUS, the famous senate of A thens, cele- 
brated for its impartial decrees, and for hearing 
all causes in the dark, established B.C. 1509. 

ARIANS, followers of Arius, who maintained that 
Christ was inferior to God, and wholly denied his 
divinity, arose about 315. 



* APELLES was born in the island of Cos, and was in high favour with Alexander the Great. He 
executed a picture of this Prince. hoi ding a thunderbolt in his hand, whicn was finished with so much skill, 
that it was said that there were two Alexanders ; one invincible, the son of Philip— the other, inimitable 
the production of Apelles. "What is called grace, was the characteristic of this artist. His pencil was 
so famous for drawing fine lines, that Protogenes discovered by a single line, that Apelles had been at his 
house. Protogenes lived at Rhodes. Apelles sailed thither, and went to his house with great eagerness, 
to see the works of an artist who was known to him only by name. Protogenes was from home; but an 
old woman was left watching a large piece of canvass. She told Apelles that Protogenes was gone out, 
and inquired his name, that she might inform her master. " Tell him, (says Apelles), he was inquired for by 
this person," at the same time taking up a pencil, he drew on the canvass a line of great delicacy. When 
Protogenes returned, the old woman acquainted him with what had happened. That artist, upon con 
templating the fine stroke of the line, immediately pronounced that Apelles had been there ; for so finished 
a work could be produced by no other person. Protogenes, however, himself drew a finer line of a 
different colour ; and, as he was going away, ordered the old woman to show that line to Apelles if he 
came again : and to say, " This is the person for whom you are inquiring." Apelles returned, and saw 
the line: he would not for shame be overcome, and, therefore, with great care, in a different colour from 
the two former lines, drew another so exquisitely delicate, that it was impossible for the art of man to 
produce a finer stroke. Protogenes immediately acknowledged the superiority of Apelles, made inquiries 
in search of him, and ordered the lines thus drawn to be preserved for the admiration of future artists. 
It is well known that Alexander forbade any one but Apelles to paint his portrait, but he cherished the 
fine arts more from vanity than taste. " Alexander (says Elian) having viewed the picture of himself, 
which was at Ephesus, did not praise it as it deserved. But when a horse was brought in, and neighed 
at seeing the figure of a horse in the picture, as though it had been a real horse. ' Oh King, (said 
Apelles.) this horse seems to be by far a better judge than you.' " And this is not the only instance in 
which horses drawn by him were mistaken for real ones. 

t ARCHERY. ' The bow was the ancient implement of war in most countries, and, by the expertness 
of the archers alone, has often decided the fate of nations. The English were considered the best archers 
in Europe, and by their means many victories were obtained. William the Conquerer had a great number 
of bowmen at the battle of Hastings, but no mention is made of such troops on the side of Harold. It 
appears that Richard L, " the lion-hearted," was killed by an arrow at the seige of Limoges, which is 
said to have issued from a cross-bow. After this, we have nothing relating to archery on record for nearly 
150 years, when, in the time of Edward III. an order was issued to the Sheriffs of most of the English 
counties for providing 500 white bows, and 500 bundles of arrows, for the then intended war against 
France. There were similar orders repeated in the following years, but with this difference, that the 
Sheriff was to furnish 500 painted bows, as well as the same number In white. At the battle of Cressy, a 
large body of Genoese soldiers, were particularly expert in the management of these weapons, ami 
assisted the French on that memorable occasion, using their bows; yet, even their efforts, Mere inef- 
fectual when opposed to the archery of the English. Previous to the commencement of the battle then- 
fell a sharp shower of rain, which wetted the strings of the cross-bows, and, as we are told, in a great 
measure prevented the archers from doing their usual execution. In the ages of chivalry, the usage of 
the bow was considered as an essential part of the education of a young man, who wished to make a 
figure in life. And here we hope our indulgent readers will pardon the intrusion of an extract from an old 



ALPHABETICAL CHRONOLOGY. 



ARISTIPPUS the philosopher, flourished B.C. 392. 

ARBTODEMUS, king of the Messinians, killed Ids 
own daughter to save his country, B.C. 715, and 
about six years after, destroyed himself upon her 
Crave. 

ARITHMETIC, first brought into Europe from 
Arabia, 941. 

ARMADA, the Spanish; 130 ships, with 50,000 men 
destined to invade England, arrived in the chan- 
nel, July 1583, but were dispersed by a storm. 

ARMS (French) first quartered with the English, 
1358. 

ARMS, coats of, first used in the reign of Richard I. 

ARMSTRONG, Dr. John, an eminent physician 
and poet, born in Roxburghshire, published "The 
Art of preserving Health," 1744; he died Sep- 
tember 1779. 

ARMY, the first authenticated account of" a stand- 
ing army is that of Philip of Macedon. In modern 
times that of Charles VII. of France is the first. 
Established 1445. 

ARNE, Mich. Musical Doctor, wrote the Opera 
called Artaxerxes, 1762 ; he died March 5, 1778. 

ARTHUR, King, the celebrated hero of the Bri- 
tons, whose life was a continued scene of wonders, 
began to reign, 508. 

ARTICLES of Religion"(42), published by the clergy 
without consent of parliament, 1552 ; the 42 were 
reduced to 39, January 1563. 

ARTIFICERS prohibited leaving England, 1736. 

ARTILLERY, the era of, dated from the battle of 
Cressy, in 1346 ; the firelock invented about 1586. 

ARTILLERY (Company) a band of infantry who 
made part of the city guard, and consisted of 600 
men, instituted 1600. 

ARUNDELIAN MARBLES, containing the chro- 
nology of ancient history, from 1582 to 355 B.C., 
found in the isle of Paros about 1610. 

ASAPH, St. died 590. 

ASCHAM, Roger, secretary to Mary and Elizabeth, 
born about 1515, died 1568. 

ASCUE, Ann, burnt for heresy (denying the real 
presence), 1546. She was first racked at the 



Tower, in the presence of the Lord Chancellor* 
who, throwing off his gown, drew the rack him- 
self so severely, that he almost tore her body 
asunder. 

ASH WEDNESDAY, Fast of, instituted by Pope 
Felix III. 487. 

ASHMOLE, Elias, the antiquarian born 1617, died 
1692. 

ASHTON, Mr. murdered 1831. James Garside and 
Joseph Mosely executed for the murder, Novem- 
ber 25, 1834, 

ASPARAGUS first introduced into England 1602. 

ASSASSINS, The, were a body of men who pos- 
sessed twelve cities near Tyre, and whose trade 
was murder ; killed their king 1257. 

ASTLEY, Philip, the founder of the Royal Amphi- 
theatre, near Westminster Bridge, born 1742 ; 
erected the theatre 1780, died 1814. 

ASTRONOMY, first carefully studied in Europe 
about 1201 ; books of Astronomy and Geometry 
all destroyed as infected by magic, 1552. 

ATHANASIUS, St. the first Christian clergyman, 
made bishop of Alexandria, 326; died May 2, 
375, aged 73. 

ATHELSTAN made king of Kent -by his father 
Ethelwolf, 848, died about 853. 

ATHELSTAN the natural son and successor of 
Edward the Elder, crowned King of England, at 
Kingston, 925, died 941. 

AUCTIONS were scarcely known in England 
before 1706 ; a duty on goods sold in that manner 
laid on, 1777. 

AUGUSTIN, St. a father of the Latin church, born 
354, baptized 387, died 431 . 

AURUNGZEBE the Great Mogul died 1707 aged 90. 

AUSTEN, Jane, the highly gifted authoress of many 
excellent novels, born 1775, died July 18, 1817. 

AUSTRIA, Russia, and Prussia, together with 
Great Britain, concluded a treaty at Vienna, 
binding themselves to maintain the treaty of Paris, 
and to each keep 150,000 men in the field, and 

• not lay down their arms until Buonaparte was 
conquered, March 25, 1815. 



poetical legend of the ballad kind, wherein, Adam Bell, Clym of the Cloughe, and William of Cloudesle, 
are introduced to shoot before the king, and that too, for their lives. The butts were set up by the king's 
archers, and they were censured by Cloudesle, who said 

" I hold h3Tn never no good archer, 
That shoteth at buttes so wide :" 
and having procured two " hasell roddes," he set them up at the distance of four hundred yards from each 
other ; his first attempt in shooting at them, contrary to the expectation of the king, was successful, for 
it is observed that, 

" Cloudesle with a bearing arrow 
Clave the wand in two." 
The king being surprised at the performance, told him, " he was the best archer he ever saw." Cloudesle 
then proposed to shew him a yet more remarkable proof of his skill, and tied his eldest son, a child only 
seven years old, to a stake, and placed an apple upon his head ; one hundred and twenty yards were 
measured from the stake, and Cloudesle went to the end of the measurement, he first entreated the spec- 
tators to be silent, 

" And then drew out a fayre brode arrowe ; 

Hys bow was great and long, 

He set that arrowe in his bowe 

That was both styffe and stronge. 

Then Cloudesle cleft the apple in two 

As many a man myghte see, • 

Over God's forbode then sayde the kynge, 

That thou snolde shote at me." 

King Henry VII. was celebrated for his sksL in archery, and even amused himself with the bow, after he 
had obtained the crown. Among his memorandums, we find, " Lost to my Lord Morging, at buttes, six 
shillings and eight-pence. Both the sons of Henry followed his example. Archery is now principally 
practised by ladies, as a matter of diversion during the summer months. 



ALPHABETICAL CHRONOLOGY. 



BABEL, (Tower dT) f began to "be built 2247 before 
Christ, which continued buildin 

BABYLON, (The Kingdom of ), founded by Nhn- 
rod, 2640; conquered by Cyrus, who founded the 
Persian Empire, 636 ; revolted, but wa3 re- 
covered two years after by a stratagem of Z i- 
pirns, 612; taken by Darius, after a siege of J'J 
months, 510 before Christ. 

BACHELORS at the age of 25 taxed, 1695. 

BACON, (Roger), born 1214; died 12U2. 

, (Sir Francis), died 1626. 

BADEN. (Congress of), at 1714. 

BAGDAD, built by the Caliph Almansur, 762, and 
became the capital of the Saracen empire ; but, 
being taken by the Tartars in 1258, their empire 
ceased. 

BALLS, (Cannon), made of stone, were in use 
until 1514. 

BANK Stock Sinking Fund, established 1716; 
Three per Cent. Annuities, created 1726; Throe 
per Cent. Consols, ditto 1731; Three per Cent. 
Reduced, 1746; Four per Cent. Consols, 1762. 

BANK of England incorporated, 1594; Scotch 
Bank created, 1695 ; Bank of Ireland opened, 1783. 



BANNOCKBLRN Battle fought, June 25, 1311. 

BANQUO murdered by Macbeth, 

BARBERS are of high antiquit j ; they an 
of as ha id their profession 300 yean 

before ' 

BAUDS, (Welch), who celebrated the praises of 
their heroes in Bongs at entertainments ; were re- 
gulated by Gryffytn ap Conan, King of Wales, 

1078. 

* BARLOW, (William), Bishop of Chichester, 

died 1508. 
BARNABAS, (St.), stoned to death about 50. 
BAR.NET. (Battle of), fought between the Earl of 

Warwick and Edward IV., April 14, 1471. 
t BAROMETERS invented by Torcelli, a Flo- 
rentine. 1643. 
BARONETS first created, 1611 ; ditto, of Scotland, 

May 28, 1625. 
BARONS attended Parliament in complete armour 

in Henry III.'s reign. 
BARRISTERS first appointed by Edward I. in 

the year 1291. 
BARROW, (Rev. Dr. Isaac), the mathematician, 

died 1077. 



* BARLOW, (William), was descended from an ancient family in Wales, and born in the county of 
Essex. From his youth, he favoured the reformation, and travelled into Germany, to be instructed by the 
celebrated Luther. It appears that he now was principally engaged in writing against the Romish church, 
although he was a canon of St. Osyth, near Colchester, and studied with the brothers of that order. After 
this, he was made prior of Bisham, in Berkshire, but on the dissolution of monasteries, he resigned with 
cheerfulness, and issued a treatise, persuading other abbots to follow his example. This conduct pleased 
Henry VIII. so much, that he speedily raised Dr. Barlow to a bishoprick, and with the subserviency 
common to the times, he, on his appointment, wrote to the King the following epistle : — " Prayse be to 
God, who of his infinite goodness and mercy inestymable hath brought me out of darknesse into light, and 
from deadly ignorance into the quick knowledge of the truth. From which, through the fiend's instigation 
and false persuasions, I have greatly swerved, in so much that I have made certayn bokes, and have suf- 
fered them to be emprinted, as the treatise of the ' Buryall of the Ma»m., &c.' In these treatises I per- 
ceive and acknowledge myself grievously to have erred ; namely, against the blessed sacrament of the 
altar, disallowing the masse, and denying purgatory, with slanderous infamy of the Pope, and my Lord 
Cardinal, and outrageously railing against the clergy, which I have forsaken, and utterly renounce. Asks 
pardon, William Barlow." Notwithstanding these protestations, when Edward VI. came to the crown, he 
was again a Protestant, and for that reason, on Queen Mary's accession, was deprived of his bishopric, 
and imprisoned in the Fleet, where he continued for some time : fortunately, he found means to escape, 
and after many difficulties he joined the other English Protestants who had taken refuge from Catholic 
persecution in Germany. On Queen Elizabeth's elevation to the throne, our prelate was recalled to 
England, and raised to the see of Chichester, in which cathedral he lies buried. It is rather singular, 
that he had five daughters, and each of them married a bishop. It is said we are indebted to him for the 
translation of the Apocrypha, as far as the book of " Wisdom." 

t BAROMETERS are now generally known by th-: name of weather glasses, from their being prin- 
cipally used in a fore-knowledge of the weather; their phenomena are as follows: — 1. The rising 
of the mercury presages in general fair weather ; and its falling, foul weather ; as rain, snow, high winds, 
and storms. 2. In very hot weather, the falling of the mercury fore-shows thunder. 3. In winter, 
the rising presages frost ; and in frosty weather, if the mercury falls three or four divisions, there will 
certainly follow a thaw. But in a continued frost, if the mercury rises, it will certainly snow. 4 When 
foul weather happens soon after the falling of the mercury, expect but little of it ; and, on the contrary, 
expect but little fair weather, when it proves fair shortly after the mercury has risen. 5. In foul weather, 
when the mercury rises much, and high, and thus continues for two or three days before the foul weather 
is quite over, then expect a continuance of fair weather to follow. 6. In fair weather, when the mercury 
falls much, and low, and thus continues for two or three days before the rain comes, then expect a great 
deal of wet, and probably high winds. 7. The unsettled motion of the mercury denotes uncertain and 
changeable weather. And, lastly, observes Mr. Patrick, the writer of the foregoing remarks, it appears 
that it is not so much the height of the mercury in the tube that indicates the weather, as the motion of it 
up and down. Dr. Halley gives us the following account of the phenomena connected with the barometer : 

" In calm weather, when there is an appearance of rain, the mercury is commonly low, and," continues 

he, " upon very great winds, though they be not accompanied with rain, the mercury sinks lowest of all ; 
although, after very great storms of wind, when the mercury has been very low, it generally rises again 
very fa~t." 



ALPHABETICAL CHRONOLOGY. 



* BARTHELMY, John, James, a celebrated lite- 
rary character, born Jan. 1716. 

BARTHOLOMEW, St. martyred, Am*. 24, 71. 

BARTLEMAN, the most celebrated, bass singer of 
his day ; one of the proprietors and conductors of 
the Hanoyer-square rooms, died 1820. 

BARTOLOZZI, Francis, the celebrated engraver, 
and the first who beautifully executed the red- 
dotted chalk manner of engraving, died 1816, in 
his S8th year. 



BARTON, Elizabeth, the " Holy Maid of Kent," 
first known in Kent as a servant-maid in 1525, 
hanged at Tyburn, 1534. 

f BASTILE taken by the Parisian populace, July 
14, 1789. 

BATH, Order of the, instituted by Richard II. 

BA'TTERSEA BRIDGE, built 1772. 

I BATTLE, trial by, first instituted, about 500 



* BARTHELMY, was born at a little sea-port town on the Mediterranean, and at twelve years of age 
he was sent to school at Marseilles ; at an early age he was profoundly instructed in the Oriental languages, 
his reputation rose very high, and he was considered a youth of uncommon promise. One day, ten or 
twelve of the merchants of Marseilles, introduced a person to him who had implored their charity on the 
Exchange, observing that he alleged, " he was by birth a Jew, and had been raised on account of his 
great learning to the dignity of a Rabbin; but having perceived, in consequence of his studies, that the 
Christian was the true religion, he had become a convert ; besides this, he wished to be confronted with 
some learned man as to the truth of what he alleged. Barthelmy was not twenty-one years of age, yet he 
was immediately selected to try whether any imposition was practised, and young as he was, on retiring 
from the contest, he gained the character of a prodigy of eastern learning. What can more forcibly show 
the mutability of the fortune of men who depend on literature for support than this of Barthelmy, who, 
after having possessed an ample income during more tnan twenty years, found himself when at the last 
stage of existence, reduced to live on a mere pittance, scarcely supporting the indispensable necessaries 
of life. When he was seventy-eight years of age, the greater part of which had been spent in literary toils, 
an event occurred calculated to excite the most bitter indignation. This feeble old man was denounced 
as an aristocrat, and several of his companions were included in the imaginary guilt. A warrant was im- 
mediately issued against them. When Barthelmy received it, he instantly arose and fearlessly took leave 
of Madame de Choiseul, with whom he was sitting ; and such was the respect paid to the excellence of 
his virtue and the brilliancy of his talents, that even the gaoler, when he was introduced into the dreary 
walls of the prison, paid the utmost attention to him. In the 3-ear 1794, some years after his release, his 
approaching dissolution was apparent to every one but himself, for his fainting fits became longer than 
they had. been, and more frequent On the 25th of April he dined with Madame de Choiseul, but in the 
course of the night he became so weak that he was unable to ring the bell, and in the morning when his 
servant entered, he was found with his feet in bed and his head on the floor of his chamber, entirely de- 
prived of sensation though not of life. It is remarkable that he read Horace as if nothing ailed him within 
an hour of his death ; yet, while he read, his hands turned cold and he was unable to support the book, 
which fell to the ground. His head reclined on one side, and his nephew, as well as his attendants, sup- 
posed him asleep, but, alas ! it was the sleep of death ; this learned man had ceased to exist. 

f THE BASTILE, of Paris, was chiefly used for the custody of state-prisoners, or we may perhaps 
more properly say the purposes of the most unfeeling despotism, for all that was done in this odious castle 
was arbitrary. Each prisoner when he entered was closely examined ; his trunks were unlocked, his 
pockets picked, and his baggage ransacked, to discover any political papers, if he had any in his possession ; 
nor where any knives, watches, razors, canes, jewels, or money allowed them ; and if they had no servants 
of their own, they waited upon themselves, even to the making oi their beds and fire. They had when 
first confined, neither books, ink, or paper. They were never anticipated in any thing ; for even before 
any one could be shaved, he must ask it as a favour. The officials of this iniquitous prison treated the 
unhappy sufferers with insolence, and fatigued them by multiplied interrogatories ; promises, caresses, 
and menaces, were amongst the means used to elicit a confession ; which, if the prisoner made, the com- 
missioners told him that they had no authority for his enlargement, but had every reason to expect it ; 
thus exposing the unhappy victim to fresh vexations, and making him endure the misery of " hope de- 
ferred." We could fill our volume with a list of the prisoners confined in this horrible place, but our 
limits do not admit of it ; we must desist. 

I BATTLE in Law, or Trial by wager of Battle, is of great antiquity, but is now entirely disused. 
Doubtless it arose from the superstition of our ancestors, who wished to make a presumptuous appeal to 
Almighty God, under the unwarrantable hope that heaven would give the victory to him who had the 
right. An ancient MS., speaking of the " Tryal by Battle," says, " a piece of ground is set out sixty-feet 
square, enclosed with lists, and the court sits at sunrising, when proclamation is made for the champions, 
who are introduced by two knights.;" it appears, however, that these champions were only allowed the 
use ofbatons or staves, of aft ell. in lengtn, and a four cornered leather target, so that death very seldom 
ensued. Each champion taking the other by the hand, repeated the words following:— " Hear this, ye 
justices, that this day I ha??> neither ate, drank, nor have upon me neither bone, stone, nor grass ; nor any 



ALPHABETICAL CHRONOLOGY. 



BAXTER, (Richard), the celebrated non-coniormist 

divine, born 1015. 
BAYLE, an eminent critic and philosopher, born 

1647. 
BAYLE, a French physician and anatomist, died 

prematurely in 1817. 
BAYLEY, (William), the astronomer, who went 

out with Captain Cook in his second and third 

voyage, died 1810. 
BAYONETS first used by the French 1693. 
BAZIN, (James Rigomer), who figured as an 

anarchist in the French revolution, was killed in 

a duel, 1821. 



BEADS first used in Romish devotion, 1093. 
BEARDS were never more worn in England than 

in the 10th century. 
BEATTIE, (James), LL.D., a pleasing poet, born, 

1735. 
BEAUFORT, (Henry), Bishop of Winchester, who 

has been immortalized by Shakspeare's pomtray- 

ing the horrors of his death-bed; died, 1447. 
BEAUMONT, (Sir George), the artist who pre- 

sentedmany very valuable pictures to the National 

Gallery; died, Feb. 7, 1827. 
* BEAUMONT an I FLETCHER, two poets, who 

lived in the time of James I. 
t BECKET, (St. Thomas a), murdered, 1171. 



enchantment, sorcery, orwitchcraft.whereby the law of God may be abased, or the law of the devil exalted. 
So help me Heaven and the Saints. The last attempt to revive the trial by wager of battle took place in 
the year 1818. Abraham Thornton was tried at the Warwick assizes for the rape and murder of Mary 
Ashford, at Eardington, in the neighbourhood of Birmingham, whose body was found in a pond; the trial 
excited the greatest horror and sympathy, but the evidence, though very strong, was merely circum- 
stantial, and a verdict of acquittal was pronounced ; the next of kin obtained a writ of appeal, which 
subjects the party to another trial, and Thornton was again taken into custody, and personally appeared in 
the Court of King's Bench, offering, according to ancient custom " wager of battle." After the matter 
being solemnly argued, the Judges decided that the right of defence by this mode was coeval with the 
right of prosecution by appeal, and young Ashford being but a boy, the challenge was declined, and 
Thornton was discharged. For particulars of this alleged murder see Eardington. 

* BEAUMONT and FLETCHER, whose names are seldom unconnected, were two excellent poets, 
and dramatic writers, and from the constancy of their friendship, it has not been judged improper to speak 
of them together. Beaumont was born in Leicestershire, and educated at Oxford ; his dramatic con- 
nection with Fletcher took place before he was twenty years of age, although Fletcher was ten years older. 
With regard to the individual share he had in the plays published under their joint names, all that is 
known on the subject may be gathered from the preliminary matter of the edition of their works, published 
in 1778. It is said that Fletcher was luxuriantly redundant, and Beaumont possessed judgment to prune 
these redundancies. The first survived his coadjutor some years, but at length died of the plague in the 
year 1625, and was interred in the church of St. Mary Overy, Southwark. Beaumont was buried in 
Westminster Abbey, but no stone marks the spot where his ashes repose. 

t BECKET, (Thomas), Lord High Chancellor of England, and Archbishop of Canterbury. It is said that 
his father, Gilbert Becket, went on a pilgrimage to Jerusalem, but a party of Saracens surprized him as 
he was crossing the Desert, and carried him into slavery. Here his master's daughter fell in love with 
him, and even followed him to London after his escape from thraldom. Her heroic affection struck him 
with surprize, and, after consulting with the bishops, he baptized her by the name of Matilda, and 
married her. From this marriage proceeded the high-spirited and haughty St. Thomas a Becket, the 
subject of the present article, who excommunicated all his opposers. Henry II. was highly offended at 
the conduct of this prelate, and is reported to have said, "I am an unhappy prince, I maintain a great 
many lazy and insignificant persons about me, and there are none who have gratitude or spirit enough to 
revenge one on a single insolent prelate, who gives me so much annoyance." No sooner were the words of 
the king expressed, than four gentlemen determined to take the archbishop's life, and this murderous de- 
sign they executed in the cathedral church of Canterbury, where Becket bowed his head to receive the 
fatal stroke, on the 29th of December, 1171. The assassins trembled, as all murderers do ; they were 
afraid they had gone too far, and dare not return to the king, but shut themselves up in a room at 
Knaresborough, in Yorkshire ; and, so much were they hated, that no person would even deign to eat or 
drink with them. At last, they determined to go to Rome, to see if the Pope would not condescend to order 
some penance to relieve their consciences : but their journey did not end here ; the head of the church, 
Alexander III., sent them to Jerusalem, to spend the remainder of their lives in the most penitential aus- 
terities, and, even after their death, their bodies were to be buried without the church-door. King 
Henry, either was, or pretended to be, horror-stricken at the mournful intelligence of Becket's death. 
All the offices of the church of Canterbury ceased ; nor were they allowed to be resumed, until it had been 
consecrated afresh. Two years after, Becket was canonized, and King Henry, immediately on his return 
to England, when he came within sight of the church, alighted from his horse, and walked barefoot in the 
habit of a pilgrim to his tomb ; here he knelt upon the bare stones, allowed the monks to flog him, and for 
one whole day and night he prayed without refreshment prostrate upon the cold floor of the cathedral. A 
splendid shrine enclosed the bones of Becket, and an immense concourse of the nobility and other persons 
flocked to pay their devotional honours at his tomb. Yet, it appears, that the dead, as well as the living, 
are subject to the mutabilities of fortune, for in the reign of Henry VIII. this rich shrine was pillaged, and 

c 



10 



ALPHABETICAL CHRONOLOGY. 



BEDE, the venerable historian, died 735. 

BEER, none in England until about 1492, though a 
drink railed Ale, was of much higher antiquity. 

BEETHOVEN, a very eminent musical composer, 
born 1770 ; he died at the age of 57. 

BEGUINS, nuns who are allowed to marry ; their 
order established 1208. 

BEHEADING noblemen, first used in England 1074. 

BELL, (Andrew) the founder of the National Sys- 
tem of Education, made an experiment of his s}'s- 
tem at Madras 1798 ; he died Jan. 28, 1832. 



BELLS used by the Jews in Aaron's time. 

not much known in England until 590. Nan- 
kin and Pekin in China, were famous for their 
bells ; one at the latter place is said to have 
weighed 12,000 pounds. 

BELZONI, the celebrated Egyptian traveller, died 
Dec. 3, 1823. 

BENGER, (Eliza) the historian and biographer, 
died Jan. 9, 1827. 

* BENTHAM, (Jeremy) a celebrated political 
writer, died June 1832, in the 85th year of his age. 



I 

S even the dead saint cited to appear in court, and not appearing, (we need not inform our readers it was 
! impossible) he was tried and condemned as a traitor ; and as Henry could not strike off his head, he 

ordered his name to be struck out of the calendar of saints, his unoffending bones to be burnt, and the 

ashes to be scattered to the winds. 

* JEREMY BENTHAM. " This eminent and excellent man died at his residence in Queen-square, 
Westminster. During an unhealthy season he had been subject to repeated attacks of bronchitis, 
but as he had recovered from them with so much vigour, it was considered by many that he would return 
to his former health, and he again received the visits of distinguished foreigners, and of public men with 
whom he was in the habit of friendly intercourse, and it was believed he would have been able to continue 
his labours for several years to come. Several days before his death, he had taken up the portion of his 
manuscripts for the third volume of his unpublished Constitutional Code, which is reputed by jurists, who 
are acquainted with its progress, to be one of the most valuable of his productions, as it contains the prin- 
ciple for the formation of a judicial establishment, and a code of procedure. Another attack of his dis- 
order, however, arrested his labours for ever. His death was singularly tranquil. Only a portion of his 
works have been printed ; and of those printed, some, which have been spoken of by eminent men as the 
aiost valuable, such as the " Essay on Judicial Establishments," have never in reality been published. 
Repeated proposals have been made to publish a complete edition of his works. A. few weeks before his 
death, Prince Talleyrand, who at all times, in common with the leading spirits of the age, professed 
his high admiration of the author, made proposals to get a complete edition of all his works in French 
published in Paris. He was the son of Mr. Jeremiah Bentham, and was born at the residence of his father, 
adjacent to Aldgate Church. He was remarkably precocious as a child, and soon after he was three 
years of age, he read Rapin's History of England as an amusement. At seven years of age he read Tele- 
maque in French. At eight he played the violin, an instrument on which, at a subsequent period of his 
life, he became remarkably proficient. He was very distinguished at Westminster School, and at thirteen 
years of age he entered the University of Oxford. The most prominent moral qualities which appear in 
Mr. Bentham's writing, are love of justice, and hatred of imposture : his most remarkable intellectual 
endowments, a penetrating deep-sighted acuteness, precision in the use of scientific language, and sagacity 
in matters of detail. Many incidents of his early life mark the extent of his connexion with the last cen- 
tury. He was accustomed to relate with great pleasure, that when he was a boy, he was taken to drink 
tea with Hogarth, whose works he greatly admired. He was one of the class who attended the lectures of 
Sir William Blackstone, when they were delivered at Oxford, and young as the mind of Bentham was, it 
even then revolted at the reasoning of the professor. As a law student, Bentham took notes of the speeches 
of Mansfield; and he was a member of the club ruled by Johnson, whom he never liked, considering him 
to be a gloomy misanthrope. In the year 1825 he went over to France for the benefit of his health, and 
was received with the respect and enthusiam which the French people always pay to men of superior 
mind. On one occasion, whilst in Paris, he casually visited one of the supreme courts. He was known 
on his entrance, when the whole body of the advocates rose and paid him the highest marks of respect, 
and the court invited hiin to the seat of honour. He corresponded with all the most able statesmen of his 
time. His principal works are—' Introduction to the Principles of Morals and Legislation ;' the ' Frag- 
ment on Government ;' ' Rationale of Judicial Evidence,' in five volumes, including a very full examina- 
tion of the procedure of the English Courts ; ' the Book of Fallacies ;' the ' Plan of a Judicial Establish- 
ment,' one of his most finished productions, printed in 1792, but never regularly published ; his ' Defence 
of Usury;' 'Panopticon,' a work on prison discipline; and many others.' Mr. Bentham was a bencher 
of Lincoln's Inn, and was the father of the bar. In conformity with the desire of his father, he practised 
for a short time in equity, and was, as we have stated, immediately remarked for the ability he displa}'ed ; 
but the death of his father left him with a moderate fortune, and the free choice of his course of life, 
when he immediately abandoned all prospects of professional emolument and honors, and devoted the 
whole of his subsequent life to those labours, which, he believed, would produce the greatest happiness to 
his fellow-creatures. His extreme benevolence and cheerfulness of disposition are highly spoken of by all 
who had the honour to be admitted to his society, which was much sought after ; and also by his domes- 
tics, and by his neighbours who were acquainted with his habits. The news of the Reform Bill having 
been carried, greatly cheered his last hours. ' Mr. Bentham,' observes the True Sun, « was an old man. 



ALPHABETICAL CHRONOLOGY. 



II 



| BERNOULLI, (Danie!) the great physician and 

philosopher, died, 1782. 

BEWICK, a celebrated wood-engraver, died, 
Nov. 8, 1828. 

BEZA, (Theodore), a divine of great eminence, who 
was the colleague of Calvin, died, October 1805. 

BIBLE, (The), being translated and printed in 
English, was in the year 1537 ordered to be set up 
in Churches. 

BIGGLESWADE, Bedfordshire. A fire here des- 
troyed 120 dwelling-houses, besides granaries, 
barns, and other buildings ; more than 400 persons 
were by this accident deprived of sustenance, 
16th June, 1785. 

BIRMINGHAM. In the year 1791, a serious riot 
occurred; the disturbance lasted some days, and 
many houses were ransacked; the damage was 
estimated at £60,000. ; two of the ring-leaders 
were executed. Among the houses which suf- 
fered in this disgraceful affair, was that of the 
celebrated Dr. Priestly, which was wholly 
destroyed. 



BILLINGSGATE, (said to be built 370 years before , 
Christ) was the old Port of London, 979; made ; 
a free fish-market, 1669. A great fire at, Jan. 13, i 
1716. 

BILLS of Exchange invented by the Jews to remove I 
their property from place to place where they 
were persecuted, about 1160; act passed to pre- 
vent sending money in any other way, -1th Ri- 
chard II., 1381 ; act passed for regulating the 
payment of them, 1698; first stamped, 1782: im- ! 
proved, 1783 ; ditto, 1791. 

BIRTH of Children taxed, 1695; of a duke, 301., | 
a common person, 2s.; again, 1783. 

* BIRNIE, (Sir Richard), died, April 29, 1832. 

BISHOPS regained their seats in the House of Peers, 
Nov. 30, 1661, after being deprived of their 
station there 15 years. 

BLANKETS were first made this year, by one 
Thomas Blanket, and some other inhabitants of 
Bristol, who set up looms in their own houses for 
weaving those woollen clothes, which yet bear 
that name, 1340. 



with venerable white locks, social and cheerful, robust in body, and promising a still longer life ; but it 
is always impossible to say, in highly intellectual men, how far the spirit of life is kept up by the mere 
vivacity of the brain, and subject to abrupt extinction from causes of accident or weather. His appear- 
ance, both in the amplitude of his look, the flow of his reverend hair, and the habitual benevolence of his 
smile, had a striking likeness to Franklin ; and, on a hasty glance, the busts of the two might be con- 
founded. He had all the practical wisdom of one of the sages of good sense ; took exercise as long as he 
could, both abroad and at home ; indulged in reasonable appetite ; and, notwithstanding the mechanical- 
mindedness with which his Utilitarianism has been charged, and the suspicious jokes he could crack 
against fancy and the poets, could quote his passages out of Virgil, 'like a proper Eton boy.' He also 
played upon the organ, which looked the more poetical in him, because he possessed, on the border of his 
garden, a house in which Milton had lived, and had set up a bust against it in honour of the great bard, 
himself an organ-player. Emperors as well as other princes have sought to do him honour, but. he was too 
wise to encourage their advances beyond what was good for mankind. The Emperor Alexander, who 
was afraid of his legislation, sent him a diamond ring, which the philosopher, to his immortal honour, re- 
turned, saying (or something to that effect) that his object was not to receive rings from princes, but to do 
good to the world. It was a part of the will of the late Mr. Bentham, that his body should be devoted to 
the purposes of improving the science of anatomy. So determined was he on this point, and so resolved to 
secure its execution, that he expressly warned the three friends to whom he entrusted this delicate matter, 
of the difficulties they would have to overcome, and the obstacles they would have to encounter, and then 
j asked them if they would undertake the task* They pledged themselves to see his intentions 
; carried into effect, and the result was, that the body was laid on the table of the Anatomical School, 
j Webb-street, Borough, when Dr. Southwood Smith pronounced a spirited eulogium upon him.— (Extracted 
from the New Monthly Magazine.) 

* Sir RICHARD BIRNIE died at his official residence in Bow-street, Covent-garden, after a severe 
'■ illness of more than six months, arising from a pulmonary affection. Sir Richard, who had just completed 
. his 73d year, was bred to the trade of a saddler, and after serving his regular apprenticeship, came to 
, London, and obtained a situation as journeyman at the house of Mackintosh and Co., who were then saddle 
' and harness makers to the Royal Family, in the Haymarket. His subsequent advancement in life may be 
attributed, in some degree, to accident. The foreman, as well as the senior partner in the firm, being 
' absent from illness at the same time, and a command being received from his Royal Highness the Prince of 
j Wales, for some one to attend him to take orders to a considerable extent on some remarkable occasion, 
| " young Birnie" was directed to attend his Royal Highness. The orders of the Prince were executed so 
j completely to his satisfaction, that he often afterwards, on similar occasions, directed that the " young 



Scotchman" might be sent to him. By the exercise of the diligence, perseverance, and honesty for which 
bo many of his countrymen have been remarkable, he at length became foreman of the establishment of the 
Messrs. Mackintosh, and eventually a partner in the firm. During the progress of these events, he became 
acquainted with the present Lady Birnie, the daughter of an opulent baker in Oxenden-street, Kaysr.arket, 
and married her, receiving in her right a considerable sum in cash, and a cottage and some valuable land 
at Acton, Middlesex. He then became a householder in St. Martin's parish, and soon distinguished him- 
self by his activity in parochial affairs. During the troublesome times of the latter part of the Pitt 
administration he was an ultra loyalist, and gave a proof of his devotion to the "good cause" by enrolling 
himself as a private in the Royal Westminster Volunteers, in which corps, however, he soon obtained 
the rank of Captain. After serving the offices of constable, overseer, auditor, &c. in the parhh, he j 



12 



ALPHABETICAL CHRONOLOGY. 



* BLANTYRE, Lord, died Sept. 23 1830. 

BLAKE, Admiral, battered Tunis, in the Mediter- 
ranean ; destroyed nine ships in the harbour, and 
made them submit to a treaty for releasing the 
English captives, April 13, 1655. 

BLACKFRIARS BRIDGE began 1760 ; Opened 
Nov. 19, 1766; finished 1770 ; cost £152,840. 

BLACKSTONE, Dr., was called to the degree of 
Sergeant at Law, previous to his appointment as one 
of the Judges of the Court of Common Pleas, in the 
room of Justice Clive, who retired Feb. 12, 1770. 

BLACKSTONE, Sir William, Knt. died Feb. 14, 
1780, one of the Judges of the Court of Common 
Pleas, and author of the Commentaries on the 
Laws of England. His Majesty, Geo. III., settled 
a pension of £400. a year on Lady Blackstone. 

BLACKBOOK, The, was a book kept by the English 
Monasteries, in which a detail of the scandalous 
enormities practised in religious houses were en- 
tered, for the inspection of visitors, under Henry 
VIII., in order to blacken them and hasten their 
dissolution. Hence the vulgar phrase, " I'll set 
you down in the black book. 

BLANCHARD, Mr. ascended in a balloon from the 
Military Academy at Chelsea, with Mr. Sheldon, 
a surgeon; the balloon descended at Sunbury, 
when Mr. S. alighted, and Mr. Blanchard re- 
ascended and pursued his journey, safely alighting 
at Romsey, in Hampshire ; the concourse of per- 



sons to witness the ascension was immense, Oct. 
16, 1784. 

BLOOD, circulation of, through the lungs, first made 
public by Michael Setvetus, a French physician, 
1533 ; Cisalpinus published an account of the 
general circulation, of which he had confused 
ideas, and improved it afterwards bj' experiments, 
1569 ; but it was fully confirmed by Harvey, 1628. 

BLOOD, a disbanded officer of the Protector, who 
had been attainted, meditating revenge on tht 
Duke of Ormond, lord lieutenant of Ireland, seized 
him at night in his coach, and tied him on ahorse, 
with a design to hang him at Tyburn, had not the 
duke's servant rescued him, Dec. 6, 1670 ; attempt- 
ed to steal the Crown out of the Tower, May 9, 
1671. This man, when taken, was not only par- 
doned, but pensioned with £500. a year. 

BOCCACIO the Poet died, aged 62, June 8, 1376. 

BODLEY, Sir Thomas, rebuilt and furnished the 
Public library, at Oxford, with a vast collection 
of books and manuscripts, from all parts of the 
world, 1598. 

BOEHMEN, Jacob, the Teutonic philosopher and 
visionary, born 1575. In the morning of Nov. 18, 
1624, he called one of his sons to his bedside and 
asked him what o'clock it was ? on being told it 
had struck two, he said " My time is three hours 
hence," and it is remarkable that he died accord- 
ing to his own prediction. 



became, in the year 1805, churchwarden, and in conjunction with Mr. Elam, a silversmith in the Strand, 
his co-churchwarden, and Dr. Anthony Hamilton, the then Vicar of St. Martin's parish, founded the esta- 
blishment, on a liberal scale, of a number of alms-houses, together with a chapel, called St. Martin's 
Chapel, for decayed parishioners, in Pratt-street, Camden Town, an extensive burying-ground being at- 
tached thereto. St. Martin's parish being governed by a local act of Parliament, two resident magistrates 
are necessary, and Mr. Birnie was, at the special request of the late Duke of Northumberland, placed in 
the Commission of the Peace. From this time, exercising the tact so characteristic of his countrymen, he 
betook himself to frequent attendances at Bow-Street office, and the study of the penal Statutes and Ma- 
gisterial practice in general. He was at length appointed police magistrate at Union Hall, and after some 
few years' service there, was removed to Bow-street office, to a seat on the bench of which he had long 
most earnestly aspired. In February 1820, he headed the party of peace officers and military in the appre- 
hension of the celebrated Cato-street gang of conspirators. In the affray which took place on that occasion, 
at the entrance to the hay-loft in which the offenders met, he received a shot through the crown of his hat. 
In August 1821, at the funeral of Queen Caroline, Sir Robert Baker, having offended the " Powers that 
were," by pursuing a line of conduct which they called pusillanimous, but which many designated as 
highly honourable both to his heart and head, he received a hint that he might retire, which he immediately 
acted upon. Mr. Birnie, upon this, was appointed chief magistrate, and as a matter of course, received 
the honour of knighthood. He left a daughter and two sons.— Extracted from the New Monthly Mag. 

* Lord BLANTYRE. This lamented nobleman, who met his death at Brussels, was born in the city 
of Edinburgh in the year 1775. His father died when he was but eight years old ; but, happily, this loss 
was in a great measure supplied by the tender care of a most excellent mother, who spared no pains to 
give her children the best education, as well as to train them in the ways of religion and virtue. And she 
had the satisfaction, before her death, of seeing them rise to a high degree of respectability— three out of 
four sons having attained to the rank of Major-General, in which character they were presented together 
at a levee held by his late majesty; his lordship entered the army in the nineteenth year of his age ; and 
so eagerly did he press forward to acquire, in scenes of danger, the experience that might enable him to 
serve his country with success and honour, that he repeatedly sold out of one regiment and bought into 
another at a considerable sacrifice of money, and in one instance of rank also, with a view to be present in 
active service. He served in the ill-fated expedition to Holland ; and was chosen aid-de-camp by General 
Sir Charles Stuart in the'prospect of that expedition to Egypt, the command of which afterwards devolved on 
Sir Ralph Abercrombie ; and when the British troops were withdrawing from that country, he accompanied 
Sir John Stuart, on his being sent there for the purpose of making the final arrangements necessary on that 
occasion. In 1807, he accompanied the expedition to the Baltic ; and in 1809 he joined the army in Spain 
under Lord Wellington. In his political opinions, Lord Blantyre rather leaned to the side of the Opposition ; 
but at the same time he never allowed any political bias to influence his vote, which was frankly given to 
whatsoever candidate he thought most fit to represent the Scottish Peerage. He was himself elected one 
pf their representatives during the administration of Lords Grenville and Grey. In 1813, soon afer h> 



ALPHABETICAL CHRONOLOGY. 



13 



BONINGTON, (Richard Parkes,) an ingenious 

artist, born at Arnold, Nottinghamshire, in 1801. 
I lo hc^an to make sketches even in infancy, and 
at the age of eight years he made drawings of some 
buildings at Nottingham, which excited universal 
admiration. Several of his beautiful paintings are 
to be found in the collections of the Dune of 
Bid ford, and the Countess de Grey. He died of 
consumption, September 23, 1828. 

BONNOR, Bishop of London, was sent to the Mar- 
shalsea for refusing to comply with the rites of the 
Church, 1549. 

BOOKS, (Burning of,) was a punishment in use 
among the Romans. The first books were in form 
of blocks and tables: afterwards, among the an- 
cient Jews, they were in form of rolls, called 
volumina, or volumes ; of such did libraries chiefly 
consist for some centuries after Christ. The pre- 
sent form was contrived byAttalus, except in 
sacred writings. Homer is the first author we 
have in verse. Herodotus in prose. The first 
book is supposed to be written in Job's time. 
30,000 burnt by order of Leo, 761. A large 
estate was given for one on Cosmography, by King 
Alfred; were sold from ten to thirty pounds a 
piece, in 1400. The* first printed one was the 
Vulgate edition of the Bible, 1462 ; the second was 
Cicero de Ofticiis, 1466. Their scarcity, from the 
seventh to the eleventh century, was chiefly owing 
to the universal ignorance during that period ; for, 
after the Saracens had conquered Egypt, in the 7th 
century, the communications with that country 
were broken off", and the papyrus no longer in 
use, so that recourse was had to paper, and that 
beina very dear, books became of great value. 

BORDEAUX was taken possession of by Marshal 
Beresford, and the white flag hoisted by the 
Mayor, Mr. Lynch, and the constituted autho- 
rities ; the British were received with every 
demonstration of joy. March 12, 1814. 

BOSPHORUS, (The,) declared in a state of 
blockade by the Russian Admiral Grieg, Dec. 31, 
1828. 

BOSSUT, (Charles,) the famous Lyonnais mathe- 
matician, died Jan. 14, 1814. 

BOSTON Port Bill. The Americans, on receiving 
this bill, had it printed at Boston and New York, 
on mourning paper, and cried about the streets, 
as a barbarous, bloody, and inhuman murder. At 
a meeting of the inhabitants of Boston it was 
voted, " That it is the opinion of this tqwn that if 
the other colonies came into a joint resolution to 
stop all importations from Great Britain, and ex- 



portations to Great Britain, till the act for block- 
ading the harbour be repealed, the same would 
f>rove the salvation of North America and her 
iberties." May 15, 1774. 

BOTHWELL, (Earl,) supposed to have murdered 
Lord Darnley, Mary Queen of Scots' husband, 
1567, and was tried but acquitted ; recommended 
by the nobility to Queen Mary as a fit husband, 
on the 24th of April following ; seized the Queen 
near Edinburgh, and carried her to Dunbar the 
same month, where, it is said, he ravished her. 
He, however, obtained a pardon, and a divorce 
from his wife ; married to Mary on the 15th of 
May following. Soon after he retired to the 
Orkneys, where he subsisted for some time by 
piracy; then fled to Denmark, where he was 
thrown into prison, lost his senses, and died 
miserably. 1596. 

BOUCHAIN surrendered to the Allies, the gar- 
rison being made prisoners of war, Sept. 13, 1711. 

BOUGHTON, (Joan,) a widow, was burnt for 
heresy, Feb. 16, 1493. 

BOULTER, (Dr.) Archbishop of Armagh, died 
Oct. 29, 1742 ; he was ten times one of the Lords 
Justices of Ireland. In 1727 and 1728, two years 
of dearth, he distributed great quantities of corn 
to the poor throughout Ireland, for which the 
House of Commons of that kingdom passed a vote 
of public thanks to him. He also ordered all the 
vagrant poor to be received into the poor houses 
of Dublin, where they were maintained at his 
private expense. In the scarce years of 1739 and 
1740, at his own charge, he supported the poor 
from all parts, without distinction of religion, in 
the workhouse of Dublin. He gave £1,000. to 
build a market-house at Armagh ; and also, 
£1,000. towards re-building the Blue Coat Hos- 
pital at Dublin. Besides these, and many other 
public donations, his private acts of charity were 
innumerable. . 

BOURDEAUX, (Richard of,) son of the Black 
Prince, declared heir to the crown, and created 
Prince of Wales, 1377. 

BOW. The steeple of Bow Church, Cheapside, 
fell down, and killed many people, Nov.16, 1272. 

BOYCE, (Dr.) late Master of his Majesty's Band of 
Music. His remains were interred in Westminster 
Hall with great funeral pomp, Feb. 15, 1779. 

BRIDPORT, (Lord Admiral,) with the fleet under 
his command, consisting of 14 sail of the line, 
and eight frigates, gained a signal victory off Port 
POrient over the trench fleet, when three ships 
of the line were captured, June 23, 1795. 



return from Spain, he married an amiable young lady, the grand-daughter of the late Admiral Lord Rod- 
ney, with whom he continued to live in a state of the greatest domestic comfort and happiness, and by 
whom he had an interesting family of nine children — the youngest, twins, being born only three months 
before his untimely death. Having paid a visit to Scotland as soon as he could after the birth of these in- 
fants, (the object of which was chiefly to accelerate the finishing of his new and elegant mansion atErskine, 
on the Clyde, with a view to his taking up his residence in it the following summer,) he had just returned 
to Brussels as the Dutch troops were approaching it, and found himself again in the bosom of his family, 
who, as may well be supposed, at that time of general alarm, received him with the most cordial welcome, 
and clung to him as their guardian angel. But, alas ! he had not time to remove them to a place of safety; 
having gone to a window in an upper room of his house, and at a time when no danger was apprehended, 
to look out for an instant on the Dutch troops, who were advancing through the Rue Royale into the Park, 
he was struck in the neck by a musket-ball, fired obliquely from the corner of the Park, which divided the 
carotid artery, and, by the effusion of blood which it caused, deprived him in a few moments of his life, his 
family of its affectionate guardian, and society of one of its brightest ornaments. In addition to his claims 
as a public character, this lamented nobleman was highly distinguished for the virtues of private life. His 
affectionate and exemplary conduct as a son, a brother, a husband, and a father ; the excellence of his 
character, founded on religious principle, and the warm sensibilities of his heart, united as they were in 
him with a peculiar elegance and sweetness of manner ; and his delicate attentions to every one, but 
chiefly to those who need'sd most to be encouraged and brought into notice, endeared him to his relations 
and friends, and made him an object of pre-eminent respect wherever he was known. — Extracted /torn Ike 
Neio Monthly Magazine. 



II 



ALPHABETICAL CHRONOLOGY. 



BRINDLEY, (James,) the celebrated engineer and 
projector of that grand undertaking — the Duke of 
Bridgewatet's Canal, died Sept. 27, 1772. 



BRISTOL, (The Bishopric of) was founded by the 
King Dr. Paul Bush was the first Bishop, Jan. 
2;5, 1513. 

BRISTOL was visited with a terrible storm of 
thunder, lightning, rain, and hail, attended with 
heavy gales of wind. Between live and six in the 
evening it was exceedingly loud, and a great ball 
of fire was seen to issue from the clouds, which 
shot with great swiftness to the northward. Se- 
veral people travelling on the road to that city 
were struck with such a panic, that they left 
their horses to shelter themselves from the tem- 
pest. December 14, 1752 

BRITAIN was first invaded by Julius Csesar, with 
two legions, on the 20th of August ; he landed at 
Dover, and the first battle was fought at Deal, 
A.D.55. 

BRITAIN divided into four governments, by Con- 
stantine the Great, viz. Britania Prima, com- 
prehending the country between the Thames and 
the sea ; Britania Secunda, consisting of all that 
lay west of the Severn to the Irish sea ; Flavia 
Ceasceriensis, comprehending Cornwall, Devon- 
shire, Somersetshire, and part of Wilts and Glou- 
cestershire ; and the fourth division was named 
Maxima Ceaceriensis, including the northern 
counties of England, with Nottinghamshire, Der- 
byshire, Staffordshire, and Lincolnshire. 306. 

BRITAIN was harassed by the Picts, Scots, and 
Saxons, 364. 

BRITONS (The) rebelled against the Romans, in 
conjunction with the Picts, 365. They endea- 
voured to rid the kingdom of the Saxons, but 
were resisted by them, when a war commenced, 
which terminated in favour of the latter. 454. 
They also took arms against Vortigen, pressed 
him into Wales, where they besieged him in a 
castle, which took fire, and he perished in the 
flames, after a troublesome reign of thirty years. 
485. 

BROMLEY, (Thomas,) Lord Chancellor, died this 
year, and was succeeded by Sir Thomas Hatton, 
being the first that possessed that high office who 
was neither prelate nor lawyer ; but he acquitted 
himself with grcnt credit. 1588. 

BROTHELS. Eighteen formerly allowed in Lon- 
don, under the regulation of the Bishop of Winton, 
as necessary evils ; 8th Henry II., 1162 ; they were 
situated on the Bankside, Southwark. Reduced 
to 12 in the time of Henry VIII. Suppressed, 
1545. Tolerated in France, 1280. Pope Sixtus 
erected one at Rome, and the Roman prostitutes 
paid him a weekly tax, which amounted to 
20,000 ducats a year, 1471. 

BROTHERS, (Richard,) a Lieutenant in the Royal 
Navy, who, by his pretended prophecies, alarmed 
and agitated the weak and imbecile part of the 
people ; was apprehended by two of his Majestj r 's 
messengers, and taken before the Privy Council ; 
when, after a long interrogation, his case was 
referred to Drs. Munro and Symond, who declared 
him insane. 1794. 

BROWNRIGG, (James,) a painter, residing in 
Floeur-de-Lis court, Fleet-street, was committed 
to Wood-street compter, charged with cruel 
usage to two female apprentices. His wife, who 
was supposed to be more culpable than her hus- 
band, escaped. A coroner's jury was summoned 
to investigate the cause of the death of Mary 
Clifford, late apprentice to James Brownrigg, 
when it appeared that Elizabeth Brownrigg, his 
wife, beat the deceased with a cane and horse- 
whip, stripping her naked, and tying her to a 
staple in the wall. The cruelties she inflicted on 
the child were shocking to humanity, and by 
mere accident the deceased was discovered in a 
most deplorable condition ; she was removed to 
the workhouse, and shortly afterwards died of the 
wounds she had received. The inquest found a 
verdict of wilful murder against James Brownrigg, 
and Elizabeth, his wife, it appearing that the 



husband had occasionally beat her. On the 11th 
of August following Elizabeth Brownrigg, who 
had been tried and convicted of the murder of her 
apprentice, Elizabeth Clifford, was executed at 
Tyburn, and her body sent to Surgeons' Hall for 
dissection. The excitement caused so great a 
crowd to see her executed, that several persons 
were severely hurt by the pressure : she appeared 
very penitent. September 14th, James and John 
Brownrigg, father and son, were tried at Guild- 
hall, and found guilty of assaulting and whipping 
Mary Mitchel, another apprentice of James ; they 
were both sentenced to six months' imprisonment 
in Newgate, and to find securities for their good 
behaviour for seven years ; Oct. 19, 1767. 

BRUCE, (James,) Esq., presented his long ex- 
pected travels (to discover the source of the Nile) 
to the King and Queen ; April 15, 1790. 

BRUNSWICK, (His Serene Highness the Pnnce 
of,) was married Jan. 16th, to her Royal Highness 
the Princess Augusta, by the Archbishop of Can- 
terbury, and on the 26th they set out for Hel- 
voetsluys, 1764. 

BRUNSWICK, (The young Prince of,) was bap- 
tized by his Grace the Archbishop of Canterbury, 
by the name of Charles George Augustus; the 
sponsors being the Duke of York and the Princess 
Dowager of Wales ; March 9, 1766. 

BUCKINGHAM, (The Duke of,) and Bishop of 
Ely, with the Countess of Richmond, consulted 
in what manner they might dethrone Richard, 
who, suspecting the Duke of Buckingham's con- 
duct, ordered him to court, which the Duke re- 
fused, and declared against the King. The Duke 
took up arms, and was joined by numbers in 
Wales ; he designed to go to Cornwall, but could 
not pass the Severn, by reason of the inundation 
of that part of the country with water, which was 
never before so great there. His army was dis- 
persed, and he was obliged to conceal himself in 
the House of Bannister, one of his domestics, who 
betrayed him for the reward that had been pub- 
lished by Richard, 1483; he was beheaded at 
Shrewsbury, Jan. 23, 1484. 

BUCKINGHAM, (The Duke of,) made a speech, 
endeavouring to show that the Parliament was, 
in effect, dissolved, by the prorogation being 
made for above a year. He was seconded by the 
Earl of Shaftesbury, the Earl of Salisbury, and 
Lord Wharton, whereupon they were all four sent 
to the Tower, for contempt of the King's authority, 
and being of the then present parliament, Buck- 
ingham, Salisbury, and Wharton were dismissed 
soon after, on their submission ; but Shaftesbury 
remained prisoner above a year ; Feb. 17, 1677. 

BUILDING with stone brought into England by 
Bennett, a monk, 670; with brick, first intro- 
duced by the Romans into their provinces : first 
in England, about 888 introduced here generally 
by the Earl of Arundel, 1600, London being then 
almost built with wood, and had a very insig- 
nificant appearance. The increase of buildings in 
London, and within a mile, prohibited ; 1607. 

BUNKER'S HILL, (Battle of.) The Americans 
having thrown up some works for the defence of 
Boston, at a place called Bunker's Hill, were 
attacked by Major-General Howe, and Brigadier- 
General Pigott, with 2,000 troops, and after a 
severe and sanguinary contest, the works were 
carried, and the provincials driven out. The loss 
of the King's troops in killed and wounded 
amounted to 1,054, of whom 226 were killed ; of 
the latter were 19 commissioned officers; and 
70 officers were wounded during the contest. 
Charlestown was set on fire and totally consumed. 
The loss of the provincials, as stated by them- 
selves, amounted only to 450 killed, wounded, and 
missing. June 17, 1775. 

BUNYAN, (John,) author of " The Piltrrim' s Pro- 
gress," born 1628 ; died 1688. 

BUONAPARTE, (Napoleon), one of the brightest 
heroes of history, born in Corsica, August 15, 
] 769 ; sent to Paris in quality of King's scholar, 
1784; appointed 2d Lieutenant in the Artillery, 



ALPHABETICAL CHRONOLOGY. 



15 



1785; became Captain, 1791; was at the siege of 
Toulon, 179:3; married Josephine Beauharnois, 
1796; gained the battle of Lodi, 1797; signed the 
Treaty of Leoben, which left Belgium in the posses- 
sion of France ; and established a republic in Italy 
the same year. Passed the Great St. Bernard, 1800; 
crowned Emperor of France, Dec. 2, 1804 ; en- 
tered Vienna with his army, 1805 ; fought the 
battle of Austerlitz, Dec. 2, same year ; ratified the 
confederation of the Rhine, 180*6; conquered at 
Jena same year; deprived the Pope of Rome of all 
sovereign authority, 1809; dissolved his marriage 
with Josephine for want of issue in the same year ; 
married the Arch-Duchess Maria Louisa, April 2, 
1810; his son born, 1811 (see next article); ar- 
rived at Moscow, and found it deserted and in 
flames, September 1812 ; lost the battle of Leipsie, 
Oct. 18, 1813 ; left France for Elba, April 21, 
1814; escaped from thence, Feb. 26, 1815; lost 
every chance of empire at the battle of Waterloo, 
June 18, 1815; surrendered himself to Captain 
Maitland, on board the Bellerophon, July 15, 
1815; exiled to St. Helena, Oct. 13, 1815; died 
on that island, May 5, 1821. We regret our 
limited space will not allow us to do justice to 
the life of this great man. 

BUONAPARTE, (Napoleon Francis Charles 
Joseph,) Duke of Reichstadt, the only son of 
Napjleon, born March 20, 1811 ; died at Schoen- 
brum, July 22, 1332. 

BURKE, (The Right Honourable Edmund,) in- 
stalled Lord Rector of the University of Glasgow. 
His Lordship, after taking the oaths of office, ad- 
dressed the audience in an elegant and appropriate 
speech, AprillO, 1784. Exhibited nine articles of 
impeachment against Warren Hastings, Esq., 
late Governor-General of Bengal ; were ordered to 
beprinted and taken into consideration onthe26th ; 
the rest of the charges amounting to 22, he pre- 
sented the following week, April 11th, 1786. 
Brought up to the House of Lords the articles 
of impeachment against Warren Hastings, which 
were ordered to be taken into consideration on a 
subsequent day, May 14 1788. 

BUR f Theatre, in Lancashire, fell down during 
the performance, and buried 300 persons in the 
ruins; a great many persons were wounded, 
Julv5, 1787. 

CABRIOLETS first used in London, April, 1823. 
They were built to hold two persons, besides the 
driver, and the fares are one-third less than 
hackney c >ach^s. 

CADE, (Jack ) assumed the name of Mortimer, 
fermented the insurrection in Kent; the King 
assembled 15,000 men, and marched against the 
rebels, near Sevenoaks ; Cade defeated the King's 
forces : whereupon the King retired to Warwick, 
and Cade entered London ; he caused the Lord 
Saye, High Treasurer, to be taken and beheaded ; 
they hanged his body up, and quartered it in 
Southvvark; his soldiers committing great riots, 
were refused entrance into London ; and a pardon 
being proclaimed by the King, he was abandoned 
by many of his followers ; Cade was killed, and 
his followers dispersed. June 1450. 

CADIZ, formerly Gades, built by the Phoenicians, 
1,000 years before Christ ; taken by Lord Howard 
and the Earl of Essex. 1596 ; the new bridge, 
during the time it was consecrating fell, and 200 
persons were killed, February, 1779. 

CADUCEUS (The), assumed as a symbol of peace, 
from an opinion among the Druids, that serpent's 
eggs gathered at certain times, insured the good 
graces of princes. 

CADLIN. (Captain William,) was hanged, pur- 
suant to his sentence, for feloniously sinking the 
Brig Adventure, Nov. 27, 1802. 

CALEDONIANS, (The,) made an irruption into 
Britain ; destroyed part of the Chain of Castles, 
and retreated with great booty, 88 ; they renewed 
their inroads, but were repulsed by Ulpius Mar- 
cellus. 162. 

CAi ENDS, among the Romans, standing alone, 
w; s the first day of every month but if pridie, that 



is, the day before, be added to it, it means the last 
day of the foregoing month. Thus pridie Caleud 
September is August 31. If any number be 
placed with it, it means that day in the former 
month : thus, the tenth calends of October is the 
20th day of September, for reckoning backwards 
from October, September 20 makes the 10th day 
before October. In March, May, July, anil 
October ; the calends begin at the 16th day, but 
in other months at the 14th, which calends, bear 
the name of the following month, being numbered 
backward from the first day of the said following 
months. 

CALICO, first imported by the East India Com- 
pany, 1631 ; none printed here till 1676. 

CALCUTTA, (in the black hole at,) 123 persons 
perished, out of 146, who were confined in that 
dungeon by order of the Nabob ; they were suffo- 
cated, May 19, 1793. 

CAMBRIDGE, once a city called Granta ; built by 
Carausius ; University Chartered, 531 ; founded. 
915 ; the town burnt bv the Danes, 1010 ; its castle- 
built, 1067 ; Chancellor's Court established by 
Queen Elizabeth ; refused a degree to a papist 
recommended by the King, Feb. 1G87 ; Wood- 
ward's professorship established, 1728. 

CAMDEN, the author of " Britannia," and other 
useful works, died, aged 71 ; 1623. 

CAMDEN, (Earl of,) appointed Lord Lieutenant of 
Ireland, March 11, 1795; arrived in Dublin, to 
succeed Lord Fitzwilliam ; he was received by the 
local authorities, with the accustomed honours, 
March 31. 

CAMERA OBSCURA, (effect of the first), observed 
by Baptist Porta, a Neapolitan, who died 1515. 

CAMERON (Dr. Archibald,) hanged 1753, for 
taking part in the rebellion of 1745. 

CAMOENS, the poet, died 1579. 

CAMPION was executed for publishing a treatise, 
called the Ten Reasons, in favour of the Church of 
Rome. 

CAMPBELL, (Mungo,) was tried and found guilty 
of the murder of Lord Eglinton ; he afterwards put 
an end to his existence by hanging himself in the 
Tol booth, Edinburgh ; Feb. 26, 1770. < 

CAMPS, sometimes gave origin to cities, where, 
staying the winter, the soldiers were obliged to 
build ; all the modern towns in England, whose 
names end in cester, or Chester, were originally 
these, castra hyberna of the Romans. 

CANADA discovered, 1499 ; settled by the French, 
1534; Quebec built by Sam Chaplin, 1608; con- 
quered by the English, 1759 ; and ceded to them, 
1763. 

CANAL, (the Welland,) connecting the Lakes, 
Erie, and Ontario, opened for the purposes of com- 
merce, the first boat passing Nov. 30, 1S29. 

CANDIDATE is derived from Toga Candida, or 
white robe, worn among the Romans, who solicited 
a seat in the senate. 

CANDLELIGHT, first introduced into churches, 
274; from a custom of the first Christians as- 
sembling, during the times of persecution, at 
night, in the dark and obscure places. 

CANDLES, (tallow), so great a luxury, that 
splinters of wood were burnt; 1298. 

CANON law had its origin from the Roman canon 
law, in the time of Constantine the Great, and was 
compiled from the opinion of the fathers of the 
Latin Church, the decrees of great councils, and 
the decretals and Bulls of the see of Rome ; the 
Gregorian codex published 290 ; canon law first 
introduced into England, 1147 ; so that the Roman 
idea of commanding the world while it lasts, may 
possibly be fulfilled, their civil law being received 
in all Christian states, methodized by Gratian, an 
Italian monk, 1151 ; Pope Gregory's decretals 
published about 1230 ; the Clementines Constitu- 
tions authenticated, 1317 ; the present canons pro- 
mulgated, 1635. 

CANNING, (the Right Honourable George,) ap- 
pointed Chancellor and under Treasurer of the 
Exchequer, on the 24th of April, 1827 ; died at 
the villa of the Duke of Devonshire at Chiswick, 



16 



ALPHABETICAL CHRONOLOGY. 



on the 8tn of August following, aged 57, after 
an acute inflammatory disease, which ended his 
mortal career in a few days; he was privately 
buried in Westminster Abbey, on the 16th August, 

CANTERBURY, St. Martin's Church, built in the 
time of the Romans; it was here Bertha, Ethel- 
bert's Queen used to attend ; made a bishopric, 
598; St. Augustine's Abbey built, 605; Arch- 
deaconry erected, 798 ; governed by a prefect, 
780 ; a portreeve, 956 ; provost, 1011 ; rebuilt and 
finished, 103S ; Ethelbert's tower built, 1047; 
castle built, about 1066 ; cathedral burnt down by 
accident, 1067 ; rebuilt, 1080 ; burnt again, Sept. 
5, 1174; re-built again, after ten years' labour, 
1184; archbishop's great hall built about 1210; 
bishoprick made superior to York, 1073 ; deanery 
erected, 1542. 

CANUTE, on the death of Edmund, was recognized 
as king of all England ; crowned at London ; and 
Edmund's two sons, Edward and Edmund were 
banished into Sweden, from whence they went 
into Hungary ; be married Emma, the widow of 
Ethelred, and settled the succession on the issue 
of their marriage. All the great men swore fealty to 
him, and renounced the issue of Edmund ; he 
divided England into four provinces; kept up a 
body of Danish troops, and exacted of the English 
in one year £100,000 to subsist them, 1017 ; he dis- 
patched several opulent noblemen, whose power 
he dreaded, and whose fidelity he suspected, 1018 ; 
went over to Denmark, subdued Norway, and was 
instituted King of England, Denmark, and Nor- 
way, 1019. 

CAPS first worn at the entry of Charles VII. of 
France into Rouen, 1449. 

CARDS, (playing,) invented 1391 

CARDINALS were originally the parish priests at 
Rome ; title began to be used, 308 ; College of, 
founded by Pope Paschal I. 817 ; did not elect the 
Popes till 1160 ; wore the red hat (to remind them, 
that they ought to shed their blood, if required, 
for religion), and were declared princes of the 
church, 1222; the cardinals set fire to the con- 
clave, and separated, and a vacancy occurred in 
the papal chair for two years, 1314; Cardinal 
Caraffa was hanged, by order of Pius IV. 1560, as 
was Cardinal Poli, under Leo X. ; title of emi- 
nence first given them by Pope Urban VIII. about 
1630 ; Cardinal Richlieu was generalissimo of the 
French forces; Cardinal de Vallete commanded 
the French army, and the Archbishop of Bourdeaux 
the French navy in 1628 ; this is mentioned to shew 
that ecclesiastics have been employed in secular 
services. 

CARLISLE Castle, founded 1092, by William 
II. who rebuilt the city ; bishopric founded out of 
York and Durham, and archdeaconry erected, 
1133 ; priory founded (Augustine's) under William 
II., and Cathedral built by Henry I. ; deanery 
founded 1542 ; Carlisle, the earldom of, created 
1661 ; (name Howard). 

CARLILE, (Richard,) was tried at the Court of 
King's Bench, Guildhall, for a blasphemous libel, 
in republishing " Paino's Age of Reason ;" the trial 
lasted three days, in consequence of the long and 
laboured defence of the accused ; the jury found 
him guilty ; he was afterwards tried for a libel 
in publishing Palmer's "Principles of Nature,'' 
and found guilty, October 12, 1819 ; he was brought 
up to the Court of King's Bench to receive judg- 
ment, upon the several libels of which he had 
been found guilty ; for the publication of " Paine's 
Age of Reason," he was sentenced to pay a fine of 
£1,000. and to be imprisoned two years "in Dorset 
jail; and for publishing Palmer's "Principles of 
Nature," he was sentenced to pay a fine of £500. 
and be further imprisoned one year in the said jail, 
and to give security himself in a £1,000. and two 
sureties in £100. each; Nov. 16, 1819. 

CA RMELITES, Friars, pretend to great antiquity, 
'i he first certain account of them is at Mount 
( armel, in Palestine, about 1238; they are said 
io have been there established by Elias, the Pro- 
phet; brought into England 1240 ; they had about 



40 houses. Carmelites walk barefooted. This 
order began 1547 ; confirmed 1580. 
CAROLINE, Princess of Brunswick, afterwards 
Queen of England, landed at Greenwich, and pro- 
ceeded to St. James's, 7th of April, 1795. The 
ceremony of marriage with George, Prince of 
Wales, took place on the following day. Arrived 
at Dover from her continental tour, 5th of June, 
1820. Bill of Pains and Penalties brought for- 
ward against her, on a charge of incontinence, 
during the same month. The bill was withdrawn, 
Nov. 10, 1820. Refused admission to Westminster 
Abbev, at the Coronation of her husband, George 
IV., July 19, 1821. Died at Hammersmith, Aug. 
7th, 1821. Her remains were coin eyed to Har- 
wich, and embarked for Germany. 

CARTER, a bill-sticker, was tried at the Sessions 
House, for publishing a scandalous and seditious 
libel, entitled, "An Address from the London Cor- 
responding Society to the other Societies in Great 
Britain, united forthe purposeof obtaining a Reform 
in Parliament." He was found guilty, and sen- 
tenced to six months' imprisonment, and to find 
security for one year, himself in £100., and two 
sureties in £50. each. Jan. 4, 1793. 

CARTWRIGHT, (Major,) a veteran patriot, and 
great supporter of Annual Parliaments and Uni- 
versal Suffrage, died Sept. 23, 1824, aged 84 years. 

CASHMAN, (John,) the rioter, was executed op- 
posite the house of Mr. Beckwith, in Skinner- 
street, Snow-hill. He met his fate with great 
firmness, but appeared incapable of receiving any 
religious impressions, or to have any sense of his 
awful situation. March 12, 1817. 

CASTLEREAGH, (The Right Honourable Vis- 
count,) appointed Secretary of State for Foreign 
Affairs, 25th Feb., 1812. He moved an address in 
the House of Commons to the Prince Regent, ex- 
pressing an entire approbation of the resistance 
opposed by his Royal Highness to the unjustifiable 
claims of America, and a full conviction of the 
justice of the war with that country; which ad- 
dress was carried without a division, 18th Feb., 
1813. Obtained leave to bring in a bill for aug- 
menting the disposable military force of the 
country, by volunteering from the militia. The 
bill, after going through the usual stages, was 
passed in both Houses, 11th Nov., 1813. Pro- 
posed to increase the allowance of the Princess of 
Wales to £50.000. a year ; but, in a letter to the 
Speaker, the Princess refused to accept any fur- 
ther allowance than the £35,000. 4th July, 1814. 
Committed suicide, August 12, 1822. 

CATHOLICS. The Romish Christians first called 
so, 38. 

CATHOLIC King, (The Title of) first taken by 
Ferdinand of Arragon, 1492. 

CATHOLIC Association voted their own dissolution 
12th Feb., 1829. Catholic Relief Bill carried in 
the House of Lords by a majority of 213 to 109. 
April 10, 1829. 

CAXTON, (William,) a mercer, first introduced 
printing into England ; and the first printing press 
was set up in Islip s Chapel, Westminster Abbey, 
under the patronage of the Abbot, 1471 ; he died 
1487. 

CERDIC, a Saxon General, arrived in Britain, 
495 ; from whom descended the Kings of England, 
in the male line, to Edward the Confessor ; and 
in the female line, to George IV. He was de- 
feated by Arthur, near Boston ; and soon after, a 
second time, near Gainsford, 504. He was again 
defeated by Arthur at the battle of Baden-hill, 
Bath. He was compelled to retire to an inac- 
cessible post, 511. After this defeat he received 
a fresh supply of troops, which landed at Casholt, 
in Hampshire, from Germany, to reinforce his 
army : he took the field again, and committed great 
devastation, 513. He defeated the Britons, 519, 
which made him despair of extinguishing the 
Saxons, 519. Founded the West Saxon kingdom, 
and was crowned at Winchester twenty-three 
years after his arrival in Britain. Arthur made a 
treaty with Cerdic, and assumed the title of 
Emperor, 528. He subdued the Isle of Wight, 



ALPHABETICAL CHRONOLOGY. 



and cruelly destroyed the inhabitants, 530. In- 
vited over more Saxons, 5;>2. Gave the Isle of 
Wight to his nephew, 533. 

*EREMONIES, (Office of the Master of) first ap- 
pointed, for the more solemn reception of Ambas- 
sadors, 1603. Sir Luke Lewkenso was the first. 

CESAR, (Julius,) first invaded Britain with the le- 
gions on the 20th of August, 55; he landed at Dover, 
and the first battle was fought at Deal. He had 
sent before him Conicus, King of the Attrebatics, 
to invite the Britons to enter into an alliance, but 
they imprisoned him, and refused any negotiation. 
The Britons being defeated, released Conicus, and 
sued for peace, which was accepted on their giving 
hostages for their fidelity ; and Cesar re-embarked 
his troops on the 20th of September, 55 years 
before Christ. He made a second descent with a 
fleet of GOO vessels, and 2S gallies, in which he 
embarked five legions, and 2,000 horse ; he landed 
without opposition, and advanced to Stone, near 
Canterbury, where he defeated the Britons, 20th 
of May. He passed the Thames at Cowey Stakes, 
and penetrated as far as Verulam (St. Albans). 
He imposed a tribute of £3,000. on the Britons, 
and Cassivelanus, and the princes of South Britain, 
having submitted, and given hostages, the Ro- 
mans returned to the Continent, 26th September, 
51 years before Christ. 

CESARIA built, after 12 years' labour, by Au- 
gustus Caesar, seven years before Christ. 

CHAIN, (The gold) worn by the Judges is a very 
ancient ornament ; it was worn by the Judges in 
Egpt many years before Christ, probably to 
remind criminals of their danger. 

CHAIRING members of parliament took its rise from 
a custom in Sweden in the first century of the 
Senators, rising their new-elected King on their 
shoulders to show him to the people. This cus- 
tom is still kept up at Guildford, in Surrey. 

CHAMPION of England, (The office of.) was first 
introduced at the Coronation of Richard II. 
1377. It has continued in the Dymock family, 
as holding the manor of Scrivelsby, in Lincolnshire, 
ever since. 

CHANCERY, (Court of,) established 605; the 

J>resent one, by William I. The first person qua- 
ified for Chancellor, by education, was Sir Thomas 
More, 1530, the office being rather that of a 
Secretary of State, than the President of a court 
of justice. First reference to a Master in Chan- 
cery, owing to the ignorance of the Chancellor 
(Sir Christopher Hatton), about 1588. 

CHANTING adopted by the Church of Rome 
about 620 : brought into England by Austin, the 
Monk. 

CHAPLAINS were first appointed by Louis IX. of 
France, 1270. 

CHA RING-CROSS, London, erected as it now 
stands, 1678. 

CHARITY Schools instituted to prevent the se- 
duction of the infant poor to Popish seminaries, 
March 25, 1688. 

CHARLES I., second son and successor of James I., 
born 1600; arrived at Madrid to marry the Infanta, 
March 7, 1623 ; succeeded his father on the throne, 
March 27, 1625 ; married Henrietta, daughter of 
Francis, about the same time ; crowned Feb. 2, 
1626 ; crowned at Edinburgh, summer, 1633 ; went 
to Scotland August 16, 1641, and returned No- 
vember 25th following ; went to the House of 
Commons, and there demanded a surrender of five 
of their Members, (Hollis, Sir Arthur Hazelerig, 
Hampden, Pym, and Strode,) whom he accused 
of high treason, for opposing him, 1642; appre- 
hensive of danger from the enraged multitude he 
retired to York immediately after; raised his 
standard first at Nottingham, August 25 follow- 
ing, and waged war with his Parliament ; quitted 
his broken army at Oxford, travelled in disguise 
of a servant, and put himself into the hands of the 
Scotch at Newark, May 5, 1646, who confined 
him, and sold him to the Parliament for £400,000. 
8tl\ of August following; the Parliament kept 
him in custody at Holmsby, from whence he was 



carried off by force to the independant army at 
Newmarket, by one Joyce, a cornet, June 3, 
1647 ; brought to Hampton Court soon after, from 
whence he escaped, and fled to the Isle of Wight, 
November following, where he was made a close 
prisoner at Carisbrook Castle, 29th July, Kits ; 
soon after he was set at liberty at Newport. 
seized again, and confined in Hurst Castle, Dec. 
23d; to St. James's house, Jan. 19, 1649 j tried 
the next day, condemned on the 27th beheaded 
at Whitehall the 30th, aged 48, a, id buried in St. 
George's Chapel, Windsor. An interregnum fol- 
lowed this reign, till the restoration, 1660. 

CHARLES II., son of Charles I., born May 29, 1630 ; 
made a general, 1645; retired to Paris," 1646 ; es- 
caped from St. James's, April 23, 1648 ; on his fa- 
ther's death took the title of King at the Hague ; 
proclaimed King by the Scots, 1649 ; treated with 
the Scotch Commissioners at Breda, March 1650 ; 
sailed forScotland, 23d of June following ; crowned 
at Scone. January 1, 1651 ; entered England with 
18,000 men, 6th of August; gave Cromwell battle 
at Worcester, and was defeated, September 3d ; 
escaped in a peasant's habit, travelled about in 
disguise, took ship at Shoreham, and arrived in 
Normandy, 22d of October following ; had a pen- 
sion of 6,000 livres a month settled on him by the 
King of Spain, 1657 : applied to the English "Par- 
liament, April 14th, 1660, who agreed with his 
terms, and restored him; he was proclaimed King, 
8th of May ; arrived at Dover the 26th, and at 
Whitehall on his birth-day, the 29th, 1660 ; ten 
of the regicides were hanged, October the 10th 
following; crowned April 23, 1661; married 
Catharine, Infanta of Portugal, May 21, 1662 : 
buried his brother, the Duke of Gloucester, and 
the Princess Roj'al, the same year ; got Sir John 
Coventry maimed, which gave' rise to the Coventry 
Act, January, 1671 ; shut up the Exchequer for 
want of money the same year; received from 
France a pension ot £100,000. a vear, 1674; took 
away the Charter of the City, 1683 ; died Feb. 6, 
1685, aged 54, of apoplexy (some say he was 
poisoned), and was succeeded by his brother 
James. 

CHARLOTTE Augusta, daughter of George IV., 
born Jan. 7, 1795 ; eloped from Carlton Palace to 
her mother, in Connaught-place, but was brought 
back the same night by the Lord Chancellor, July 
12th, 1814; married to Prince Leopold of Saxe 
Cobourg, May 2, 1816; died in child-bed, Nov. 6, 
1817, to the inexpressible grief of the whole na- 
tion; her remains were interred with great funeral 
pomp on the 18th, at St. George's Chapel, 
Windsor. The mourning for this amiable Princess 
was as sincere as it was universal. 

CHARTERHOUSE built 1371. It was founded 
by Thomas Sutton, Esq , who died the 12th of 
December, 1611; he endowed it with £1,500. 
a year. 

CHARTRES (Colonel) convicted of a rape on his 
servant maid, for which he was condemned to die. 
and all his goods and chatties forfeited; but he 
afterwards obtained a pardon, on his paying a 
large sum to the girl. 1730. 

CHARTERS to towns first introduced into Italy 
about 1100. This practice became soon after 
general throughout Europe. The several towns 
in England delivered up their charters by order of 
Charles II., 1682. 

CHARTS (Sea) are the invention of Henry, son of 
John, King of Portugal. 

CHASTITY. (A remarkable instance of,) The 
Abbess of Coltingham cut off her nose and lip, 
and prevailed on the nuns to follow her example, 
to make their faces disagreeable. 8S6. 

CHATHAM (The Right: Hon. the Earl of), died 
May 11, 1778; his remains were honoured with a 
public funeral, and his debts were paid by the 
nation, and £4000. a year settler! upon the 
Earldom of Chatham. 

CHATHAM Dock was beunn by Queen Elizabeth . 
Chest Establishment for the relief of wounded and 
decayed seamen, 1588. 



L8 



ALPHABETICAL CHRONOLOGY. 



CHATHAM, (Earldom of,) created 1766. (Name, 
Pitt.) 

CHAUCER, (Geoffrey,) the poet, died, 1399. 

CHEAPSIDE Cross demolished, May 2, 1643. 

CHELMSFORD Church, the whole of the nave 
of, foil in with a tremendous crash, Jan. 17, 1800 ; 
but being ten o"elock at night, fortunately no per- 
son was passing at the time ; it was built in 1424. 

CHELSEA College, founded by King James ; and 
the first provost and fellows appointed by him, 1609. 

CHEMISTRY, as distilling, introduced into Europe 
by the Spanish Moors, 1150 ; they learned it of the 
Africans; practised it in the reign of Dioclesian. 
According to Moses, Tubal Cain should be the 
first inventor of Chemistry — profane authors say 
Vulcan ; but these have been thought to be the 
same person. 

CHESTER, once a Roman Colony; Cathedral 
founded, 660; St. John's Church founded 689; 
Castle built, or repaired, by William the First's 
Nephew ; Water Tower built, 1322 ; Earldom of, 
annexed to the crown, 1237 ; erected into a princi- 
pality, 13.38 ; bishoprick and deanery founded, 
1541 ; annexed to the province of York, 1542 ; act 
passed to enable the City and County, to send 
Members to Parliament, 1543; deprived of its 
privileges, Sept. 17, 1659 ; the custom of the 
Dutton family riding in procession with the 
fiddlers of the County, at Chester fair, took its 
rise in the reign of Richard I. 

CHESTER (At) a dreadful storm of thunder and 
lightning took place ; a ball of fire fell on the spire 
of Trinity Church, which did so much damage to 
the steeple that it became necessary to take it 
down and rebuild it, Sep. 15, 1770. 

CHRISTIAN burial place, and the first Christian 
Monastery founded in Britain, 596. 

CHRISTIANITY first introduced into Britain ; it 
is said that the wife of Plautius and a British 
lady, Claudia Ruffina, were Christians, A.D., 48. 

CHRISTMAS, first established about 680. 

CHRISTMAS Day, ordered to be converted into a 
fist, 1644. 

CHRISTMAS Boxes originated in the early days of 
Popery, from boxes fixed in certain places to 
receive and collect money for masses : thus was 
the mass so purchased called Christmas, and the 
box in which it was put Christmas Box ; if a ship 
went to sea, such a box was fixed to the mast, for 
the mariners to put money in occasionally, though 
it was customary, long before this, to distribute 
provisions, money, &c. among the poor at the 
Christmas festival called Saturnalia. 

CHRONOLOGY, the oldest extant is that of the 
Chinese, which, though they have some historical 
accounts of older date than 424 years before Christ, 
is not to be relied on farther back. Sir Isaac 
Newton has shown, notwithstanding the general 
opinion in some instances, that Europeans had no 
ehronologv before the Persian Empire, which be- 
gan 536 bef .re Christ. The Antiquities of the 
Greeks and Latins are full of fables ; and as to the 
Sacred Chronology, the three biblical copies of 
note, viz. the Hebrew, the Samaritan, and the 
Septuagent, give very different accounts of the first 
ages, of which no attempt yet made to reconcile 
them, has been satisfactory; many dates even in 
this are uncertain, and are given only on general 
assertion. 

CHRYSOSTOM (St.) died, 408. 

CHURCHWARDENS and Overseers first ap- 
pointed, 1127. 

CHURCH YARDS first consecrated about the year 
217. 

CITIES, in the time of the Romans, were merely 
woods fenced with ditches; first incorporated, 
1201. 

CITY Road, (The,) from Islington to Old-street, was 
opened for all passengers and carriages, June, 
1761. 

CLAPPERTON (Captain) died at Sacatoo, April 
13, 1827. 

CLARENCE fThe Duke of) reigned the office of 
Lord High Admiral, August 12, 1828. 



CLARE Hall, Cambridge, founded by Elizabeth, 
Countess of Clare, but had its origin from Richard 
Pelew, 1326. 

CLAUDIUS, the Roman Emperor, sent Plautius 
into Britain with an army, who attacked and 
defeated Caractaeus in three successive battles; 
and the Emperor following him in person the next 
year, subdued the greater part of the Island, by 
which he acquired the title of Britannicus, A.D. 
46. 

CLAUDIUS Csesar, with an army, landed in Britain, 
August, 43. 

CLERKENWELL Monastery, (St. John, Bene- 
dictines,) built 1098; destroyed by fire, 1381. 

CLERGY, styled clerks, the judges originally being 
clergymen ; and their clerks and inferior officers of 
the same order, exempted from military service, 
817 ; compelled to a vow of celibacy, by Gregory 
VII., about 1073; Bishop Newton says, in 105, 
celibacy was first imposed upon them in England 
by Henry I. ; abridged of their power by the 
statutes 6f Clarendon, 1164 ; again 1275 ; ordered 
to take up arms, under an apprehension of inva- 
sion from France, 1368 ; gave up the right of taxing 
themselves, which lessened the consequence of 
convocations, 1605 ; and from that time they have 
not passed any synodical act. 

CLERGY, (which in old French, signifies science,) 
benefit of ; an institution to exempt ecclesiastics 
from secular punishment, took place, 1351 ; first 
statute that took it away, 4th Henry VII. ; gene- 
rally taken away by the 23d Henry VlII. 

CLOCKS, called water clocks, or Clepsydra, were 
used in the remotest ages of antiquity ; this was a 
vessel filled with water that emptied itself in a 
day, as the sand runs from an hour glass in an hour ; 
this invention was ascribed by the Egyptians to 
Mercury or Sloth ; it was improved by Ctesibius 
of Alexandria, and introduced into Romeb}' Scipio 
Nassica, 158 before Christ ; clocks introduced into 
Europe, in the middle of the eighth century, 
when Pope Paul I. sent one to Pepin, King of 
France, as a present, thought to be the only one in 
the world ; made to strike by the Arabians, about 
801; and by the Italians, about 1300; a striking 
clock at Westminster, 1288 ; but none in England 
that went tolerably, till that dated 1540 ; maker's 
name, N. O., now at Hampton Court Palace ; 
clocks with pendulums, &c. invented byHuygens, 
a Dutchman, about 1662 ; repeating clocks and 
watches invented by one Barlow, 1676 ; till about 
1631 neither clocks nor watches were very general. 

CLOTH (The Art of Weaving) was brought into 
England from Flanders by John Kemp, to whom 
the King granted his protection ; and at the same 
time invited over fullers, dyers, &c, 1331. 

COAL Heavers hanged for rioting, July, 1768. 

COACHES, a French invention, of not much oMer 
date than 1515; introduced into England, 1580. 
In the hard winter of 1515, the nobility of France. 
as they could not ride on horseback, and coaches 
were unknown, were drawn about in casks. An 
act passed to pievent men from riding in coaches, 
as being effeminate, 43d Elizabeth, 1601; be- 
came general, 1605 ; began to ply in London st reets, 
1626; glass ones first brought from Brussels to 
Paris, 1660; act for licensing hacknev coaches 
passed, 1693: 23,000 coaches kept in" England, 
1778, as appeared by the duty paid for them ; rates 
of hackney coaches raised, 1785. 

COAL Mines discovered in the neighbourhood of 
Newcastle, about 1300. 

COALS first used in England, and at London, 1307, 
when the smoke was supposed to corrupt the air 
so much, that the use of them was forbidden by 
proclamation, 1373; first brought from New- 
castle to London, 1381 ; the consumption in 
London was 600,000 chaldrons, 1773. In 1763, 
coals were 55s. per chaldron. 

COBBETT, (William,) convicted of writing, print- 
ing, and publishing a gross libel on the German 
Legion; was brought up with several others to 
receive the judgment of the Court of King's Bench, 
when Cobbett was sentenced to pay a line uf 



ALPHABETICAL CHRONOLOGY. 



18 



£1,000., to be imprisoned two }ears in Newgate, 
and afterwards to enter into recognizance to keep 
the peace; the rest, to two months' imprisonment 
each, 9th July, 1810. 
COCHRANE (Lord), and Mr. Cochrane Johnstone 
were expelled the House of Commons, in con- 
sequence of their conviction in the Court of King's 
Bench for a conspiracy, 5th July, 1814 ; the arms, 
banners, &c. of Lord Cochrane were removed 
from Henry VII. 's Chapel, in consequence of his 
removal as a Knight from the Order of the Bath. 
This was the first occurrence of the kind since the 
establishment of the order. 
COFFEE first introduced into Arabia Felix 1454; 
became known at Constantinople, and coffee- 
houses opened, 1554; brought to Marseilles, 
1644; the art of roasting and making it intro- 
duced at London by a Greek servant, and the first 
coffee-house opened in George-yard, Lombard- 
street, 1652; a duty of 4d. per gallon was laid on 
all that was made and sold, 1660; its culture first 
encouraged in the plantations, 1732; coffee- 
houses ordered to be shut up by proclamation, as 
they were thought encouragers of sedition, No- 
vember, 1675. 
COIN first used in Britain, 25 years B.C. ; of gold 
and silver, in Scotland, 211; the first sterling 
coined 1216; before this time rr-nts were paid in 
kind, and there was little trade ; money was 
found only in the coffers of the Barons ; milling 
the coin introduced, 1662 ; copper coin first made 
current here, 1672 ; a re-coinage of all the light 
gold, and ordered to pass by weight, June 15, 1774. 
COIN. The first coin made in Britain was in the 

reign of Cunobline, 23 years B.C. 
COINAGE of Silver. A new issue, consisting of 
half-crowns, shillings, and sixpences, 13th Feb., 
1817. 
COKE (Mr.) moved in the House of Commons, 
"That an humble Address be presented to his 
Majesty, praying him to form an Administration 
entitled to the confidence of his people, and such as 
may tend to put an end to the important divisions 
of the country ;" which motion, after a very warm 
and animated debate, was agreed to without a 
division, 24th March, 1783. 
COKE, (Sir Edward,) who had been Lord Chief 
Justice of England, was compelled to serve as 
High Sheriff, 1624; died September 3, 1634. 
COLCHESTER, once a Roman colony, built 125 
years B.C.; castle built 921; Archdeaconry 
erected before 1132. 
COLLEGE of Physicians, London, incorporated by 

Henrv VIII. ; ditto, at Edinburgh, 1682. 
COLLIER, (Sir George,) in his Majesty's ship 
Rainbow, fell in with the American squadron, 
consisting of the Hancock, Boston, and Fox fri- 
gates, when, after a chase of 39 hours, he cap- 
tured the Hancock, of 32 guns; Sir George, 
during the chase, was joined by the Flora frigate, 
which captured the Fox; the Bostoa escaped. 
18th August, 1777. 
COMPANIES, (The Twelve,) from which the 
May-or is chosen, first formed in London in Ri- 
chard the First's reign ; Skinners incorporated, 
1327; Goldsmiths, 1327; Mercers, 1393; Haber- 
dashers, 1407; Grocers, 1-129; Vintners, 1437 ; 
Drapers, 1439; Ironmongers, 1464; Merchant 
Tailors, 1466; Clothworkers, 1482; Fishmongers, 
1536; Salters, 1558. 
COMETS appeared in 1104, 1107, 1110, 1256, 
1299, 1315, 1316, 1337, 1341, 1353, 1371, 1401; 
two in 1456, 1472; two, in 1505, 1531 1532, 1556, 
1557, 1580, 1590. 1596, 1607, 1618, 1647, 1652, 
1661, 1664, 1665, 1666, 1667, 1672, 1677, 1678; 
two in 1680, 1682, 1684, 1686, 1698, 1699, 1702, 
1706, 1718, 1729, 1737, 1739; two 1742, 1744, 
1747; two in 1748, 1757; three 1759, 1762, 1764; 
two 1766, 1769, 1770, 1774. The first that was 
discovered and described was by Niciphorus, 
1337. The true orbits of comets demonstrated by 
Doetfel, 168C. 
CONSTANTINE, afterwards the Great, born at 
York ; he was grandson to Coil, a chief of the 



Cumbrians, 270 ; he succeeded his father Con- 
stantius, as Emperor of Britain, 306 ; with the as- 
sistance of the British forces, he defeated Maxen- 
tius, who had assumed the purple at Rome; he 
embraced the Christian religion, and was unani- 
mously saluted by the title of Constantino (he 
Great, he divided Britain into four govern- 
ments, viz. Britannia Prima ; comprehending the 
country, between the river Thames and the sea ; 
Britannia Secunda, consisting of all that lay west 
of the Severn to the Irish Sea ; FlaviaCsjesariensis, 
comprehending Cornwall, Devonshire, Somer- 
setshire, and part of Wilts and Gloucestershire- 
and the fourth division was named Maxima 
Ctesariensis, including the northern counties of 
England, with Nottinghamshire, Derb\shire, Staf- 
fordshire, and Lincolnshire, 310 ; Constantine 
died, May 22, 337 ; and was buried at Con- 
stantinople. 

CONSTANTIUS arrived with a fleet, and landed 
on the Isle of Wight, and was received by the 
Britons as their deliverer, 293 ; repulsed the Scots, 
294; he married Helena, daughter of Coilus, Duke 
of Colchester, by whom he had Constantine the 
Great; she first walled the City of London; he 
died at York, 306, 

CONSTANTINUS succeeded to that division of the 
Empire which included Britain, 338 ; but by in- 
vading the territory of his brother Constans, he 
was slain, and the victor inherited Britain, and 
arrived here to repel the still turbulent Picts ; the 
vices of Constans subjected him to the contempt 
of his subjects, and he was deprived of his crown 
and life by Magnentius, a Gaul, of British extrac- 
tion, who assumed the regal dignity; but the 
friends of Constantius, the youngest son of Con- 
stantine the Great, prevailing against him, after a 
struggle of three years, the usurper put an end to 
his own life at Lyons, 344 ; and the whole province 
of Britain acknowledged the authority of the 
victor. 

CONSPIRACIES. That of the Norman Barons to 
shake off the royal authority of William I., 1074, 
of Prince Robert and others against his father, 
William I. 1076 ; of the Norman Barons against 
William II., 1086 ; of Mortimer against Henry II., 
1155 ; against Thomas a Becket, when Becket fell, 
1170 ; of young Henry and his brothers, against 
their father, Henry ll., in order to obtain his 
crown, 1173; of the Barons against the Ministry ! 
of Henry III., 1233; of the Barons against Gaves- | 
ton, the King's favourite, whom they murdered, 
1312; of the Barons against the Spencers, the 
King's favourites, whom they banished, 1321 ; of 
the Queen and others against Edward II., when i 
he fell a sacrifice, 1325 ; of the Queen against the 
Earl of Kent, who fell, 1329 ; against the King of 
Castile, 1367 ; of the Barons against the Earl of 
Suffolk, 1386; of the Duke of Gloucester, &c. 
against the Ministers of Richard II., who were im- 
peached and executed, 1388 ; of Gloucester against 
Richard II., 1397; of the Duke of Lancaster 
against Richard II., whom he deposed, 1399 ; of 
the Earl of Northumberland against Henry IV., | 
in which Northumberland fell, 1403 ; in France, ; 
against the Duke of Burgund}', 1415 ; of the Duke 
of York against Henry VI. 1452 ; of the Earl of 
Warwick against Edward IV., when Warwick fell, ! 
1466; of the Queen, &c. against the Duke of 
Clarence, who fell, 1477 ; of the Duke of Gloucester | 
against Edward V. and his brother, who were | 
murdered, 1483 ; against Richard III., 1483 ; of the j 
Earl of Richmond against Richard lit., 1485; of ' 
Simnel against Henry VII., 1487; in favour of 
Warbeck against Henry VII., 1493; of the Dis- 
ciples of Wishart against Cardinal Beaton, in 
Scotland, whom they murdered, 1547 ; against the 
Duke of Somerset, who fell, 15-19; of Lady Jane 
Grey against Queen Mary, 1553 ; of Queen Eliza- 
beth, against Mary Queen of Scots, 1559; in 
France, against the' Duke of Guise and Cardinal 
Lorrain, for which 1,200 suffered death, 1500 ; of 
Mary Queen of Scots, &c, against the Pro- 
testants, 1565; of Lord Darnley, &c, against 



20 



ALPHABETICAL CHRONOLOGY. 



Rizzio, 15(73 ; of Mary Queen of Scots, &c, against 
Lord Darnley, 15(57 : of the Scots against their 
Queen, 1567; of the Duke of Norfolk against 
Q.ueen Elizabeth, 1569; Ditto, 1571; against the 
Huguenots in France, 1572; divers conspiracies 
against Queen Elizabeth, 158-1; Parry's against 
Elizabeth, for which he suffered, 1534; Wooton's 
against James VI. of Scotland, when he attempted 
to put the young King into the hands of Elizabeth, 
1586 : Babington's against Queen Elizabeth, 1586, 
for which 14 were hanged ; another against Queen 
Elizabeth, 1504, for which several suffered ; Gun- 
powder, against James I., 1604 ; Roger Moore's 
in Ireland, 1641; Ro}'alists against Cromwell, 
1648 ; Duke of Monmouth's to assassinate Charles 
II., 1683 ; one in Ireland discovered, June 1, 
1663 ; that of the Fanatics in the North, dis- 
covered, Jan. 5, 1664, for which about 21 were 
executed; of Sir George Berkeley, and others, to 
assassinate William III., 1696; Layer's against 
George I., 1722; trial of Major Cartwr'mht and 
Messrs. Wooler, Lewis, Edmonds, and Maddox, 
came on at the Assizes for "Warwick, on a charge 
of disaffection to government, and seditiously 
conspiring to elect Sir Charles Wolesley the le- 
gislatorial attorney and representative of Bir- 
mingham, when the jury pronounced a verdict of 
guilty against all of them, July 31, 1820, and sen- 
tence was pronounced on the 1st of June, 1821. 
Cartwright was fined £100., Edmunds imprisoned 
nine months, Maddox 18 months, and Wooler 15 
months, in the jail of Warwick, and each party 
afterwards to give security for good behaviour ; 
20 conspirators convicted at Stirling, Aug. 4, 
1820 ; Cato-street conspirators arrested, Feb. 23, 
1820. 

CONSTANTINOPLE, founded by the Argives, 
658 B. C. ; besieged and destroyed, 193 ; received 
its present name from Constantine the Great, who 
removed there the seat of the Eastern Empire, 
324; the city was before called B3'zaniium, from 
Byzas the founder ; suffered greatly by fire, pes- 
tilence, famine, and an earthquake that over- 
turned its walls, and 17 towers, Sept. 27, 446 ; 
empire of the Franks ended, 1281 ; had first an 
Emperor, 1268, taken from the Greeks by Ma- 
homet IT., who slew the Emperor and 60,000 
inhabitants ; this put an end to the eastern empire, 
which began with the reign of Arcadius, 395, and 
continued 1055 3'ears, 1453 ; conquered by the 
Venetians, 1194, who held it for some time. 
Mahomet III., who began to reign 1595, ordered 
19 of his brothers to be strangled, and 10 of his 
father's concubines, who were supposed to be 
pregnant, to be thrown into the sea. The Emperor 
Osman killed by his slaves, 1622. The Emperors 
of Constantinople are the successors of Bajazet. A 
fire destroyed 12,000 houses, and 7,000 people, 
September 27, 1729; another, that burnt 7,000 
houses, July 19, 1782; another, that destroyed 

^ 20,000 houses, August 22, 1782. 

^OOK (Captain) who had lately returned from a 
voyage of discovery in the South Seas, had the ho- 
nour of presenting to his Majesty several maps and 
charts made during his vovage, August 9th, 1775. 

COOTE (Sir Eyre) attacked the whole force of 
Hyder Ali at Porto Novo, near Cuddalore, in the 
East Indies; and after an obstinate battle, suc- 
ceeded in giving him a complete overthrow. 
Hyder retreated to Arcot. July 1, 1781. 

COPLEY (Sir John) created Baron Lyndhurst, of 
Lyndhurst, in the County of Southampton, April 
24, 1827. 

CORNWALLIS (Lord) arrived at Calcutta as Go- 
vernor-General and Commander-in-Chief in India, 
September 11, 1786; defeated Tippo Sultan, and 
drove him and. his whole army under the walls of 
Seringapatam, May 15, 1791 ; his Lordship de- 
feated the Sultan a second time near Sering- 
apatam, but on account of the setting in of the 
monsoons he was obliged to retire to Bangalore, 
May 15, 1792. 

CORN Bill (The) was passed in the House of Lords 
by a great majority of 128 to 21. 



CORDER, (Trial of William.) at Bury, St, Ed- 
munds, 6th of August, 1826, for the murder of Maria 
Marten, on the 18th of May, 1827, a young woman 
whom he had decoyed from her home to a tern, 
near Polsted, and there murdered her. The 

Erisoner was found guilty, and afterwards con- 
;ssed the crime; he was executed on the 11th. 
An extraordinary excitement throughout the 
kingdom was produced by this murder and trial. 
1828. 

COURTS of Justice. The four in England took 
their rise from a court established in the Palace of 
William the Conqueror. At this time the Eccle- 
siastical Courts were separate from the civil. 

COUNTIES first sent Members to Parliament, 
1258; before this the Knights met only in their 
own counties. 

COUTTS (Mrs.), widow of Thomas Coutts, Esq., 
the banker, (formerly Miss Mellon, the actress,) 
was married to his Grace the Duke of St. Albans 
16th June, 1823. 

CORONATION. The first person crowned by the 
hands of a Bishop was Leo, Emperor of the East, 
457 ; it being supposed that the Bishop thus ex- 
pressed the suffrage of the Deity. Coronation oath 
first taken by Ethelred II., 979 ; that now used, 
1377; altered, 1689 : first coronation sermon, 1041 ; 
coronation chair removed from Scotland to West- 
minster Abbey. 1296 ; its seat is a stone called the 
Palladium of the Scottish Monarchy, and is said tc 
have been Jacob's Pillar ; it was first transported tc 
Spain where it was used as a seat of justice, by 
Gethalus, contemporary with Moses ; it after- 
wards found its way to Dunstaffnage, in Scotland ; 
and continued there as the coronation chair till 
the reign of Kenneth II., who, to secure his empire, 
removed it to Scoone, and in which every Scottish 
Monarch was inaugurated, till Edward removed 
it to Westminster. 

CORSNED (Trial by), a species of purgation ; being 
a bit of bread, consecrated with a form of exorcism, 
which the supposed criminal was to eat, taking 
the sacrament at the same, and praying that it 
might destroy him if guilty. Godwin, Earl of Kent, 
abjuring the death of the King's mother, appealed 
to his corsned, which stuck in his throat and killed 
him, hence the vulgar phrase, " I'll take my sacra- 
ment upon it," " May this morsel be my last,' 
and the like. 

CORNWALLIS (Lord) beseiged in York Town by 
the United American and French forces, and after 
a gallant resistance surrendered; the British 
forces consisted of between 5 and 6,000 men, and 
1,500 sailors, Oct. 19, 1781. The Noble Lord, 
accompanied by General Arnold, arrived in 
London, January 23, 1782. 

CORNWALLIS (Lord), Lord Lieutenant of Ireland, 
issued a proclamation, authorising his Majesty's 
Generals to give protection to such insurgents a3 
(being simply guilty of rebellion) should surrender 
their arms, abjure all unlawful engagements, and 
take the oath of allegiance, June 29, 1798. 

CROMWELL, (Oliver,) born at Huntingdon, April 
25, 1599 ; made a Colonel, 1643 ; made Lord-Lieu- 
tenant, and went over to Ireland with his army, 
1650 ; made General of the army, June 21 follow- 
ing; having taken near 7,000 prisoners at the 
battle of Worcester, he sold them for slaves to the 
Americans ; made protector for life, December, 
1653 ; died of gout in his stomach, September 3, 
1658, in the 60th year of his age ; his carcass was 
hung up at Tyburn, Jan. 30, 1661, and afterwards 
buried under the gallows. 

CROSBY, (Brass,) Lord Mayor of London, attended 
by many Aldermen and Common Councilmen, pro. 
ceeded to St. James's, to present the City Address, 
Petition, and Remonstrance, and were intro- 
duced to his Majesty, who returned an answer 
"That he saw no reason to alter the opinion he 
had expressed in answer to the former Address, 
and therefore could not comply with the prayer 
of the petition," Nov. 21, 1770. Crosby committed 
to the Tower by order of the House of Commons 
for a breach of the privileges of the House ; the 



ALPHABETICAL CHRONOLOGY. 



21 



numbers were, fur the committal, 202; against it, 
39. The mob was very riotous, but no particular 
mischief occurred from the precautions taken to 
prevent it, Nov. 27, 1770. On the 22d of April, 
1771, the Right Honourable Brass Crosby, Lord 
Mayor of London, was brought from the Tower to 
the' Court of Common Pleas, and a solemn argu- 
ment was held on the subject of his Lordship's 
commitment by the House of Commons, when the 
Court determined that no Court of Justice had any 
jurisdiction over the House of Commons, and that 
a power over their own members was vested in 
them by the very fundamentals of the constitution ; 
and that his Lordship's act was not only a con- 
tempt of the House, but of the City of London, 
which was virtually represented in it ; his Lord- 
ship was therefore remanded back to the Tower. 
The populace, on his Lordship retiring, took 
the horses from his carriage, and dragged it to the 
Mansion-house, amidst the loudest huzzas. 

CRANE (James), a Romish priest, was committed 
to Guildford Jail ; there were found in his pocket 
several commissions to enlist men for the Pre- 
tenders service, Feb. 17, 1746. 

CRANMER (Archbishop), Guildford Dudley, and 
his wife, the Lady Jane Grey, were condemned 
for high treason, Nov. 3, 1553. On October 21, 
1555, he recanted ; but was afterwards burned at 
Oxford, March 21, 1556. 

* CRESSY (The battle of), Aug. 24, 1346. 

CROCKERY Ware, invented 1309. 

CROSS (the Sign of) first used by Christians, as a 
mark of distinction, about 110; that of our 
Saviour found on Mount Calvary, 326 ; the punish- 
ment of, abolished, 315. 

CROWNS in the remotest antiquity were given only 
to Gods. The first Roman that wore one was 
Tarquin I., 616 ; the first high priest that wore 
one was Aristobulus, 104 before Christ ; first used 
in England, 872 ; the triple one, or tiara, first worn 
by Pope Urban V., 1364 ; before the popes wore 
only one with two circles ; Hormisdas was the 
first pope that put a crown to it at all, about 553; 
Boniface VIII. added the second, 1303. 

CROYLAND Abbey, in Lincolnshire, rebuilt, and 
in it were set up the first tuneable bells in Eng- 
land, 945. 

COVENT GARDEN (Theatre Royal) was dis- 
covered to be on fire, about four o'clock, on the 
morning of Sept. 20, 1808 ; and in less than three 
hours the whole of the interior was destroyed, and 
nearly all the scenery, library, &c. The fire raged 
with great violence in Bow-street, where seven 
houses were destroyed, and two others greatly 
damaged ; a party of firemen, by the falling of the 
burning roof of the theatre, were buried in the 
ruins, by which dreadful accident nineteen persons 
lost their lives, and three others were severely 
injured. The first stone of the new building was 
laid by H.R.H. the Prince of Wales, with grand 
masonic ceremony, on the 31st of December 
following ; Mr. Robert Smirke was the architect ; 
it was opened, on the 17th September, 1809, when 
a riot commenced in consequence of an alteration 
in the prices of admission, commonly called the 
O.P. row. 



CRY (the Irish), which alarmed all England, 1688 , 
took its rise from the following circumstance; 
some Irish soldiers having broken into a country- 
man's house, a neighbour ran off for London, crying 
as he went, that the Irish had risen, and were 
firing of houses, and destroying men, women, and 
children ; this, at a time when a revolution was 
taking place, occasioned such an alarm, that it soon 
spread over the whole kingdom, and every one took 
up arms, dreading an invasion of the Irish. 

CUMBERLAND (Duke of). An extraordinary at- 
tempt was made to assassinate H.R.H. the Duke of 
Cumberland while he was asleep in bed; Sellis, a 
Piedmontese valet, who was supposed to have made 
the attempt, was found in his own room with his 
throat cut, May 31, 1810 ; an inquest was held the 
following day upon his body, when the jury found 
a verdict of felo»de~sf. 

CURFEW Bell (the), established, 1068; which, to 
prevent fires, obliged people to put out their fires 
and candles at eight o'clock in the evening, when 
the bell was rung ; abolished 1100. 

CURLS (artificial), called heart-breakers, first used 
in England, by the ladies, in the reign of Charles II. 

CUSTOM-HOUSE (London), first built, 1559; a 
new one, 1718; the present magnificent building 
erected 1814, on a most extensive scale, by T">avid 
Laing, architect to the board of customs ; but the 
foundation having given way in 1825, the front 
next the Thames has since been re-built from the 
designs of Mr. Smirke. 

CUIRASSE, a piece of armour, though known to the 
ancients, in a different form, was not brought into 
use till about 1300. 

CURRANTS, or Corinthian grapes, first planted in 
England, Sept. 1532 ; brought from the Isle of Zante, 
belonging to Venice ; the musk rose and several 
sorts of plumbs from Italy, were brought and 
planted bv Lord Cromwell, about the same time. 

CRUCIFIXES, first introduced into the Romish 
Church, 461. 

CYCLE (the solar), commenced nine years before 
the vulgar Christian sera; lunar, invented by 
Meton the Athenian, and hence called the Metonic, 
July 15th, 432 B.C. 

CYCLOPS (Fable of the), supposed to allude to a 
tribe of people settled in Greece, famous for 
building light-houses; hence they were repre- 
sented with one eye in the centre of their fore- 
heads. 

DACRE Castle, Cumberland, built before 925. 

DACRES (Lord), hanged for murder, 1541. 

DAMASKEENING, or ornamenting of iron, (the 
art of) first taught at Damascus, but brought to 
perfection by Cursinet, a Frenchman, about 1600. 

DANCER (Daniel), a notorious miser, who, though 
possessed of great riches, lived in the very extreme 
of misery, and died at Pinner, in Middlesex, on 
the 12th of September, 1794. 

DANCING (the art of), said to be first taught by 
Castor and Pollux to the Lacedemonians ; others 
attribute the invention to Minerva ; dancing to time, 
&c. invented by the Curetes, who danced in their 
armour, 1534 B.C. 

DANEGELT, a land-tax ; first established by 
Ethelred II. 1002 ; it was part of the standing re- 



* Edward III. encamped at Cressy, and the same afternoon, at four o'clock, this battle began. The 
French army consisted of above 100,000 men. The King of Bohemia, who, though blind, was present at the 
battle, having caused his horse's bridle to be fastened to those of two brave knights, was slain, and his 
standard, on which was embroidered in gold, three ostrich feathers, with these words, Teh Dien, that is, I 
serve, was taken and brought to the Prince of Wales, who, in memory of that day, bore three ostrich 
feathers in his coronet with the same motto, which is still continued by all Princes of Wales. The 
English in this battle gained a complete victory, and Edward the Black Prince immortal honour. In this 
battle the English used cannon or great guns for the first time. France lost in this battle the King of 
Bohemia, the Earl of Alencon, the Duke of Lcrrain, the Earl of Flanders, the Earl of Blois, eleven princes, 
eight bannerets, 1200 knights, upwards of eighty standards, and above 30,000 common soldiers. The king 
published orders in his camp that the prisoners should not be insulted in their misfortunes, but that his 
troops should thank God for their victory. Edward, the c"ay after the battle of Cressy defeated a body 
of militia that was coming to Philip's assistance, when he slew 7C00 on the spot. Aug 24, 1346. 



ALPHABETICAL CHRONOLOGY. 



vemie under Henry I., and paid in the 21st of Henry 
II., but soon after it was lost. 
DANES, their first descent upon England, at Port- 
land, 787 ; their second, in Northumberland, 794, 
when they were repelled, and perished by ship- 
wreck. They landed on Sheppey Island, 832 ; again 
in Cornwall, and were defeated by Egbert, 836 ; 
again at Charmouth, Dorsetshire, from 35 ships, 
and stood their ground, 837; defeated Ethelwolf, 
840; landed at the mouth of the Thames, from 
350 vessels, and took Canterbury and London, 
851 ; subdued by Ethelwolf at Okely, in Surrey, 
853; invaded Northumberland, and seized York, 
867 ; defeated Ethelred, and his brother Alfred, at 
Basing and Merton, 871 ; surprised Warham cas- 
tle, and took Exeter, 876 ; took Chippenham, 877 ; 
120 of their ships wrecked at Swanwich, Dorset- 
shire, 877 ; 1205 of them killed by Odun, Earl of 
Devon, 878 ; Alfred entered into treaty with them, 
882 ; their fleet totally destroyed at Apuldore, by 
Alfred, 894; invaded Anglesey, 900; submitted 
to Edward the Elder, 921 ; invaded Dorsetshire, 
982 ; landed again in Essex, 991, and were bribed 
to quit the kingdom ; their fleet defeated, 992 ; 
fresh invasions by them near Bristol, and in Kent, 
and had £24,000. given them to depart, 998; 
numbers of them massacred, by order of Ethelred 
II., Nov. 13. 1002 ; continued their ravages, and 
defeated the English at Ipswich, 1010 ; took Can- 
terbury, and put nine out of ten of the inhabitants 
to death, 1011 ; settled in Scotland, 1020 ; ex- 
pelled England, 1041 ; landed again at Sandwich, 
1047, and carried off great plunder to Flanders ; 
joined the Northumbrians, burnt York, and slew 
3,000 Normans, 1069 ; invaded England again, but 
bribed by William I., quitted it, 1074. 

DANIEL sent captive to Babylon, 606 ; advanced 
at court, 603; interpreted Nebuchadnezzar's 
dream, 603; his vision of the four monarchies, 
555 ; cast into the den of lions, 538 ; from a vision, 
predicted the Persian empire under Alexander, 
534 ; died 534 before Christ, aged 90 ; the begin- 
ning of his 70 weeks, 457 ; ditto, according to 
Scaliger, 421 before Christ. 

DANTZICK taken by the Swedes in 1734 ; bv the 
Prussians, 1773 ; abridged of its privileges, 1775. 

DARKNESS (Seventeen davs of unusual). 797. 

DARNLEY (Lord), great grandson of Henry VII., 
born 1547 ; married Mary, Queen of Scots, 1565, 
and took the title of King Henry ; headed the as- 
sassins of David Rizzio, 1566 ; murdered, by being 
blown up, Feb. 10, 1567. 

DARTMOUTH burnt by the French, 1355. 

DAUPHIN of France, Lewis, poisoned, December 
24, 1415 ; John, his brother, that succeeded him, 
poisoned, April 16, 1416. 

DAUPHINY, ceded by the Dauphin of Viennois, 
1343 ; annexed to the crown of France, on con- 
dition the king's eldest son should be styled 
Dauphin, 1349. 

DAVENANT and Denham, two famous poets, 
died, 1668. 

DAVID succeeded Saul on the throne of Israel, 
1055 ; took Jerusalem, 1042 ; defeated the Phi- 
listines, 1041 ; subdued the Syrians, &c, 1040 ; 
removed the ark to Mount Sion, 1039 ; committed 
adultery with Bathsheba, 1035; reproved by 
Nathan, 1034; married Bathsheba, 1033; died 
1015 before Christ, aged 70. 

DAVIS'S Straits discovered, 1585. 

DAY began at sun-rise by the Chaldeans, Syrians, 
Persians, and Indians; at sun-set by the Athe- 
nians, Arabs, ancient Greeks, and other Euro- 
pean nations ; the Ausonians, who were the most 
ancient inhabitants of Italy, computed the day 
from midnight; the Mahometans reckon from 
twilight as the intermediate point between light 
and darkness. Hence it is, that noon varies with 
the season. Modern astronomers count the day 
from noon. 

DEARTH, 1094; so great in England and France, 
that a quarter of wheat was sold for almost 20s. 
which was followed by a pestilential fever, that 
carried off multitudes of people, 1193, 1194, 
1135, another, 1222; another with a murrain. 



1251 ; another, when wheat sold for 40s. a quarter, 
1315 ; wheat sold for £3. a bushel, and the poor 
forced to eat horseflesh and dogs, 1316 ; another 
great one, owing to the great rains, with a murrain, 
1335; two others, 1348 and 1353; again, when 
bread was made in many places of fern roots and 
ivy berries, 1438. 

DEATH (Sudden) considered in France as a mark 
of infamy and proof of damnation. 1280. 

DEBENHAM, Suffolk, burnt (38 houses), March 
1744. , 

DEBENTURE (Government) first given, 1649, as a 
bond from the commonwealth to secure the 
soldiers' arrears. 

DEBTS in France were recoverable by an ordi- 
nance issued 1134, which authorised the creditor 
to seize the effects of a debtor, without any war • 
rant, and pay himself; but this was corrected by 
a law, 1351. 

DE COURCY (The privilege of) standing covered 
before the Kings of England, at their first au- 
dience, granted to that family by John, for John 
de Courcy's consenting to combat with the cham- 
pion of France, 1203. 

DEDICATIONS to Books, contrived to get money, 
about 1600; nine or ten dedications were then 
customary to one book. 

DEFENDER of the Faith, a title conferred by 
Pope Leo X. on Henry VIII. for writing a book 
against Luther, 1521 ; th's title was taken from 
him again on his dissolving the monasteries, but 
confirmed to him by parliament, 1543 ; Chatnber- 
layne says, the title belonged to the kings of 
England before the pope conferred it. 

DEGREES (Academical) first introduced in the 
University of Paris, from whence other European 
Universities borrowed their custom before 1215. 

DELUGE (General), threatened in the year of the 
world, 1536; began Sunday, December the 7th, 
in the year of the world, 1656, i.e. 2348 before 
Christ, Noah being then about GOO years old. The 
ark rested upon Mount Arrarat, Wednesday, May 
6, 2347 before Christ. The tops of the mountains 
appeared, Sunday, July 19. Noah removed the 
covering of the ark, Oct. 23; left it, Friday, Dec. 
18, having been in it 377 days. 

DELUGE of Ogyges, from which Attica and Achaia 
lay waste above 200 years, till the coming of 
Cecrops out of Egypt, 1796 before Christ, this was 
in the reign of Ogyges. Deluge of Deucalion in 
Thessaly, about 1494 before Christ, an inundation 
only, so called from its happening in the reign of 
Deucalion, King of Lyconia. These floods seem 
only confused accounts of the general deluge. 

DEMERARA, a Dutch settlement in Guinea ; on a 
river of the name, contiguous to Essequibo, 2 miles 
wide at its mouth, defended by a fort on the east 
bank, and navigable upwards of 200 miles. The 
country produces coffee, sugar-canes, and the 
finest kinds of wood. Taken by the English in 
1766 ; restored in 1S02 ; taken again in 1803 ; and 
again restored in 1814. This settlement, and that 
of Essequibo, form one government, Capital, 
Starbrock. 

DENARIUS (The Roman) was worth about 7%d. 
English. 

DENBIGH Castle built, 1280 ; 'abbey built, 1330. 

DENMAN (Sir Thomas), Chief Justice of the Court 
of King's Bench; created a peer, by the title of 
Baron Denman, of Dovedale, Derbyshire, March 
22, 1834. 

DENMARK, the ancient kingdom of the Goths, its 
first king reigned, 714; Harold dethroned for 
being a Christian, 82" ; embraced Christianity, 940, 
and bishops first v ppointed; united with the 
crowns of Norway and Sweden, by the union of 
Calmar, 1394 ; the house of Oldenburgh began to 
reign, 1448, from whom the present royal family is 
descended; Christian II., in order to estabiish 
despotism, massacred all the nobility, except 
Gustavus Vasa (who escaped in the disguise of a 
peasant), Nov. 8, 1520, when it was united with 
Sweden ; separated from Sweden, 1523. Lu- 
theranism made a rapid progress, 1526, and was 
established, 1544 ; crown of, made hereditary and 



ALPHABETICAL CHRONOLOGY. 



23 



absolute, 1660; revolution of, Jan 17,1772; Ele- 

Sbant, urder of, instituted about 1478. See 
brway, Copenhagen, Cimbri, Christianity, 
Sweden, Calmar. 
DENMARK (Christian, King o0, visited England, 
1523; a succeeding king ditto, 1605; the same 
again, 1614 ; Christian VII. ditto, August, 1768. 
DENMARK (Matilda, Queen of), sister to George 
III. of England, died at Zell, May 10, 1765, aged 

DENMARK (Prince George of), husband to Queen 
Anne, visited England, 1669; died of an asthma 
and dropsy, October 28, 1708, aged 55. 

DERBY (James, Earl of), beheaded at Bolton, for 
opposing Cromwell, October 15, 1651. 

DERBY, chartered bv Charles I. 

DERWENTER (Earl of), and Lord Kenmuir, be- 
headed on Tower-hill, Feb 24, 1716, for taking 
part in the rebellion of 1715. 

DESMOND (Thomas, Earl of), beheaded in Ireland, 
1468. 

DEUTERONOMY, or the fifth book of Moses, closes 
the history of 2552 y 2 years, from the creation to the 
death of Moses. 

DIAMOND (The first), cut byde Berguen, of Bruges, 
1489 ; the brilliant is an improvement of the table 
diamond, introduced within the last century. 

DIAMONDS (Nine of), called the Curse of Scotland, 
from a Scotch member of parliament (part of 
whose family arms is the nine of diamonds) voting 
for the introduction of the malt-tax into Scotland. 

DIANA (Temple of), at Ephesus, burnt by the 
Amazons, about 1141 ; rebuilt by the Grecian 
colonies before the reign of Cyrus ; burnt again, by 
Erostratus, in order to perpetuate his name, 356 
before Christ ; again by the Goths, in their third 
naval invasion, about 256. 

DIBDIN (Charles), a dramatic author, celebrated 
song-writer, and musical composer ; died July 25, 
1814. On his tomb, in the burial ground of St. 
Martin's-in-the-fields, are the following lines from 
his own song of Tom Bowling : — 

" His form was of the manliest beauty, 
His heart was kind and soft, 
Faithful below he did his duty — 
But now he's gone aloft." 

DICE, invented by Palamedes about the time of the 
Trojan war. This was the game of Tali and 
Tesserae among the Romans. 

DICTATOR (The first at Rome), 497 before Christ. 

DIEPPE, laid in ashes by the English, July 14, 1694. 

DIET of Worms, for the peace of the empire, 1495 ; 
of ditto, April 17, 1521, of Spires, against the Re- 
formers, March 15, 1529; of Ausburg, June 25, 
1530. 

DIGBY (Sir Everard), born 1581; hanged with 
other conspirators in the powder-plot, Jan. 30, 
1606. 

DILKES (Rear- Admiral), sailed from Spithead for 
the coast of Normandy, July 22, 1703 ; where he 
took, burnt, and sunk forty sail of the en envy's 
ships, three of which were equipped as men of 
war. Queen Anne had a medal struck upon the 
occasion, and delivered to the Admiral and all his 
officers. 

DIONYSIUS, St. Priory, Hants, built by Henry I. 
about 1124. It was a priory of black canons. 

DISPENSATIONS, first granted by the pope, 1200. 

DISPENSING power of the crown exerted by 
Ja\:nes II., 1686 ; re-assumed to lay an embargo on 
corn, 1767. 
DISSENTERS, first separated from the Church of 
England, 1571. 

DISTAFF, the art of spinning with it at the small 
wheel, first taught to English women by Bona- 
visa, an Italian, 1505. 

DIVORCE. There was no such thing in the republic 
of Rome for 250 years; the first was 229 before 
Christ, at which time the women were so de- 
bauched, that 3,000 prosecutions were on the roll 
for adultery. A bill was presented by the Lord 
Chancellor to the House of Lords, to make divorces 
and separations more easy, 1539, but was dropped. 



DOCTOR (The degree of) first created, about 1150 ; 
not given in England till 1207 ; Lh music, first given 
in our universities, 1463. 
DODD (Rev. Dr. William) hanged at Tyburn for 

forgery, June 27, 1777. 
DODD (J. W.), an eminent actor in the comic line, 

died Dec. 17, 1796. 
DODDINGTON Indiaman wrecked 250 leagues east 

of the Cape, July 17, 1755—247 perished. 
DODSLEY (Robert), the celebrated bookseller, poet, 

and miscellaneous writer, died Sept. 26, 1764. 
DOMINGO (St.) discovered by Columbus, 1492. 

Insurrection, Aug. 1792. 
DOMINICA, discovered by Columbus, Nov. 3, 1494, 
taken by the French, but restored to the English 
at the peace, 1783. 
DOMINICAN Friars, founded by St. Dominick, a 
Spaniard, who was born 1170 ; their order con- I 
firmed, 1216; came into England, 1221. They had 
forty-two houses, the first of which was at Oxford. 
Blackfriars, London, belonged to them. 
DON (The title of) first taken by the kings of Spain 

in the middle of the 8th century. 
DONATISTS, who admitted of no church but the 
African, arose under Donatus in Africa, 311 ; after- 
wards united themselves with the Arians, and 
continued above 300 years. 
DONELLAN (Captain), hanged at Warwick, for 
poisoning Sir Theodosius Boughton, April, 2, 1781. 
DOOMSDAY-BOOK, which contained a survey 

the kingdom, began 1080 ; finished 1086. 
DORIC Order, in architecture, is the most ancient 

of the whole, and was invented by the Dorians. 
DORISLAUS (Dr.), agent for the parliament at the 
Hague, murdered by twelve English cavaliers, 
royalists, May 3, 1649. 
DORSET (Archdeaconry of) separated fromSarum, 

1542. 
DORSET (Dukedom of) created 1720. 
DORT (Sea broke in at), drowned 100,000 people, 

April 17, 1446. 
DOUGLAS (Earl), stabbed by James II. of Scotland, 

Feb. 22, 1452. 
DOVER CASTLE built by Julius Csesar; the 
tower of, built 47; old church dedicated, 156; 
town chartered by Edward the Confessor ; priory 
built, 1130 ; Domus Dei house built, 1240 ; pier 
built, 1539. 
DOWER, or the wife's thirds, a Danish custom, 
given by Suenon, the father of our Canute the 
Great, out of gratitude to the Danish ladies, who 
sold their jewels, to ransom him when taken 
prisoner by the Vandals. 
DRAGOONS first raised in England, 1681. 
DRAKE (Sir Francis) set sail for his voyage round 

the world, 1577 ; died Jan. 28, 1595, aged 50. 
DRAMATIC ENTERTAINMENTS, under the 
titles of mysteries and interludes were first repre- 
sented at Chester and Coventry, 1061. The first on 
record is the miracle play of St. Catherine, per- 
formed by the scholars of the Abbot of St. Albans. 
Regular dramatic entertainments began to be per- 
formed about Nov. 1528; Gammer Gurton's Needle 
is supposed to be the first comedy; but several 
plays by Parker, Heywood, and others, both of a 
tragic and comic cast were represented ; com- 
missioners were appointed to review the works of 
dramatic writers, with power to reject those 
having an improper tendency in 1589. 
DRESDEN taken by the Prussians, 1756; by the 

Imperialists, 1759; by the Prussians again, 1760. 
DRESS. Parti-coloured coats were worn here in 
Henry the First's reign ; cloths of gold and silver 
worn, 1376 ; none permitted to wear silk or furs in 
Scotland but persons of rank, 1429. 
DRILL- BO RE (The) and engraver's wheel were in- 
vented in the time of the Greeks, by Theodore of 
Lamos ; at which time, engraving of gems were 
discovered and practised ; this was near 1200 years 
before Christ. 
DROWNING was anciently a kind of punishment. 
In France, during the reign of Louis XI. they 
frequently drowned their criminals. 
DRUIDS, an order of men among the Britons, to 



24 



ALPHABETICAL CHRONOLOGY. 



called for their veneration for this Oak Drvis. Their 
religion sprung from that of the Ante"diluvians, 
without either altar or sacrifice, and continued for 
a space of 2000 years. They acted as priests and 
magistrates. One of tVem was occasionally in- 
vested with the supreme authority. They were 
cruelly burnt and destroyed in the Isle of Anglesey, 
in defence of their country's right, by Suetonius 
Paulinus, the Roman governor, by order of 
Nero, 60. 

DRUM (The), an oriental invention, and brought by 
the Arabians or Moors into Spain. 

DRUM-CAPSTANS, for weighing heavy anchors, 
invented bv Sir Samuel Morland, about 1685. 

DRUNKENNESS punished with 5s. fine, or the 
stocks, 1605. 

DRURY-LANE Theatre. The first, built in 1617, 
was destroyed by a mob the same year ; and on 
the 24th of February, 1809, the magnificent struc- 



ture was discovered to be on fire, and so rapid 
were the flames, that in a short space of time the 
whole was in one entire blaze; the sublimity of 
its appearance, and the awful glare it threw over 
the metropolis, was indescribable; happily no 
lives were lost ; but the next day a man was 
killed by the falling of a part of the wall, and 
another wounded. 

* DRYDEN (John), the poet, born 1631 ; died 
Mav 1, 1701. 

DUBLIN city wall built about 838; stormed by 
Dermod, 1171; its first charter granted, 1173; 
castle built, 1220 ; mayor of, first made from a 

{>rovost, 1407; mayor honoured with the title of 
ord, 1665; parliament house begun, 1729; finished, 
1739 ; cost £40,000. 
DUCAT, a piece of money so called; took its name 
from the Dukes in Spain, having a power to coin 
in the 6th century. 



* John Di-yden, one of the most eminent of the English poets, was born, according to the most probable 
accounts, on the 9th of August, 1631, in the parish of Aldwinkle-All-Saints, in Northamptonshire. His 
father, who possessed a small estate, and acted as a justice of the peace during the Protectorate, was 
the third son of Sis: Erasmus Dryden, bart., of the same county. The subject of this article, his eldest 
son, received his early education in the country, and was then removed to Westminster school, whence 
he was elected to a scholarship in Trinity college, Cambridge, and took his degree of bachelor of arts. 
His father dying in 1654, he succeeded to the possession of his estate, subject however to considerable 
deductions for the widow and younger children. He immediately removed to London, under the auspices 
of his relation, Sir Gilbert Pickering, one of Cromwell's council and House of Lords. Dryden is said to 
have been his secretary ; and certainly at this time he discovered no symptoms of disagreement with the 
political tendency of his family. On the death of Oliver he wrote his celebrated " Heroic Stanzas" on that 
event ; one of the first of his poems that evinced the loftiness of expression and imagery which characterize 
his maturer efforts. This production necessarily subjected him to much obloquy in after times, es- 
pecially as it is suspected that in the passage where Cromwell is praised for staunching the blood " by 
breathing of the vein," the poet intended to vindicate the execution of Charles I. Be this as it may, at 
the Restoration he made all possible haste to efface his past stains, by greeting the king's return in a poem, 
entitled "Astraea Redux," which was quickly followed by a "Panegyric on the Coronation." In 1661 
he produced his first play, " The Duke of Guise ;" and in the next year " The Wild Gallant." In 1662 
also appeared his poem, addressed to the Chancellor Hyde, and his " Satire on the Dutch." Setting aside 
the drama, to which his attention was unremitting, his next publication of consequence was the 
"Annus Mirabilis," published in 1667. His reputation, both as a poet and a royalist, was by this time so 
well established, that on the death of Sir William Davenant, he was appointed poet laureat and his- 
toriographer, with a salary of £200. per annum. He soon after published his " Essay on Dramatic Poesy," 
which he had written in ?«365, in his retirement during the plague ; previously to which public calamity he 
had married Lady Elizabeth Howard, daughter to the Earl of Berkshire, an alliance which seems to have 
done little towards the advancement of his worldly prosperity. He now became professionally a writer 
for the stage, by entering into a contract with the patentees of the King's Theatre, to supply three plays 
a-year. The earlier dramatic productions of Dryden were written in rhyme, a circumstance which 
favoured the rant that disfigured them in common with most of the tragedies of the day. To correct this 
fault, Villiers, Duke of Buckingham, in conjunction with other wits, composed "The Rehearsal," in 
which celebrated burlesque Dryden was openly ridiculed in the character of Bayes. The town enjoyed 
the laugh, but the sterling character of the poet was very little affected. In 1679 he joined Lord Mulgrave 
in an " Essay on Satire ;" and in 1681, at the express desire of Charles II., he composed his famous political 
poem, entitled "Absalom and Achitophel," in which the incidents attendant on the rebellion of 
Absalom against David, are admirably applied to Charles II., the Duke of Monmouth, and the intriguing 
Earl of Shaftesbury. The severity and excellent poetry of this production raised him innumerable 
enemies; whom he still farther enraged by his "Medal, a Satire on Sedition ;" written on the occasion of 
a medal struck by the Whig party, when an indictment against Shaftesbury for high treason was de- 
clared ignoramus. The rancour of the last production is not easily to be paralleled. Having succeeded 
so well in political, he next essayed literary satire, by attacking Shadwell in his " Mac Flecknoe," the 
prototype of the Dunciad. Soon after appeared his " Religio Laici," the object of which is to give a com- 
pendious view of the arguments in favour of revelation. With all this ability and industry, Dryden 
acutely suffered the anxiety attendant on straitened circumstances ; and an affecting letter addressed by 
him to Hyde, Earl of Rochester, representing his pecuniary embarrassments, shows the unhappiness of 
this not extravagant, and certainly most industrious, champion of loyalty under Charles II. He next 
published some classical translations, and two volumes of " Miscellany Poems;" and on the death of the 
king, composed his "Threnodia Augustalis, a funeral poem,' which, as might be expected on such a 



ALPHABETICAL CHRONOLOGY. 



2.5 



.M CKING was practised as a punishment among 
tho Celtic and ]• ranks. 

DUDLEY (Edmund and Empson), ministers to 
Henry VII., fell a sacrifice to popular resentment 
in the reign of Henry VIII., and were beheaded, 
Vug. 28, 1510. 

IJUDLEY (Lord Guildford), son of Dudley, Duke of 
Northumberland, married Lady Jane Grey, grand- 
daughter of Henry VII., by her mother's side, 1553; 
condemned and beheaded with her, after Queen 
Mary's accession, for espousing his wife's claim to 
the throne, Feb. 12, 1554. 



DUELLING and Knight-errantry took their rise 
from judicial combats; forbidden in France in 
civil matters, 1305; appointed in France, in order 

to have the judgment of God in particular cases, 
as whether one gentleman had betvi familiar with 
the other's wife, 1451 ; punished in France, 1663 ; 
with small swords, introduced into England, 1588; 
checked in the army, 1792. 
DUKE (Title of) first given in England to Edward, 
Son of Edward III., March 17, 1336 ; quite extinct, 
1572. 



subject, is not one of his happiest productions. On the accessions of James II. he conformed to the religion 
of the new sovereign ; which complaisance, for it was probably little more, gained him an addition to his 
pension of £100. per annum. One of the fruits of this conversion, and of the profits attached to it, war. his 
elaborate controversal poem of " The Hind and the Panther," the very absurdity of which plan, overcome 
as it is by the force and beauty of the versification and execution, is highly honourable to the poetic talents 
of Dryden. The birth of a prince in June, 1G88, called forth his " Britannia Rediviva," in which all kind of 
prosperity to church and state is anticipated from the auspicious event, with much more of poetic, than of 
prophetic inspiration, as the unfortunate poet found out in a few months afterwards, by the loss of his 
places and pensions in consequence of the revolution. He had now nothing to trust to but his literary 
industry, and during the ten concluding years of his life, when he wrote actually for bread, and at so much 
per line, he produced some of the pieces which have most contributed to his well-established fame. Pass- 
ing over his translations of Juvenal and Persius, and various minor works, it may be observed, that he 
commenced his celebrated translation of Virgil in 1694, and it was sent to the press in 1697. He is 
supposed to have received £1,300. for this hasty but able translation. Soon after the appearance of Virgil, 
he was solicited to write a second ode for St. Cecilia's day, which request produced his admirable 
" Alexander's Feast," probably the most popular lyric poem in the English language. It appears that 
about this time he meditated a translation of Homer, but the design was given up for that of modernizing 
Chaucer's Tales, in which undertaking he contracted with a bookseller to furnish 10,000 lines for £300. ; 
and so rich and ductile was the versifying faculty of Dryden, this unpoetical bargain produced the col- 
lection called his " Fables," some of the most truly poetical pieces he ever composed. This was the last 
of his great works, for he soon after declined in health, although the immediate cause of his death was an 
inflammation in one of his toes, which, terminating in a mortification, put an end to his life on the 1st of 
May, 1700. A romantic account of his interment was given by the celebrated Mrs. Thomas, which had no 
other foundation than the interference of some noblemen and others, to change a private into a public 
funeral. The latter accordingly took place, with a very honourable attendance ; and the body of this great 
poet was interred in Westminster Abbey, next to that of Chaucer. The place was for some time un- 
distinguished by a monument, until a plain one with his bust, was erected by Sheffield, Duke of Bucking- 
ham. The foregoing sketch, brief as it is, will preclude the necessity of much observation on the moral 
and political character of Dryden. It possibly forms one of the strongest instances recorded in English 
history, of the debasing nature of the high monarchical and passive obedient theory on commanding talent. 
According to Congreve, although' reserved and saturnine, Dryden was friendly and humane, domestic in 
habits, and affectionate towards his family. That the pen of such a man should be so freely prostituted 
to party rancour and venal panegyric, appears surprising; and it is equally so, that although regular 
in his own manner, few went before him in the dramatic licentiousness of the age. For a portion of this 
subserviency, his narrow circumstances may plead in mitigation, but it would be futile to say, that it can 
altogether excuse it ; and Dryden will always remain a conspicuous instance of the union of high talent 
with extreme mental prostitution. On his literary merits it would be idle to dwell here; the character of 
none of our writers having been more amply investigated. Asa dramatic poet he has wit, force, and 
majesty, but very little of nature or propriety. His comedy, with the exception of " The Spanish Friar," 
is altogether inferior ; and of all his tragedies, " Don Sebastian," and "All for Love," alone are spoken of 
at present. As a general poet he stands unrivalled in point of versification, it being generally acknow- 
ledged, that for fulness and variety of harmony, and a fine flowing and resistless current of numbers, he 
has never been surpassed. There is scarcely any walk of poetry in which he has not excelled ; but, as 
might be expected in so able a satirist, the pathetic seemed least suited to his powers. His style in prose 
also deserves great praise ; he chiefly exercised it in the critical essays prefixed to his works, which form 
excellent specimens of genuine English composition. The reputation of Dryden has lost nothing by age : 
many of his productions are doubtless very little read, but enough remains to render him one of the most 
lasting of the English potts, of which there are but two or three of greater celebrity. Of recent editions 
of his works, we may refer to the prose works, by Malone, 1800, 4 vols. 8vo. ; his poetical works, edited 
by Todd, with notes by Warton, 1812, 4 vols. 8vo. ; and the whole of his works, by Sir Walter Scott. 
1818, 18 vols. 8vo. Dryden left behind him three sons, of whom Charles, the eldest, was the author ot 
some Latin poems and translations. In 1692, he went to Italy, ano. was appointed by pope Innocent XII. 
chamberlain to his household. While at Rome he wrote a poem in English, "On the Happiness of a 
Retired Life." He was unfortunate'y drowned in attempting to swim across the Thames at Datchet in 1704. 



ALPHABETICAL CHRONOLOGY. 



* DI'l .WICH College, founded by Alleyn the plaver, I Alexander I. ; burnt by Edward I., 1303. 

t DUMOURIEZ (Charles Francois Duperier), born 
DUrViFERLINE Abbey, Scotland, completed by | 1739, died, 1823. 

* Edward Alleyn a celebrated actor in the reigns of Elizabeth and James; still better known as the 
founder of Dulwich College. He was born A D. 15(56, in London, in the parish of St. Botolph Bishopsgate. 
His predilection for the stage, for which he was eminently qualified by person and deportment, led him to 
embrace the theatrical profession very early. According to the testitrony of Ben Johnson and the other 
dramatists of the age, he was the first actor of the day, and of course played leading characters in the plays 
of Shakspeare and Johnson ; although, in consequence of the names not being set against the parts in the 
old editions of those authors, his particular share in them is not ascertained. The celebrity of Alleyn was 
such, that he drew crowds of spectators after him wherever he performed, so that, possessing some private 
patrimony, with a careful and provident disposition, he soon became master of an establishment of his 
own, called the Fortune playhouse, in Whitecross-street. He was likewise appointed keeper of the 
royal menagerie and bear garden, which offices are said to have produced, for that age, the considerable 
income of £500. per annum. He was thrice married, and received portions with his two first wives, who 
produced him no issue to inherit it. Growing rich from these various sources he was led to distinguish 
himself by the foundation of Dulwich College, or hospital of God's gift, for the maintenance of one master, 
one warden, and four unmarried fellows of the name of Allen, three whereof were to be clergymen, and the 
fourth, a skilful organist ; also six poor men, and as many women ; and twelve poor boys, to be educated 
until the age of fourteen or sixteen, and then put out to some trade or calling. The credulous gossip Aubrey 
tells a ridiculous story of the origin of this donation in a fright endured by Alleyn, who saw a real devil on 
the stage, while himself performing a fictitious one in a drama by Shakspeare. After the college was 
built, he met with some difficulty in obtaining a charter for a settlement of the lands in mortmain, owing 
to the opposition of the Lord Chancellor Bacon, who doubted the utility of the institution, in comparison 
with others for which a similar favour had been refused. The very rational letter of this great man to the 
Marquis of Buckingham on this subject is extant; and the interest of Alleyn must have been great to get 
the better of such an opponent. He was the first master of his own college ; and dying in 1626, was buried 
in the new chapel belonging to it. The lands forming the endowment of this singular institution having 
now become of great value, with no extension of the charity, a fellowship in it has become a very desirable 
object. Within these few years it has been brought into great additional notice by the admirable collection 
of pictures of the best masters, bequeathed by Sir Francis Bourgeois, for which a handsome gallery has been 
erected and with due precaution, the public are freely admitted all the year round. A diary kept by 
Alleyn himself is in existence. 

f Charles Francois Duperier Dumouriez, a French general of great military talent, born January 25, 1739, 
of a noble, though not affluent family in Provence. His father, the translator of the " Ricciardetto," 
bestowed great pains on his education till the age of eighteen, when he entered the army, and made his first 
campaign against the same Duke of Brunswick whom, subsequently in 1792, he drove out of the French 
territories. On this occasion heso much distinguished himself by his bravery, that when at length wounded 
in nineteen places, and taken prisoner, the duke sent him back with a flattering letter addressed to his 
general, Marshal de Broglie. In his twenty-second year he obtained three more wounds, a captaincy, and 
the cross of St. Louis. During the peace of 1763 he travelled through Italy and Portugal, on the subject of 
which latter country he published an " Essay." On his return to Paris in 1767, when he was named aide- 
marechal-general of the army destined for the invasion of Corsica, and having served with reputation in the 
campaigns of 1768 and 1769, obtained a regiment. In 1770, he was appointed by the Duke de Choiseul, 
minister to the confederates of Poland, and two years afterwards was employed by the Marquis of 
Monteynard, minister of war, to revise the military code. In the latter end of 1772, being entrusted by 
this minister with the management of a secret negociation with Sweden, at the instance of Louis XV., but 
unknown to his secretary for foreign affairs, the due d'Aiguillon, he was arrested at Hamburgh by the 
-order of that minister, and placed in the Bastile, the king not daring to interfere and save him. He 
continued six months in confinement, and was then banished to the Castle of Caen for three more. On the 
succession of Louis XVI. to the throne, Dumouriez obtained a revision of his trial, and a declaration from 
the government that he had been unjustly sentenced. He continued employed in the various duties of his 
profession, till the breaking out of the Revolution, when siding with the moderate party, he obtained in 
1791 the command of the district from Nantes to Bourdeaux ; the year following, being recalled to Paris, he 
was raised to the rank of lieutenant-general, and appointed minister of foreign affairs, but resigned his 
situation in three days, perceiving the vacillation and insincerity of the court. On the entrance of the 
foreign troops into France, Dumourier having succeeded Lafayette in the command of the army of the north, 
dispersed with a very inferior force of the Prussian army, 100,000 strong, through the superiority of his 
tactics ; and the battle of Jemappe shortly after consolidated his triumph by revolutionizing Belgium, and 
placing it under the influence of France At his return to Paris, he found the trial of the king, whose life 
he vainly endeavoured to save, already in progress; and becoming suspected in consequence, by the more 
violent of the terrorists, retired from the capital and placed himself once more at the head of his arm}-. Ir 



ALPHABETICAL CHRONOLOGY. 



27 



• DUNCAN (Adam), Admiral, born 1731, died, 
1804. 

DUNE of Donnadilla, a town so called from an 
imaginary prince, who reigned 260 before Christ. 
The greatest antiquity in Scotland. 

DUNKIRK taken by the English, June 24, 1658 ; 
sold to the French for £219,000., Oct. 17, 1661 ; 
delivered up to England, to be demolished, July 
7, 1712; the basin, &c. destroyed under the 
inspection of English engineers, 1763 and 1764. 

DUNSTAFFNAGE Castle, Scotland, fabled to 
have been founded by Ewin a Pictish monarch, 
coeval with Julius Ctesar. It was certainly the 
first seat of the Pictish and Scottish princes. 

DUNSTAN, Abbot of Glastonbury, gained nigh 
credit with King Edrid, who submitted even to re- 
ceive discipline from his hands ; 951 ; Edrid re- 
built Glastonbury Abbey, on which he laid out 
vast sums. He permitted Dunstan to introduce 
the monks into the benefices, and they proclaimed 
Dunstan's sanctity ; he died Archbishop of Can- 
terbury, 989. 

DURHAM Bishopric first founded. 635; removed 
from Lindisarne to Durham, 1000; castle built, 
1069; monastery built, 1073; first cathedral 
founded, and archdeaconry erected, 995 : present 
cathedral began building, 1093; finished, 1242; 
deanery founded, 1541 ; made a county palatine, 
1652 ; town incorporated, 1576; act passed to en- 
able the city and county to send members to par- 
liament, 1672. 

DUSIUS, a kind o£ libidinous daemon among the 
Gauls. Hence " The deuce take you." 



DYING is said to be the invention of the Tyrians, 
and purple was the first colour dyed. Till the 
time of Alexander, there were no colours in use 
but scarlet and purple. Introduced into England 
from the low countries, 1667. 

EARL (The dignity of) first given in England to 
Alfred, afterwards King of England; called by 
the sovereign, Cousin, so early as the reign of 
Henry IV. none having this title formerly, but 
those of the blood royal. 

EARL Marshal (The 'first), 1383, in the person of 
Thomas, Lord Mowbray, created Duke of Norfolk 
in 1397 ; given to the Howards, 1483. 

EARTH, proved to be flatted towards the polos, 
| 1737. 

j EARTHEN vessels, the art of making them invented 
i by Epimetheus, 1715 before Christ ; earthen ware 
invented in Italv, 1310. 

EARTHQUAKE, one in Asja that overturned 
twelve cities, 17. One rn China, 114. One at 
Antioch, 115 One that swallowed up Nicomedia 
and several neighbouring cities, 120. One that 
destroyed Cesareaand Nieopolis, 128. Several in 
Europe, Asia, and Africa, with three days' dark- 
ness, 262. One in Macedonia, that swallowed up 
150 cities, in Asia and Greece, 357. Terrible one, 
with an inundation round the Mediterranean ; 
50,000 persons were drowned at Alexandria, July 
1, 365. One from September to November, which 
swallowed up several cities in Europe, 394. 
One swallowed up several villages in the neigh- 
bourhood of Cybyra, 417. One swallowed up 
several cities in Palestine, 419. One at Constan- 



this situation, the convention neither daring to dismiss him nor to accept his resignation, which he 
repeatedly tendered, endeavoured to destroy his popularity with the troops, and by rendering his com- 
missariat inefficient, caused the failure of the campaign. A feeling of mutual distrust now took place 
between the French directory and Dumouriez, and the latter hastened to conclude a treaty with the 
Prince of Saxe Coburg for the evacuation of Belgium, while he himself determined to lead his troops to 
Pavis, and re-establish the constitution of 1791 ; in order to effect which, Coburg promised, if necessary, to 
furnish a contingent. The design was frustrated by some of the subordinate generals, who conveyed 
intelligence to the convention of what was in agitation. The latter, alarmed, immediately summoned 
Dumouriez to their bar, and sent accredited commissioners to arrest him ; when, finding his intentions 
betrayed, he took the decisive step of instantly arresting the commissioners and handing them over to the 
custody of the German leader, as hostages for the safety of the royal family. A degree of insubordination 
now showed itself among the troops under his command, and the general finding all lost, quitted them and 
repaired for refuge to the head-quarters of his quondam enemy, who offered him a command, but he declined 
it, and retired to Switzerland, where he published a volume of his own memoirs. The cantons were how- 
ever too near to France to render that country a safe asylum, especially as the sum of 500,000 femes was 
offered for his head. He therefore again retreated to Hamburg, where he subsisted on a pension of 400 
louis, granted him by the Landgrave of Hesse Cassel. On the threatened invasion of this country by 
Napoleon, Dumouriez removed to England, where he spent the remainder of his life, surviving several 
years the restoration of the Bourbon dynasty, in which however he took no part. In 1821 he published 
two memoirs addressed to the Greeks, whose cause he had much at heart, and at length died in his eighty 
fifth year, at Turville-park, near Henley-upon-Thames, March 14, 1823.— Ann. Biog. 

* Viscount Adam Duncan, a naval officer of distinguished skill and courage. He was born in Scotland, 
and was the son of Alexander Duncan, Esq. of Lundie, in the county of Angus. Going to sea when young, 
he obtained a lieutenancy in 1755, was made master and commander in 1759, and was post-captain in 1761. 
In that station he served in the following year at the taking of Havannah ; and in 1779 he shared in the 
victory of Admiral Rodney over the Spaniards. In 1789 he was promoted to the rank of rear-admiral of the 
blue, and by regular gradation, in 1794, he became vice-admiral of the white squadron. The following 
year he was appointed commander of the North Sea fleet ; when, after a tedious and harassing service ot 
two years, occupied in watching the motions of the Dutch in the harbour of the Texel, Admiral Duncan 
found himself obliged to leave his station, and sail to Yarmouth roads, in consequence of the mutinous 
disposition of his sailors. This unpleasant occurrence was the prelude to a glorious victor}'. The Dutch 
fleet put to sea, which was no sooner made known to Admiral Duncan's men, than they returned to their 
duty, and he immediately sailed in pursuit of the enemy. He came up with them off the coast of Holland, 
between Camperdown and Egmont, and after a severe engagement defeated them, and captured the com- 
mander, Admiral de Winter, and eight of his ships. The conqueror was rewarded with the title of 
Vrscount Duncan, and a pension of £2,000. a year. 



-8 



ALPHABETICAL CHRONOLOGY. 



Hoople, attended with hre, pestilence, and famine, 
that uverthrew its walls and seventeen towers, 
Sept. 17, 446. One that almost destroyed the city 
of Antiorh. Sept. 14. 153- One at Constantinople, 
that lasted forty days, and overturned several 
edifices, 4S0. One at Antioch, that destroyed 
that and several other cities, 526. Another at 
Antioch that swallowed up 4,800 inhabitants, 
52S. One over the whole world, Sept. 6, 543. 
One at Constantinople, 552. One at Rome and 
Constantinople, that overthrew many houses, 557. 
One that destroyed Antioch, 580. One that 
destroyed many cities in Syria, 749. One that 
shook " France, Germany, and Italy, and threw 
down St. Paul's at Rome", April, 801. One through- 
out all England, followed by a great scarcity of 
fruit and a late harvest, 1090. One in Shrop- 
shire, 1110. One in December, 1116. One in 
Sept. 1120. One just as King Henry was about 
to embark for Normandy, when flames of fire burst 
out of certain rifts of the earth with great violence, 
Aug. 2, 1134. One that swallowed up the city of 
Catania, and more than 15,000 souls, 1137. One 
that overthrew the church of Lincoln, and others, 
1185. A dreadful one, Feb. 14, 1248. One in 
Somersetshire, 1249. One at St. Alban's, 1250. 
General one, that threw down St. Michael's on 
the Hill, without Glastonbury, 1274. The 
greatest ever known in England, November 14, 
1328. One at Lisbon, when a vast number of 
persons perished by the fall of buildings, 1344. 
Several churches thrown down by one, May 21, 
13S2. A very dreadful one, accompanied with 
thunder and lightning, Sept. 28, 1426. One in 
Spain, that did a great deal of mischief in An- 
dalusia, April 5, 1504. Another dreadful one at 
Lisbon, which continued eight days, overthrew 
several churches, and more than 1,500 houses, 
under which 30,000 persons were buried; several 
of the neighbouring towns were swallowed up 
with their inhabitants, and the Tagus overflowed 
and destroyed half Portugal, Feb. 1531. A whole 
province or the mountainous part of China was in 
a moment absorbed into the earth, all the towns 
and the inhabitants buried, and an immense lake 
of water took its place, which remains now, 1556. 
One in Naples and Sicily, that swallowed up 
several towns, and above 30,000 persons, March 
27, 1638. One in Chili, when several whole 
mountains of the Andes sunn into the earth, one 
after another, 1646. One, 1661. One at Oxford, 
1665. The city of Catania destroyed by one, and an 
irruption of jEtna, with the loss of 60,000 inha- 
bitants, 1682. In many parts of England, 1683. 
One in Jamaica and Lima, 1687. One in 1692. 
One felt in England, France, and Germany; 
60,000 perished by it in Sicily, out of 254,000- per- 
sons, and the chief town in Jamaica was destroyed, 
Sept. 1693, where the earth opened and swallowed 
up nine-tenths of the houses and 2,000 people. 
Messina destroyed by one, 1694. One at China, 
when near 400,000 persons were lost, 1699. One 
at Rome, &c, and England, 1703; the city of 
Aquila in the kingdom of Naples was destroyed, 
and 7,000 persons. One at China, 1718. One at 
Chili, that destroyed the kingdom, 1730. One at 
China, that destroyed the provinces, July 29, 1731. 
One at Naples, March 20, 1732, when 2000 persons 
were destroyed. One in Ireland, that destroyed 
100 houses and five churches, August, 1734. One 
that destroyed Lima and Callao, in Peru, Oct. 28, 
1746 ; out of 3,000 inhabitants at Lima, one single 
person only escaped. Two in London, Feb. 8, 
and March 8, 1750. One that destroyed 4,000 
persons at Philippoli, in Romania, Feb. 1750. 
One at Adrianople that destroyed 200 mosques, 
and a great part of the city, August, 1752. One 
in the Morea, which swallowed up many villages, 
and several persons, July 15, 1754. One at Con- 
stantinople and Cairo, &c, which destroyed two- 
thirds of the buildings, and 40,000 inhabitants, 
Sept. 2, 1754. One at Peru, that destroyed the 
city of Quito, April 24, 1755. One at Lisbon, 
Dec. 26, 1764. One that destroyed 2,000 houses, 
&c, in the island Metylene in the Archipelago, 



May 27, 1755. One that destroyed Lisbon ana 
70,000 people, Nov. 1, 1755. One in the Azores, 
July 18, 1757. One that destroyed Tripoli, Dec. 
5, 1759. A terrible one in Syria, Oct. 30, 1760. 
One at Constantinople, that buried 880 persons, 
May 22, 1766. One at Martinico, August, 1767, 
where 1,600 persons lost their lives. One at 
St. Domingo, 1770. One at Altdorf, Switzer- 
land, Sept. 10, 1774. At Gualtimala, one that 
buried the city and 8,000 families, July 6, 1774. 
One at Smyrna, when numbers lost their lives, 
July 3, 1771. One at Tauris, Persia, when 
near 15,000 houses were overthrown, and num- 
bers perished, March, 1780. One in Calabria, 
Italy, that destroyed near 4,000 villages, up- 
wards of 40,000 persons, and overthrew the 
city of Messina, in Sicily, Feb. 6, 1783. One that 
overthrew Thessalonica, 1783. At Borgo San 
Sepulchre, Italy, Sept. 30, 1789, when several 
churches were thrown down, and 1,000 persons 
perished ; the earth swallowed up 30 houses and 
many people in the neighbourhood. At Oran, 
Africa, when the town was overthrown, Oct. 
1790. 

EASTBY Abbey, Yorkshire, built, 1152. 

EAST-INDIA house erected, 1726. 

EAST Loo, Cornwall, incorporated, 1587. 

EAST Retford, Nottinghamshire, chartered anew by 
James I. 

EASTER established about 68; controversy deter- 
mined 667 ; the cycle or time of keeping Easter 
first calculated for 532 years, by Victorius, 463. 

EASTER Island, South Sea, discovered, 1722. 

EASTERLINGS, in history, were the Danes and 
Normans, so called when they invaded Ireland, 
795 and 798. 

EASTLAND Company, who trade to Norway, &c. 
erected, 1585. 

EBION, the head of the Ebonites, appeared, 79. 
He denied the divinity of Christ, and the virginity 
of his mother. 

ECLIPSE, the custom of the Chinese and Tartars 
beating of drums and making other noise during an 
eclipse, arose from an idea that it was occasioned 
by magic, they thus strove to drown the voices 
of the magicians, that their charms might not reach. 
The Greeks did the same. The first of the moon 
upon record, forty minutes after eight in the even- 
ing, March 19, 720 before Christ. The first observer 
of their revolutions was Calippus of Athens, who 
flourished 336 before Christ. 

EDDA (The) was the religious code of Icelandic 
Runic mythology, compiled by Sigfusson of Ice- 
land, about 1080. 

EDELS (New-Holland, Land of), discovered by the 
Dutch, 1619. 

EDGAR Atheling, son of Edward, the only son of 
Edmund II., nephew to Edward the Confessor, 
and after him, only heir to the crown of England, 
but deprived of it by the usurper, Harold II. On 
the death of Harold, he resigned the crown to 
William I. He married a princess of Scotland, and 
died after 1120, aged 70. From this Edgar is 
lineally descended George III. 

EDGAR, brother and successor of Edwy, began his 
reign, 959; obliged by Dunstan, Archbishop of 
Canterbury, not to wear his crown for seven years, 
for carrying off Editha, a nun, and ravishing her ; 
stabbed Athelwold, and married his wife, Elfrida ; 
destroyed the wolves, with which the country was 
over-run, by demanding of the Welch a yearly 
tribute of wolves' heads, 971 ; obliged eight of his 
tributary princes in Wales to row him a barge on 
the river, Dec. 973 ; crowned at Axminster, 973 ; 
he was a bigot to monkery, built forty-seven 
monasteries, and left two sons and a daugh- 
ter ; died 975, aged 32 ; buried at Glastonbury, 
and was succeeded by his son, Edward the 
Martyr. 

EDINBURGH Castle, supposed to be built by 
Edwin, King of Northumberland, in the 9th 
century; city taken by the English, 1296; city 
built, 1544; university founded, 1580. 

EDMUND I. brother and successor of Athelstan, 
began to reign, 941 ; aged eighteen ; killed by a 



ALPHABETICAL CHRONOLOGY. 



20 



ruffian, whom he struck at an entertainment, 948 : 
buried at Glastonbury, and succeeded by his 
brother Edred. his own' children being too young. 

EDMUND II., styled Ironside, on account of his 
strength, son of Ethelred II., married the widow 
of Sigefert, a Danish nobleman, who was nut to 
death in 1015 ; succeeded his father on the throne, 
1016, aged 27, but was opposed by Canute, who 
was crowned by the other party. After many 
battles, it was agreed to divide the kingdom be- 
tween them : but Edmund was soon after mur- 
dered at Oxford by two of his chamberlains, 1017, 
and Canute, King of Denmark, succeeded Ed- 
mund's sons being then abroad. 

EAST Grinstead Church fell down, Nov. 12, 1785. 

EAST India Docks (The foundation stone of the) 
was laid by Captain Huddart, and John Wool- 
more, Esq., on the 4th of March, 1805, in the 
presence of the directors and a great concourse of 
people, and on the 4th of August, 1806, they were 
publicly ooened. 

* ENFIELD (Dr. William), an eminent writer and 
philologist, died at Norwich, on the 3d of No- 
vember, 1797. 

EDGE-HILL (Battle of) began about two o'clock 
on Sunday afternoon, Oct. 23, 1642, near Kine- 
ton, Warwickshire, where the king's horse beat 
the rebel cavalry out of the field. The Earl of 
Essex, commander of the parliamentary army, 
established his quarters at Kineton before the 
battle, and there awaited the approach of the king 
from Shrewsbury. On Sunday the day of the 
battle the royal forces appeared on the summit of 
Edge-hill, at ten o'clock in the morning. Imme- 
diately, Essex caused his men to advance in line, 
and they were met at the foot of the hill by their 
adversaries. The forces of each party were nearly 
equal, but raw, and rather impetuous than firm. 
On the approach of the king, Sir Faithful For- 
tescue, who came to serve against his majesty, 
changed sides ; and Prince Rupert attacking the 
enemy's left wing of cavalry, with his usual im- 
petuosity, whilst the other wing was also routed ; 
upon which the king's corps- de-reserve rashly 
supposing the victory complete, joined in the 
pursuit. Sir William Balfour, commander of the 
enemy's' reserve, seizing his opportunity, fell 
upon the king's infantry thus abandoned, and 
furred the fate of the day. The Earl of Lindsay 
was mortally wounded, his son taken prisoner, 
and Sir Edmund Verney killed. Thus the prince 
at his return found affairs wearing the aspect of 
defeat, and the king was advised to quit the field. 
Both parties remained under arms during the 
night, and both claimed the victory. The list of 
slain on both sides amounted to 1,300, about 500 
of whom were thrown into a neighbouring pit, 
where a few fir trees wave over their remains. 



Essex first withdrew from the field, and retired to 
Warwick, whilst the king resumed his former 
quarters. 

EDRED succeeded his brother, Edmund I. on the 
throne, 018 ; died of a quinsy, 966 ; buried at 
Winton, and was succeeded by his nephew, Edwy, 
son to Edmund I. 

EDWARD the Elder, second son of Alfred, suc- 
ceeded his father on the throne, 900 ; he encouraged 
learning, founded the University of Cambridge, 
and enlarged his dominions in Wales and Scot- 
land by conquest ; died at Farringdon, 925 ; buried 
in Winton, and was succeeded by his natural son 
Athelstan- He left 15 children, sons and daugh- 
ters; one daughter married Charles, King of 
France ; another Otho, Emperor of Germany ; ano- 
ther Louis, King of Provence, another Gormon 
III., King of Denmark. 

EDWARD the Martyr, eldest son of Edgar, by a 
first marriage, succeeded to his father's crown, 
975, aged 15 ; stabbed by order of his step-mother, 
Elfrida, who opposed his succession in favour of 
her own son Ethel red, 979 ; buried at Shaftes- 
bury, and was succeeded by his brother-in-law, 
Ethelred II., Elfrida's son, 

EDWARD the Confessor, youngest and, seventh 
son of Ethelred II., by his second wife Emma, 
succeeded his half-brother Hardicanute on the 
throne, 1041 ; married Editha, daughter of Earl 
Godwin, 1043 ; supported Malcolm, heir to the 
crown of Scotland, against Macbeth the usurper, 
1054. He caused the Saxon laws to be revised 
and amended, and introduced the French lan- 
guage and customs into England ; verbally nomi- 
nated William I. to be "his successor; died 
Januarys, 1066, aged 65; buried in Westminster 
Abbey, and succeeded by Harold II., son of 
Godwin. 

EDWARD I., eldest son of Henry III., born June 
16, 1239; married. Eleanor, princess of Castile, 
1255 ; taken prisoner by the rebel ami}', 1264 ; re- 
leased on ignominious terms, 12G5 ; obtained a 
complete victory over the bar ns at Eversham, 
August 4, following; wounded in the holy land 
by an assassin, 1271 ; succeeded to his father's 
crown, November 16, 1272 ; landed in England, 
July 25, 1274 ; crowned at Westminster, Aug. 19, 
following; went and did homage to the King of 
France, for the Duchy ofGuienne, and relinquished 
his right to Normandy, 1279 ; subdued Wales, 1263 ; 
went to France, summer, 1286 ; returned, August, 
1280 ; buried his queen, 1291 ; subdued Scotland, 
and sent King Baliol to the Tower, 1296 ; married 
Margaret, sister to the King of Fiance, Sept. 12, 
1299; died of a flux at Burgh, in Cumberland, 
July 7, 1307 ; was buried at" Westminster, and 
succeeded by his fourth son, Edward II. 

EDWARD II., fourth son of Edward I., born at 



* William Enfield, LL.D., a dissenting divine, of great learning and amiable character, was born 
at Sudbury, in 1741. He was educated for the dissenting ministry at Daventry, and in 1763 was chosen 
pastor to a congregation at Liverpool, where he obtained much notice as a pleasing preacher and amiable 
man. During his residence in Liverpool, he published two volumes of " Sermons," in 12mo., as also 
a collection of " Hymns" and " Family Prayers," all of which were well received. In 1770, he accepted 
an invitation to become resident tutor and lecturer on belles-lettres, at the academy at Warrington, where 
he remained for several years. During this year he published his well-known " Speaker," and subsequently 
the sequel to it, entitled "Exercises on Elocution;" "The Preacher's Dictionary;" "The English 
Preacher;" "Sermons on the principal Characters in the Old and New Testament," &c. He also en- 
gaged in the controversy on literary property, and drew up " Institutes of Natural Philosophy, theoretical 
and experimental." On the dissolution of the academy, in 1783, he remained two years at Warrington, en- 
gaged in the education of private pupils, during which time he received the title of LL.D. from the 
University of Edinburgh. In 1785 he accepted an invitation to preside over a congregation at Norwich, to 
which he united private tuition, which however he finally resigned for literary occupation exclusively. In 
1791, he published his " Abridgment of Brucker's History of Philosophy, ' 2 vols. 4to., a clear and able 
performance ; and subsequently joined with Dr. Aikin and others in the " General Biography," 10 vols. 4to. 
He died, in the enjoyment of the highest esteem and respect for his qualities, both of head and heart. 
November 3, 1797, in his 57th year. After his death his "Sermons" were published in 3 vols. 8vo., the 
subscribers to which were exceedingly respectable and numerous.— Aikin' s G. Biog. 



30 



ALPHABETICAL CHRONOLOGY. 



Caernarvon, Wales, April 25, 1284; tie was the 
first Prince of Wales ; succeeded his father, July 
7, 1307; went to France, and married Isabella, 
the king's daughter, 130b ; by mal-administration 
he brought on a civil war, owing to his favourites, 
theSpensers; obliged by the barons to vest the 

fovemment of the kingdom in twelve persons, 
larch 16, 1308 ; went to Bulloign on a pilgrimage, 
Doc. 13, 1313; resigned the dominion of Guienne 
to his son, then aged thirteen, 1325 ; dethroned by 
his queen. Jan. 13, 1327; and was succeeded by 
his son, Edward III. ; murdered at Berkeley 
castle, at the instance of Mortimer, the queen's 
paramour, by running a red hot poker up his fun- 
dament, Sep. 21, following, and buried in St. 
Peter's, Gloucester. 
EDWARD III., eldest son of Edward II., born at 
Windsor, Nov. 12, 1312 ; succeeded his father, 
Jan. 15, 1327; crowned Feb. 1, following; being 
a minor, the Queen Dowager and Mortimer go- 
verned until 1330 ; and by their intrigues the Earl 
of Kent was falsely accused and condemned ; 
but the king afterwards confined his mother, and 
put Mortimer to death ; he next reduced Scot- 
land, and took the king prisoner ; married Phi- 
lippa, daughter of the Earl of Hainault, Jan. 24, 
1328 ; did homage for Guienne to the King of 
France at Amiens, 1337 ; took the title of King of 
France ; was acknowledged so by the Flemings, 
and the old French historians allow his title to be 
good ; quartered the arms of France, fleurs de lys, 
and added the motto, "I serve;" challenged the 
French king to single combat, 1340 ; chosen Em- 
peror of Germany, which he refused, Aug. 1348 ; 
lought in single combat with a Frenchman at 
Calais, and conquered, Jan. 1, 1349 ; instituted 
the Order of the Garter the same year ; defeated 
the French at Poictiers, and took the king and his 
son prisoners, 1356; buried his mother, Isabella, 
1358 ; imprisoned the King of France in Hereford 
castle, 1359; Edward embarked with 100,000 
men for Calais, Oct. 28, following; raised the 
siege of Paris, April 1360, when a storm near 
Chartres destroyed near 1,000 men and 6,000 
horses ; the kivgs of France, England, and Cy- 

5rus, entertained by Sir Henry Picard, Lord 
layor of London, at his own house, Jan. 4, 1365 ; 
Edward died of a cingle, at Richmond, June 21, 
1377 ; buried at Westminster, and was succeeded 
by his grandson, Richard II., son to Edward the 
Black Prince. 

EDWARD the Black Prince (so called from his 
black hair) eldest son of Edward III., born June 
15, 1330; married his cousin, Joanna, Countess 
Dowager of Holland, daughter of the Earl of 
Kent, who was beheaded, 1361 ; made Prince of 
Aquitaine, 1382 ; brought the King of France 
prisoner to England, from the battle of Poic- 
tiers, 1356, who was ransomed for 3,000,000 of 
crowns ; but as his son, one of his hostages, would 
not continue in England, the king returned a pri- 
soner, and died in London ; made an excursion into 
Castile, 1367; died 1376. 

EDWARD IV., a descendant by the mother's side, 
of Lionel, Duke of Clarence, Edward the Third's 
second son, and fifth cousin of Henry VI. , who 
was descended from the Duke of Lancaster, Ed- 
ward the Third's third son, born September 
1442 ; elected king when Henry VI. was deposed, 
March 5, 1461 ; crowned June 29th following ; 
privately married Lady Elizabeth Gray, widow of 
Sir John Gray, of Grafton, Bucks, 1464 ; the valour 
of this prince was, unfortunately for the times, 
turned against his own subjects; he was taken 
prisoner by the Earl of Warwick, March, 1470, 
but escaped soon afer; fled beyond sea, but 
landed soon after at Holderness ; expelled the 
kingdom, 1470, and Henry VI. restored to his 



crown, after six years' imprisonment ; Edward 
returned, as Duke of York, March 25, 1471 ; beat 
the Earl of Warwick at Barnet ; was restored, 
and King Henry VI. sent to the Tower ; died 
April 9, 1483, at Westminster, and was succeeded 
by his son, Edward V. This king understood and 
loved trade so well, that he carried it on to his own 
private use ; he used also to preside in the Court 
of King's Bench, and has done so three days 
together. 

EDWARD, son of Henry VI., murdered by Cla- 
rence and Gloucester, in presence of Edward IV., 
May 21, 1471, aged 18. 

EDWARD V., son of Edward IV., born 1470; suc- 
ceeded his father, April 9, 1483, Richard, Duke 
of Gloucester, protector ; conveyed to the Tower, 
May 1483 ; deposed, June 20, following, and with 
his brother, the Duke of York, smothered (as is 
supposed) in the Tower soon after, by order of his 
uncle, Richard III., who succeeded him. 

EDWARD VI., son of Henry VIII., by Jane Sey- 
mour, his third queen, born Oct. 12, 1537 ; suc- 
ceeded his father, Jan. 28, 1547, his uncle, the 
Duke of Somerset, protector; crowned Sunday, 
Feb. 20, following ; settled the crown on Lady 
Jane Grey, May 1553 ; died of a consumption at 
Greenwich, July 6, following, and was succeeded 
by his sister, Mary. 

EDWIN, King of Northumberland, the first Chris- 
tian king, succeeded Redwald as eighth mo- 
narch of Britain, 624 ; killed in battle, 633, aged 46 ; 
buried at Whitby, Yorkshire, and was succeeded 
by Oswald, his nephew, King of Northumberland. 

EDWY, son to Edmund L, succeeded his uncle, 
Edred, 955, aged 17 ; resigned part of his king- 
dom, Northumberland and Mercia, to his brother 
Edgar ; died of grief, 959 ; buried at Winton, and 
was succeeded by Edgar. 

EDYSTONE Light-house, built in 1699; blown 
down, 1703 ; rebuilt, 1705 ; burnt, 1759 ; rebuilt, 
1760 ; burnt again, 1770 ; rebuilt, 1774. 

EGBERT, son of Woden, the father of the English 
monarchy, began his reign as King of Wessex, 
800 ; conquered Mercia, 819 ; and every other of 
the seven kingdoms, and became sovereign of all 
England, south of the Humber, and called it Eng- 
land, 827 ; drove the Danes out of Britain, 836 ; 
died 883, and was succeeded by his son Ethelwolf. 

EGFRID, succeeded his father Offa, as 17th King 
of Britain, 798; died the same year, after reign- 
ing six months ; buried at St. Albans, and was 
succeeded by Renewolfe, 13th King of Mercia. 

EGLINGTON, Scots Earldom of, created 1503. 

EGLINTOUN (Lord), attempting to take away a 
man's gun for poaching in his manor, was shot by 
him and killed, 1769. 

EGMONT and Hoorn (Counts), beheaded at Brus- 
sels, 1568, which so enraged the Netherlanders 
that nothing could appease them, till they had 
shaken off the Spanish yoke. 

EGREMONT Castle, Cumberland, built 1070. 

EGYPT (The Kingdom of) is supposed to have 
began under Misraim, the son of Ham, the second 
son of Noah, 2188 before Christ, and lasted 1663 
years. Subdued by Nebuchadnezzar, 570; by 
Cambyses, 525. In times £>f heathenism their 
kings were all priests. The princes of the line of 
the Pharaohs governed it till it became tributary 
to Persia, 525, and annexed to that kingdom, 359 
before Christ ; became a province of the Roman 
empire, 31 ; Omar Caliph, of the Saracens, sub- 
dued it, 641 ; and his posterity secured the con- 
quest, till Saladin, in 1174, established the empire 
in Africa. From this time the sovereigns were 
styled Sultans ; subdued by the Mamelukes, about 
1258 ; conquered by the Turks, 1517. 

*ELBA (The Island of) taken by the British, Aug. 
9, 1796. 



* Elba is an island in the Mediterranean, between Italy and Corsica, separated from Tuscany by the 
channel of Piombino. It has acquired historical celebrity as the residence of Napoleon Buonaparte, from 
May 1814, to Feb. 26, 1815, when he sailed on his expedition to France. By the treaty of Vienna, of June 
3, 1815, all that part of the island which belonged to the Prince of Piombino is placed under the dominion 
>f the Grand Duke of Tn^nv. ___ 



ALPHABETICAL CHRONOLOGY. 



SI 



ELDON, Norfolk, burnt (50 houses), June 4, 1752. 

ELEANOR, the divorced wife of Louis, King of 
France, married Henry II., 1152; died 1204. 

ELEANOR, queen of Edward L, died on her 
journey to Scotland, at Herby, Lincolnshire, 1290, 
and was buried at Westminster. Wherever the 
corps stopped in its way to London, crosses were 
erected to her memory : there was one at North- 
ampton, and another one at Charing-cross. 

ELEANOR, queen of Henry III., died in a mo- 
nastery at Ambresbury, about ]292. 

ELECTRICITY, little known till Dr. Gilbert, of 
Colchester's discoveries, 1606; from two globes of 
the brimstone, discovered by Ottoguericke, 1647 ; 
electric shock discovered at Leyden by Cuneus, 
1746 ; that it would fire spirits first known, 1756. 

ELEGIAC verse, supposed to be invented by Ca- 
linus of Ephesus, who flourished about 776 before 
Christ; but this is not rightly known. 

ELEUSINIAN mysteries, in honour of Ceres, first 
introduced at Athens, by Eumolpus, 1356 before 
Christ ; extinguished soon after, 364. 

ELGIN Cathedral, Scotland, founded 1224. 

ELI, the eleventh judge of Israel, on hearing the 
ark was taken, fell down and broke his neck at 
Shiloh, 1116 years B.C., aged 98. 

ELIJAH prophecied, 911, in the 13th year of Ahab's 
reign ; supported by the widow of Sarepta, whose 
son he raised from the dead, 910; brought rain 
from heaven, 908 ; taken up to heaven in a chariot 
of lire, 806 B.C. 

ELIOT, of Port Eliot (Barony of), erected 1784. 



* ELIOTT (George), died at Aix-la-Chapelle, 1790. 

ELIZABETH, queen of Henry VII., died in child- 
bed, 1503. 

t ELIZABETH, daughter of Henry VIII.. by bin 
second queen, Ann Boleyn, born September 7, 
1533, and created Princess of Wales soon after; 
declared illegitimate, 1536 ; restored by parlia- 
ment to her right of succession, 1544 ; that right 
set aside on Lady Jane Grey, 1553; imprisoned in 
the Tower by Queen Mary" 1554; ditto at Wood- 
BtOCK, 1554; released at the intercession of King 
Philip, April 9, 1555; succeeded her half-sister,' 
Mary, on the throne, Nov. 17, 1558, crowned at 
Westminster, January 15, 1559; succoured the 
Protestants in France, 1568; invited them to 
England, which gave birth to sundry manufac- 
tures. 1569; excommunicated by the Pope for her 
zeal in the Protestant cause, which caused a rising 
of the papists, who were soon suppressed ; agreed 
to marry the Duke of Anjou, brother to Charles 
IX., of France, but receded, 1581 ; a conspiracy 
formed to assassinate her, by one Ballard, &c, 
which failed, 1586 ; died melancholy at Richmond, 
March 24, 1603; buried at Westminster, and was 
succeeded by her third cousin, James VI. 

ELLENBOROUGH (Lord), late the Right Hon. 
Edward Law, Chief Justice of the Court of King's 
Bench, died December 13, 1818. 

ELISHA died 838 years B.C., having prophecied 
60 years. 

EMERY (Mr. John), a distinguished comic actor 
late of Covent Garden Theatre, died July 25, 1822 



* George Augustus Eliott, Lord Heathfield, was the son of Sir Gilbert Eliott, of Stobbs, in Roxmirgh- 
shire, and was born about 1718. He was educated at Leyden, and served as a volunteer in the Prussian 
arm}'. Returning to Scotland, he entered as a volunteer into the 23d regiment of foot, and in 1736 went 
into the corps of engineers, and made great progress in that study until his uncle. Colonel Eliott, introduced 
him as adjutant of the 2d troop of horse grenadiers. He rose through the gradations of captain, major, and 
lieutenant-colonel, and was soon after appointed aid-de-camp to King George II. In 1759, he quitted the 
grenadier-guards, being chosen to form and discipline the 1st regiment of light-horse, called after him 
Eliott's, which he commanded in Germany. In 1775 he was appointed governor of Gibraltar. At the 
siege of that place by the combined forces of France and Spain, he defended it in the most able manner. 
On his return, after the peace, he received the Order of the Bath, and was raised to the peerage in 1787, by 
the title of Lord Heathfield, Baron Gibraltar. He was intending to return to his government, when he 
was prevented by a paralytic stroke, which carried him off at Aix-la-Chapelle, in 1790. He left a son 
and daughter. — Br it ink Peerage. 

f Elizabeth, Queen of England, -"as one of the most celebrated of its sovereigns. She was educated in 
the principles of the reformatio, and also in those classical studies into which it had then become cus- 
tomary to initiate females of distinction in England. In her father's testament she was placed the third in 
the order of succession, but the Duke of Northumberland induced her brother, Edward VI., to set her 
aside, as well as her sister Mary, to make room for Jane Grey. In the reign of Mary she was placed under 
circumstances of great difficulty, from her known attachment to Protestantism ; and notwithstanding her 
great prudence, but for the politic interference of her brother-in-law, Philip of Spain, she might have 
been in great personal danger. On the death of Mary, in 1558, she was immediately proclaimed queen, 
and received in the metropolis with the loudest acclamations. She consigned to oblivion all the affronts 
she had received during the late reign, and prudently assumed the gracious demeanour of the common 
sovereign of all her subjects. Philip of Spain soon made her proposals of marriage, but she knew the 
aversion borne him by the nation too well to think of accepting them. She proceeded with considerable 
prudence and moderation to the arduous task of settling religion, which was in a great degree effected by 
the first parliament she summoned, and from that time England assumed the station in Protestant Europe, 
which it has ever since maintained. It was not long before Elizabeth began that interference in the affairs 
of Scotland, which produced some of the most singular events of her reign. Mary, the young Queen of 
Scots, was not only the next heir in blood to the English crown, but was regarded by the Romanists, who 
deemed Elizabeth illegitimate, as the true sovereign of England- By the marriage of that princess with 
the dauphin, and her relationship to the Guises, Scotland was also drawn into a closer union with 
France than ever. Thus great political causes of enmity abounded, in addition to the female rivalry, 
which was the most conspicuous foible of Elizabeth. The first step she took in Scottish affairs was to send 
a fleet and an army to aid the party which supported the reformation ; and this interference in 15G0 effected 
a treaty, by which the French were obliged to quit Scotland. On the return of Mary from France, after 
the death of her husband, attempts were made to procure Elizabeth's recognition of her title as presumptive 



32 ALPHABETICAL CHRONOLOGY. 



successor to the crown of England ; but although unattended to, and very disagreeable to the latter, the 
two queens lived for some time in apparent amity. In the meantime Elizabeth acquired great reputation 
by her vigorous conduct and political sagacity, and had many suitors among the princes of Europe, whom, 
consistent with her early resolution to live single, she constantly refused. Being regarded as the head of 
the Protestant party in Europe, she made a treaty of alliance with the French Hugonots in that capacity, 
and gave them aids in men and money. Her government at home also gradually grew more rigorous against 
the Catholics ; one of the mischievous consequences of the incessant intrigue of the popish party, both at 
home and abroad, to overthrow her government. She did all in her power to thwart the attempts to unite 
Mary in a second marriage, and besides a weak jealousy of the personal charms of the queen of Scotland, 
she discovered another sexual weakness in a propensity to adopt court favourites, with a view to exterior 
accomplishments, rather than to sterling merit, as in the well-known instance of Dudley, Earl of Leicester. 
While it is but too certain that the political dissentions in Scotland, which gave Mary so much disquiet, 
were fomented by Elizabeth and her ministers, it was her own misconduct alone that produced the terrible 
crisis which threw her into the hands of her formidable rival. The manner in which Elizabeth detained 
the unhappy queen in captivity, the secret negociations of the latter with the Duke of Norfolk, the re- 
bellions in the north, and the treasonable engagements made by the Earls of Northumberland and West- 
moreland with the Duke of Orleans in the low countries, are affairs rather of history than biography. In 
the midst of these events the puritanical party began to give much uneasiness to the queen, who was 
warmly attached to the ceremonials of religion, and to the hierarchy of which she had become the head. 
Inheriting too, all the exalted maxims of royal authority maintained by her father, the spirit of civil liberty, 
by which the puritans became early distinguished, was also very offensive to her. Elizabeth, however, un- 
derstood the art of making practical concessions, while she maintained her dignity in language ; and such 
was the general prudence and frugality of her administration, that she retained the warm affection even 
of those whom she governed with a vigorous hand. The almost only cause of complaint in regard to 
pecuniary matters in this celebrated reign, arose from the injurious grant of monopolies, which formed a 
frequent subject of parliamentary complaint, and were often in consequence revoked. The politic 
assistance given by Elizabeth to the Protestants of the low countries, induced Spain in 1572 to promote a 
conspiracy, which was chiefly conducted by a Florentine merchant and the Bishop of Ross, the Scottish 
resident in England. The Duke of Norfolk allowing himself to be drawn into a participation of this plot, 
on its discovery was tried and executed ; and the English indignation was so great against Mary, (who in 
reality formed the soul of all these conspiracies,) that she might have been proceeded against to any 
extremity, with the entire national concurrence. Elizabeth, however, aware of the plea formed by her 
unjust detention, was at present satisfied with an increase of vigilant superintendence, and the ruin of her 
party in Scotland by the succession of the Earl of Morton to the regency. The massacre of St. Bar- 
tholomew in the same year, was well calculated to excite the alarm of all Protestant rulers, and es- 
pecially of Elizabeth, who put herself and court into mourning on the occasion, and received in silent 
solemnity the French ambassador sent over to apologize for that execrable deed. She, however, maintained 
external amity with the French court, and even suffered negociations to be commenced for her marriage 
with the Duke of Aleneon, the king's brother, which brought that prince to England. An expectation 
that the union would take place now became general ; but whether the great dislike displayed by the 
ministers and people to the prince proposed, or that she had only indulged the coquetry of her disposition 
to an extreme, she suddenly broke off the affair, and sent back the enraged lover to his government in the 
Netherlands. In 1575 she received the honourable offer of the possession and sovereignty of the revolted 
Dutch provinces, but from prudential reasons she declined to accept them, and it was not until 1578 that 
she signed with them a treaty of alliance. An extraordinary instance of attachment to her person was 
shown in 1584, when her subjects of all ranks entered into an association to defend her from all attacks. 
This burst of loyalty originated in the apprehension of new conspiracies in behalf of the Queen of Scots, 
who about this time was committed to still more rigorous custody. In 1585, Elizabeth ventured openly 
to defy the hostility of Spain, by entering into a treaty with the revolted provinces, by which she bound 
herself to assist them with a considerable force, the command of which she entrusted to Leicester, who did 
little honour to her choice. She also sent an armament under Drake against the Spanish settlements m 
the West Indies, and made a league of mutual defence with James, King of Scotland, whose friendship 
she courted while she detained his mother in prison. In 1586 that conspiracy took place, the object of 
which was her assassination by Anthony Babington. The particulars of this plot it is unnecessary to 
detail here, or the manner in which it led to the trial and condemnation of the unfortunate Mary. As 
Elizabeth's principal counsellors, as well as the nation at large, were of opinion that the safety of the state 
demanded the life of that unhappy queen, whatever may be thought of the injustice of her treatment, it 
was clearlv the result of strong political circumstances. Elizabeth, however, conscious of the invidious 
light in which the execution of a queen and relation would appear to Europe at large, practised all the 
arts of dissimulation to remove as much of the odium from herself as possible. She even wished Mary to be 
taken off privately, and it was only on the refusal of Sir Amias Paulet and Sir Drue Drury, her keepers, 
to be concerned in so odious an affair, that the curious transaction of furthering the warrant by secretary 
Davi3on took place, which produced the execution of Mary on February 8, 1587. The dissembled grief of 



ALPHABETICAL CHRONOLOGY. 33 



EMBER weeks, or circular fasts, established by 

Pope Urban I. about 222. 
EM BROIDERY (The invention of) attributed to 

the Phrygians. 
EMBDEN East India Company established, 1750. 



EMMANUEL college, Cambridge, founded by Sn 
Walter Mildmav, 1581. (11 ('(•Hows.) 

ENAMELLING 'taught in England by a GreeV in 
Edward Ist's reign; King John gave an enamelled 
cup to the corporation of Lynn in Norfolk, which 



Elizabeth, when informed of this catastrophe, deceived no one; although the imputed mistake of Davison, 
and the sacrifice of him to her assumed resentment, afforded the King of Scotland a pretext for gradually 
laying aside his anger, and resuming an amicable correspondence with the English court. The year 1588 
was rendered memorable by the defeat of the Spanish armada, on which meditated invasion Elizabeth dis- 
played all the confidence and energy of her character ; and her subjects, even including the Catholics, 
showed the utmost zeal in her service. Soon after this event, one of the most important in English history, 
Elizabeth became the ally of Henry IV. of France, in order to vindicate his title to that throne ; and for 
some years English auxiliaries served in France, and naval expeditions were undertaken, in which none 
more distinguished themselves than the celebrated Earl of Essex, who, on the death of Leicester, succeeded 
(o his place in the queen's favour. In 1601, she held a conference with the Marquis de Rosni, afterwards 
the celebrated Sully, who came over on the part of Henry IV. to concert, in concurrence with England, a 
new balance of European power, to control the preponderance of the house of Austria. Elizabeth readily 
gave in to the project, and the minister quitted England in admiration of the solidity and enlargement of 
her political views. Having suppressed an insurrection in Ireland, and obliged all the Spanish troops sent 
to aid in it, to quit the island, she turned her thoughts towards relieving the burdens of her subjects, and 
gained much additional popularity by suppressing a great number of unpopular monopolies. The execution 
of the Earl of Essex, however, gave a fatal blow to her happiness; and on learning from the dying countess 
of Nottingham, that he had really transmitted the ring, which implied his request of pardon, she became 
furious with rage, and when her anger subsided, fell into an incurable melanchoty. At length nature began 
to sink, and as her end manifestly approached, she was urged by her council to declare her successor. 
She answered " who but her kinsman, the King of Scots'!" and soon after sinking into a lethargy, she ex- 
pired, without farther struggle or convulsion, on March 24th, 1602, in the seventieth year of her age, and 
fort}--fifth year of her reign. Estimating the character and conduct of Elizabeth from the events of her reign, 
she will justly rank high among sovereigns. Under her auspices, the Protestant religion, as opposed to 
popery, was firmly established. Factions were restrained, government strengthened, the vast power of 
Spain nobly opposed, oppressed neighbours supported, a navy created, commerce rendered flourishing, and 
the national character aggrandized. Nor, as in the case of Anne, did she merely lend a name to a conspicu- 
ous period of history ; her own prudence, judgment, fortitude, firmness, vigour, and industry, materially 
contributed to the prosperity of her administration. It is not however by any abstract idea of a constitu- 
tional ruler that Elizabeth must be judged, as no sovereign was ever more jealous of power and prerogative ; 
but at the same time she saw what the Stuarts never could be made to see, that in a mixed government, 
popularity was the only efficient support of lasting authority and influence; and therefore always timely 
sought to gain the affections of her people by dignified concession and cautious demeanour. She was frugal 
to the borders of avarice ; but being as economical of the people's money as of her own, her prudent atten- 
tion to national expenditure contributed materially to the public good. The severity of Elizabeth to Catholic 
emissaries, Jesuits, and others, whether native or foreign, has latterly been deemed scarcely defencible, nor 
on a religious ground was it so ; but it is never to be forgotten, that most of those who suffered, really 
sought the overthrow of the state, and in addition, acted under the direction of a foreign influence of the 
most baleful description. The treatment of the Queen of Scots can never be wholly defended, but will 
always remain one of those cases which neither policy nor even personal danger can sufficiently justify. It 
may be questioned, however, if the dissimulation of Elizabeth has not injured her memory in respect to 
this strong featured transaction, more than the deed itself, which was certainly deemed necessary both by 
her ministers and a vast majority of the people. Of the more personal qualities and acquirements of this 
queen, the principal, in the way of defect, were her violence and haughtiness of temper, impatience of 
contradiction, and insatiable fondness for admiration and flattery. It is to be remarked, however, that 
capricious as she was in her affections, and petty in her feminine jealousies, she always made even her 
favourites feel that she was their sovereign when they were disposed to forget it. Although fond of lite- 
rature and substantially learned, she was no very munificent patroness, and made very poor returns for 
the excess of incense so lavishly bestowed upon her. She was skilled in the Greek, and spoke the Latin 
language with considerable fluency. She translated from the former into Latin, a dialogue of Xenophon, 
two orations of Isocrates, and a play of Euripides, and also wrote a commentary on Plato. From the 
Latin she translated Boeth'us's Consolations of Philosophy; Sallust's Jugurthine War; and a part of 
Horace's Art of Poetry. In the Royal and Noble Authors of Lord Orford, may also be found a catalogue of 
translations from the French, prayers, meditations, speeches in parliament, letters, &c. ; which, however, 
flattery may have exaggerated her literary abilities, testify sufficiently to the learning and general capacity 
of Elizabeth. To conclude—this celebrated queen was rather great as a politician, than either estimable 
as a moralist, or amiable as a woman ; but taken altogether, the page of history has seldom to record a 
reign more honourable to the intellect and capacity of the person presiding over it, than that of Elizabeth. 
—Iluine. AHUh's G. Biog p 



34 



ALPHABETICAL CHRONOLOGY. 



is still preserved there ; painting in enamel is de- 
rived from the ancient mode of painting in potter's 
ware in the reign of Porsenna, king of Etruria, 506 
before Christ. 

ENEAS, the Trojan general, died about 1179 B.C. 

ENGELL (.1. J.), a 'German philosopher, died in 
the year 1799. 

ENGLAND, originally inhabited by the Britons, a 
branch of the ancient Gauls or Celtte ; the western 
part, in the time of the Romans, was inhabited by 
theBelgao; the northern, by the Brigantes ; South 
Wales by the Silures ; and Norfolk and Suffolk, 
by the Iceni. Invaded by Julius Csesar, 54 years 
before Christ ; subdued by Claudius, 44, and com- 
pletely so by Agricola, in 85.The Romans kept pos- 
session till 410. Ravaged by the Picts and Scots, 448. 
Conquered by the Saxons, 455, who were invited 
over by the ancient inhabitants, and who divided it 
into seven kingdoms, called the Heptarchy. Erected 
into a kingdom by Egbert, by a union of all the 
kingdoms of the Heptarchy, near 400 years after 
the arrival of the Saxons, 827. Conquered by the 
Danes, 877; recovered by Alfred, 880. Divided 
into counties and hundreds, 886. Invaded by 
the Scots, who were defeated by Alhelstan, 921. 
Invaded by the Welch, 983 ; by Sweyn, KirMg of 
Denmark, 1004 ; again by Sweyn, and almos' iab» 
dued by him, 1013. Invaded and defeated %f fch© 
Irish, 1069 ; Irish landed and were defeated, 1070. 
Invaded by Malcolm of Scotland, who burnt se- 
veral churches, &c. 1071 ; again, 1091 ; again, 
1093, when Malcolm and his son were killed a/„ 
Alnwick. Put under an interdict by pope Alexaa* 
derllL 1169. Invaded by Robert, Duke of Nor- 
mandv, 1101 ; by David of Scotland, 1138 ; again 
by the Welch, with success, 1136 ; by the Scots, 
1183. Put under an interdict by the pope, for 
John's opposing his nomination to the see of Can- 
terbury, 1306; interdict taken off, on John's sub- 
mission, 1214. All in arms, 1215. Underwent a 
reformation in government, 1258. Invaded by the 
French. 14i6. Invaded by Henry, Duke of Rich- 
mond, August 7th, 1485. Put under an interdict, 
on Henry VIH's snaking off the pope's supremacy, 
1535. 

ENGLAND (Bank of), first incorporated, 1593. 

ENGLISH monarchy, began in 449. 

ENGLISH fleet defeated by Van Tromp, 1652. 

ENGLISH Liturgy first read in the French church 
in the Savoy, 14th July, 1661. 

ENGRAVING of Gems, is supposed to be of high 
antiquity ; a cornelian engraved was found in the 
ruins of Herculaneum ; supposed to have been cut 
in the time of the Trojan war; the invention is still 
more ancient, it was common in Eg}'pt before the 
departure of the Israelites, some of whom were 
lapidaries and engravers of stones, as appears from 
Exodus. On copper, invented by Maso, of Flo- 
rence, 1460, though not brought to perfection till 
about 1490; the first book with copper-plates was 
published 1540 ; rolling presses invented about 
1545 ; engraving with the hammer invented 1592 ; 
in mezzotinto by Siegen, and perfected by Prince 
Rupert, 1648; to represent wash, invented by 
Barabbe, a Frenchman, 1761 ; crayon engraving 
invented at Paris, by Bonnet, 1769. 

NEOCH, the father of Methuselah, translated to 
heaven, 987 of the world, aged 365 ; i. e. 3017 be- 
fore Christ. 

ENTAILING estates introduced by statute, 1307. 

ENTERTAINMENT (Places of), in and about 
London, first licensed, 1752. 

SPICTETUS the stoic philosopher, died about 161. 

EPPOIS established at Lacedemon, 760 before Christ. 

EPICUREANS arrived about 310 before Christ. 

EPIPHANY (Feast of), introduced 813. 

EPIRUS (Kingdom of), first known in history by 
the great warlike achievements of Pyrrhus, about 
950 before Christ ; a second Pyrrhus was renowned 
for his wars against the Romans, 280 before Christ. 
Epirus became a republic, 240, but was subdued 
by the Romans 167 before Christ. It was finally 
conquered by Mahomet II. 1466, and is now part 
of the Ottoman empire. 



EPISCOPACY, introduced before 100; Presbyte- 
rian church government established in Scotland, 
by act of parliament, 1592 ; Episcopacy abolished 
in Scotland, 1G06; ditto in England, 1648; re- 
stored in England, 1660; ditto in Scotland, 1661 ; 
which continued till the revolution. Scotland 
during the episcopacy, had two archbishoprics, 
St. Andrew's, and Glasgow ; and twelve bishop- 
rics, Edinburgh, Dunkeld, Aberdeen, Murray. 
Brechin, Dumblain, Ross, Caithness, Orkney, 
Galloway, Argyle, and the Isles. 

EPOCH (The first), began with the creation, 4004 ; 
the second with the deluge, 2348 ; the third, with 
the call of Abraham, 1921; the fourth, with the 
deliverance of the Jews, 1596 ; the fifth, with the 
foundation of Solomon's temple, 1012 ; the sixth, 
with the end of the Jewish captivity, 536 before 
Christ. 

EPSOM mineral spring, the first of the purging kind 
in England, discovered about 1630. 

EQUESTRIAN Statue. The fine one at Charing, 
cross was erected in consequence of the Commons 
having voted the sum of £70,000. for solemnizing 
the funeral of King Charles I., and erecting a 
monument to his memory, January 20th, 1768. 

EQUINOX (Autumnal), observed by Ptolemy, Sep- 
tember 25, P. m. 2 h. 132. 

ERA, or fixed period, from whence certain people 
or nations counted their years ; that of Nabonassar, 
74T; Syracusan, 343; Philippic, or death of 
Alexaader, 324 before Christ ; of contracts, or 
Seleucidee, 312 ; Astronomical of Dionysius, June 
26th, 283. Spanish, 38 before Christ; Christian, 
4 ; of Dioclesian, or Era of martyrs, 284 ; of Hegira, 
or flight of Mahomet, 622 ; Persian, or of Yezde- 
gird, 632 ; era of Christ began to be introduced 
into history, 784. 

ERCOMBERT, youngest son of Eadbald, by Emrac, 
began his reign in Kent, 640 ; died 665. 

ERDBURY Priory, Warwickshire, built in the 
reign of Henry II. 

!<]SHER Place,' Surrey, built 1414. 

ESK DALE Chapel (Penance at), performed on as- 
cension eve annually, in commemoration of the 
murder of the monk, 1150. Here was an order of 
Grandmontine monks. 

ESQUIRE, or Gentleman (The addition of), to a 
man's name was rare before 1413 ; one Kingston 
was made a gentleman by Richard II. 

ESSEK, Hungary, abandoned by the. Turks, in the 
year 1687. 

ESSEX (Archdeaconry of), erected before 1142. 

ESSEX (Devereux, Earl of), struck by Queen Eliza- 
beth for his insolent behaviour in council, 1598 ; 
sent to Ireland, 1599, to subdue O'Neal's rebellion, 
but returning without the queen's leave, he was 
confined and degraded, 1600 ; and beheaded for 
stirring up the people to arms, February 25, 1601. 

ESOP, the Phrygian fabulist, put to death 556 B.C. 

EVELYN (John), a learned writer, ingenious culti- 
vator of philosophy, and the liberal and useful arts 
in England, in the seventeenth century was born 
atWotton, in Surrey, 31st October, 1620. His long 
and useful rather than splendid career was closed 
by death, February 27th, 1705-6. 

EXPLOSIONS. One in the laboratory of Wool- 
wich, by which four workmen lost their lives, 20th 
June, 1814. A dreadful one, of gunpowder, at 
Dresden, in which 1000 houses were destroyed, oi 
damaged, and many persons killed, 27th June, 1814. 
On the 14th June, 1815, some gunpowder exploded 
in the house of a maker of fire- works in Spitalfields, 
and many persons were killed. August 19th, in 
the same year, a barrel of gunpowder in the Stow- 
market waggon blew up and scattered the whole 
lading about, with considerable damage. An ex- 
plosion of a mine near Durham, took place on July 
5th, 1817, by which about forty perished. An ex- 
plosion of gunpowder at Nottingham on the 30th 
August, 1816, blew up a warehouse at the wharf, 
and killed several persons. 

ESSEX (Thomas Cromwell), created earl, 1540; 
condemned for high treason, without a trial, and 
beheaded, July 28, the same year. 



ALPHABETICAL CHRONOLOGY. 



35 



ESSEX (Earl of), and Lord Russcl, committed to 
the Tower, for engaging in Monmouth's conspiracy, 

where the Lord E ;sex cut his own throat, June 
21st. 1683. 

ESTATES ; act passed for entailing them, 1307. 

ETCHING Invented by Carpi, an Italian, 1.196 ; with 
aquafortis found out, 1535. 

ETHELBALD I. King of Mereia, succeeded Ceol red 
as 15th king of Britain, 710 ; killed by his subjects 
near Tamworth, and buried at R -plon, Derbyshire, 
757 ; ami was succeeded by bis nephew, Olfa. 

ETHELBALD II. son and successor of Ethelwolf, 
married his mother-in-law, the Princess of France ; 
began to reign in Wessex, 857 ; reigned two years 
and a half, and died, 860; buried at Sarum, and 
was succeeded by his brother, Ethelbert II. 

ETHELBERT II. succeeded his father Ethelwolf 
in Kent, 857, and his brother in Wessex, 800 ; died, 
866; and was succeeded, in the whole kingdom, 
by his brother Ethelred. 

ETHELRERT, lifth kin- of Kent, succeeded Ceaulin 
as sixth king of Britain, 592 ; married Berta, daugh- 
ter of Chilperie, King of France, 594; by whom 
he was prevailed on to turn Christian, and permit 
St. Augustine to settle at Canterbury ; he had a 
second wife, who married his son after his death ; 
died, 616; and was succeeded by Redwald, King 
of the East Angles. 

ETHELRED succeeded his brother, Wulfer, as 
twelfth king of Britain, 674; his queen, Ostrid, 
murdered by some Mercian nobles, 697 ; resigned 
his crown, 701; tinned monk, and died abbot of 
Bradncy, 716 ; and was succeeded by his nephew 
Kenred. 

ETHELRED I.' succeeded his brothers, Ethelbald 
and Ethelbert, 866 ; died of a wound received in 
battle against the Danes, 872 ; left two sons and a 
daughter, and was succeeded by his brother Alfred. 

ETHELRED II. succeeded his brother, Edward the 
Martyr, and was anointed king by Dunstan, at 
Kingston-upon-Thames, aged 12, 979 ; married 
Emma, sister to Richard II. Duke of Normandy, 
1001 ; (hence the connection with the Norman 
family, that afterwards seated William the Con- 
queror on this throne) ; fled from Suenon, King of 
Denmark, who invaded. England, into Normandy, 
1013, when Suenon was proclaimed king ; and soon 
after dying, his son Canute was proclaimed, March, 
1014 ; but was soon after obliged to fly to Den- 
mark ; on this Ethelred, being invited back, re- 
turned ; Canute also returned, and obliged him to 
retire to the north, 1015 ; died April 23, 1016 ; was 
buried rn St. Paul's, and succeeded by his son 
Edinond Ironside. 

ETHELWOLF, bishop of Winton, succeeded his 
father, Egbert, as king, 838 ; died 857, and left his 
kingdom divided between his two eldest sons, 
Ethelbald and Ethelbert II. This prince esta- 
blished the annual tribute to the Pope, called 
Peter-pence, for the support of the English college 
at Rome. 

ETON College, founded by Henry VI. 1441 ; rebuilt, 
1569, under the title of " The 'Kynges College of 
our Lady at Etone, by side Windsore." 

EUCHITES, a sect that appeared about the end of 
the fourth century, and prayed without ceasing; 
though their doctrine subsisted in the east before 
Christ. They taught that men had two souls, one 
good, one bad, &c. 

EUDOXIANS, a sect of heretics in the fourth cen- 
tury, so called from theirleader Eudoxus, patriarch 
of Antioeh. They adhered to the errors of the 
Arians, and maintained that the Son was created 
out of nothing, and had a will distinct from the 
Father, &c. 

EUNUCHS are mentioned, Deut. xxiii, L, and are 
of high antiquity both in Asia and Egypt. The 
first was made by order of Semiramis. 

EUSTATIA (St. Island of), taken from the Dutch, 
February, 1781 ; retaken by the French from the 
English, Nov. 27th following. 

EUIYCHIANS, heretics arose 447, under Eutyches 
of Constantinople. They denied that Christ's body 
was truly human. 



EVESHAM Abbey (Benedictines), Worce 
built, 701 ; Abbots Tower built, about 1620; town 
chartered by James L 

EWELM PALACE, Oxfordshire, built, 1424. 
EXCHANGE (Royal) finished by Mr i nomas 
Gresham, 15fiQ; called Royal by Queen I ,.,.;,. 
foetll, Jan. '2<J, 15/1; rebuilt and opened Sept. 
28, 1GVJ; statue of King Charles II. erected in 
the centre thereof, 1084 : destroyed bj fire, Jan. 
10, J838; first stone ol the iiew,la:d by Prince 
Albert, Jan. 17th, lS4i 

EXCHEQUER Chamber (Court of), erected by 
Edward 111.1359; improved by Elizabeth, 1581. 

EXCHEQUER (Court of), instituted on the model 
of the Transmarine Exchequer in Normandy, 1074; 
Exchequer stopped payment from Jan. 2, 1673, to 
May following; Exchequer bills first established 
to supply the want of cash, daring a recoinage, 
1696. 

EXCISE scheme defeated, April 11, 1733; Excise- 
office formed, 1613; the revenue in 1746 was 
3,847,000/. 

EXECUTIONS (Public), in London, first removed 
from Tyburn to Newgate, Dec. 1783; till then 
Tyburn had been the place of execution for up- 
wards of 650 yea*s. 

EXETER (Duke of), degraded from his title and 
put to death for conspiring against Henry IV. 1400. 

EXETER (Marquis of), Lord Montague, and Sir 
Nicholas Carew, beheaded for conspiring against 
Henry VII I. Deo. 21, 1538. 

EXETER Castle built, about 680; city taken by 
Sweyn, King of Denmark, and destroyed, 1003; 
bishopric composed of those of Devonshire and 
Cornwall, 1046; Cathedral built, 1060; city re- 
belled, 1067, and was by William the Conqueror 
subdued ; incorporated bv John ; precentoiship 
created, about 1080; archdeaconry before 1083; 
treasurership, about 1133; deanery and chancel- 
lorship, 1225; cathedral began, 1150; finished, 
1435. 

EXHIBITION at the Royal Academy in Pall Mall 
was opened for the first time on the*26lh of April, 
1769, and owing to the patronage of his majesty, 
exhibited a display of genius highly creditable to 
the-artists. 

EXETER College, Oxford, founded by the Bishop 
of Exeter, 1316. 

EXPEDITION (Grand secret), designed to make a 
descent on the coast of France ; but after it had 
sailed, so much time was wasted in councils of 
war, that France got intelligence of it, and it re- 
turned without executing its purpose, Sept. 1757. 

EYE (Suffolk), incorporated by King John. 

EYNSHAM Abbey (Benedictines), Oxfordshire, 
built, 1005. 

EYRE (Justices in), the office instituted by Henry 
II. 1184; the last instance of their holding a court 
in any of the forests, &c, is believed to have been 
during the reign of Charles II. 

EZEKIEL, The 40 years of, (chap, iv.6.) began, 627; 
390 years (chap. iv. 5.) completed 589 before 
Christ. 

FABII, 300 Romans of that name killed by the 
Veintes, 477 before Christ. 

FAIRFAX of Emley, (Title of), Irish viscount, 
created 1628. 

FAIRFAX of Cameron, Scots barony, created 1627. 

FAIRS and markets first instituted' in England by 
Alfred, about 886. The first fairs took their rise 
from wakes, when the number of people then as- 
sembled brought together a variety of traders an- 
nually on those days. They were' anciently kept 
on Sundays, and in church-yards. From these 
holidays, they were called feria, or fairs. 

FAIRY-FLAG of Dun Vegan, was a kind of Danish 
magical standard, supposed to ensure victory. 

FALCONRY, the amusement of the great in the 
eleventh century. 

FALKLAND (Title of) Scots viscount, created 1620. 

FALKLAND'S Isles first discovered by Ve.-pucci, 
1502, again 1689; settled by the French, at the 
expence of Bougainville, Feb. 1764. 

FALMOUTH (Title of Viscount) created 1720. 



3C> 



ALPHABETICAL CHRONOLOGY. 



FAMINE, the beginning of that which lasted seven 
years, 1708 before Christ ; an extraordinary one at 
Rome, when many persons threw themselves into 
the Tiber, 440 before Christ; so dreadful a one 
in Italy, that parents were reduced to the cruel 
necessity of eating their own children, 540 ; one 
in 976; another 1005; another 1087; another 
1193; another 1251; another 1315 ; another 1318; 
in Scotland, 1310, 1338; another in England, 
1335; another 1348; another 1389 ; another 1438; 
in the kingdom of Naples, Jan. 1764, was 
followed by a sickness till the plague carried 
off between 3 and 400,000 people ; at Naples alone 
died 50,000. 

FANS, muffs, masks, and false hair, first devised by 
the harlots in Italy, and brought into England 
from France, 1572 ; fans were in use in the time of 
Terence. 

FARLEY Castle, Somersetshire, built before 1342. 

FARMER (Richard), D D., a learned and elegant 
scholar, born at Leicester, 1735, died 1797. 

FARNHAM, Irish earldom, created 1785. 

FARNHAM Castle, Surrey, built by Henry, King 
Stephen's brother. 

FASTS established, 138. Fasting has been prac- 
tised by most nations, from the remotest antiquity. 

FAUCONBERG (Earldom of), created 1756. 

FAUNTLEROY (Henry), a banker, was tried at 
the Old Bailey sessions for forgery, and found 
guilty, Oct. 30, 1824, and was executed opposite 
the debtors' door, Newgate, pursuant to his sen- 
tence, on the 30th of November following. The 
demeanour ofthe unhappy man was perfectly com- 
posed, and when he closed his eyes he appeared 
deeply absorbed in the contemplation of his awful 
situation. 

FAUSTUS, or Faust John, one of the earliest 
printers, having first brought to France printed 
Bibles about 1465, imitating manuscripts, and the 
French not conceiving how he could multiply 
copies, threatened to prosecute him for sorcery. 
Hence " The Devil and Dr. Faustus." He died at 
Mentz. 

FAUX (Guv), &c., executed for a plot, called gun. 
powder plot, intended to blow up king, lords, and 
commons, while sitting in the parliament-house, 
Jan. 31, 1606. 

FENCING Schools in London prohibited, as intro- 
ductory to duels, 1285. 

PENNING (Elizabeth), who had been tried and 
convicted of poisoning the family of Mr. Turner, 
with whom she lived as servant, was executed 
pursuant to her sentence on the 26th of July, 1815; 
at the scaffold she solemnly declared her inno- 
cence. The trial and execution of this person 
caused an extraordinary sensation in the public 
mind, from a belief that she was innocent ofthe 
crime for which she suffered; the mob broke the 
windows, and committed other outrages against 
the prosecutor ; and her funeral, which took place 
at St. George the Martyr's burial ground, upwards 
of 10,000 persons attended. 

FEN WICK (Sir John) beheaded early in 1697, for 
conspiring; against the life of William III. 

FERGUSSON (Robert), the Scotch poet, died in- 
sane, 16th October, 1774, aged 24. 

FERME,ORNEE, the first completed by Phil. 
Southcote, Esq., at Weybridge, about 1750. 

* ERRAR, Bishop of St. David's, burnt at Caer- 
marthen for his religion, 1555. 

FERRERS (Earldom of), created 1711. 

FERRERS (Earl of \ hanged at Tyburn for shooting 
his servant, 1760. 

FEUDA.L system took its rise in Italy, and was 
thence transferred to France and Germany ; here- 
ditary fiefs were frequent in France, 814 ; it was 
an old Gothic system, as appears from Tacitus. 
Feudal law introduced, 1070 ; this was dividing 
the kingdom into baronies, giving them to certain 
persons, and requiring those persons to furnish the 
king with money and a stated number of soldiers, 
thus adopting the maxim, that all lands are holden 
ofthe crown. It was discountenanced in France 
by Louis XI. about 1-170: restored and limited by 



Henry VII. 1495; abolished by statute 12 Car. II. 
1662. A remnant of this law continued in the 
Highlands of Scotland so late as 1748. 

FEVERSHAM of some note, 811 ; abbey (Cluniacks) 
built, 1147 ; Davington nunnery founded, 1153 ; 
town first chartered by Henry III. ; Mainon Dieux, 
founded by Henry III. school erected, 1582 ; Mr. 
Arden murdered, 1550 ; running at old wives Lees, 
established, 1628. 

FEZ (Kingdom of), anciently Mauritania, conquered 
by the Saracens, 696. 

FIELDING (Sir John), acting magistrate of Bow 
Street, died, September, 1780. 

FIFE (Duncan, Earl of), murdered by the Aber- 
nethies, 1288. 

FIFE, (Irish earldom of), created, 1759. 

FIGURES, in Arithmetic, introduced into Europe 
by the Saracens, from Arabia, 991 ; till then letters 
were used; the letters numeral were unknown 
among the earliest people. They were introduced 
in the times of barbarism and ignorance. 

FINES originated from the mercenary disposition of 
the courts ; all punishments anciently, before the 
use of money, being corporal. 

FINLAND converted to Christianity, 1150. 

FINLATER (Scots earldom of), created, 1637. 

FIRE-ENGINES to draw water, invented 1663 ; 
those to extinguish fire invented by Heyden, a 
Dutch-man, 1699. 

FIRE-SHIPS first introduced in the English navy, 
1588. 

FIRES (Great), in London.— The fire of London 
broke out where the Monument now stands, which 
destroyed, in the space of four days, eighty-nine 
churches, among which was the cathedral of St. 
Paul's, the City gates, the Exchange, Custom- 
house, Guildhall, Sion College, and many public 
structures, hospitals, schools, libraries, a vast num- 
ber of stately edifices, and 13,200 dwelling-houses; 
in all, 400 streets, &c. The ruins of the City were 
436 acres, extending from the Tower along' the 
Thames side to the Temple church, and from the 
north-east gate, along the City wall, to Holborn- 
bridge, or Fleet ditch. During the continuance of 
the fire, the king and the Duke of York, and many 
of the nobility and great ministers, used their ut- 
most endeavours to prevent the spreading of it. 
They made the round of the fire usually twice a 
day; and for many hours together, on horseback 
and on foot, gave orders for pursuing the work, by 
commands,, threatenings, desires, example, and 
good store of money, which the king himself dis- 
tributed to the workmen; Sept. 2, 1666; it was 
supposed to be set on fire by the papists. At 
Battle-bridge, Aug. 12, 1749. In St. Katharine's, 
1673, 1681, and 1734. In Cornhill, 1748, 1759, and 
1765. In Gray's Inn, Feb. 7, 1680. In Inner 
Temple, 1717. At Limehouse, Dec. 1716. In 
Lincoln's Inn Square, June 27, 1752. Pantheon, 
Jan. 13, 1792. At Rotherhithe, June 1, 1765. In 
Southwark, 600 houses, 1676. In the Temple, 
Jan. 26, 1679. In Thames-street, Jan. 24, 1715. 
In Threadneedle street, May, 1772. At Wapping, 
1682. Opera-house burnt, June 17, 1789. The 
House of Lords and Commons destroyed by fire on 
the 16th of October, 1834; and on the 18th, the 
ruins were inspected by their majesties. 

FIRE- WORKS (the invention of) is attributed to 
the Florentines and people of Sienna. 

FIRST-FRUITS in early ages were offered by hus- 
bandmen, as grateful acknowledgments to the gods 
for plentiful crops. The tenths of many things are, 
by a very ancient and universal prescription, 
claimed by the gods. It was also customary for 
kings to receive a tenth portion of the property of 
their subjects, (Gen. 14, 18, 20.) First-fruits and 
tenths, a tax paid by the clergy, estimated by the 
rate made, 1253, but enlarged, as at present, 
1292 ; it was a papal usurpation, introduced in the 
reigns of John and HemyllL, and added to the 
crown revenue, 1534 ; granted b) f the queen for 
the augmentation of small livings, Feb. 7, 1704 ; 
this is called Queen Ann's bounty. Office esta 
Wished, 1503. 



ALPHABETICAL CHRONOLOGY. 



37 



PISH first brought to London by land carriage, Wfil. 

FISHER, Bishop of Rochester, born 1458; be- 
headed (for denying the king's supremacy), June 
22, 1536. 

FISHERY (Herring), incorporated Oct. 11, 1750. 

FITZGERALD (Gorge Robert), Esq, hanged with 
others at Castlebar, Ireland, for murder, June 12th, 
1716. 

FITZGIBBON (Irish barony), erected 1780. 

FITZHARRIS, hanged 1681, for a libel against the 
king. 

FITZWILLIAM (Irish earldom of), created 1716. 

FITZWILLIAM (Title of Viscount), created 1620. 

FITZWILLIAM (Richard Viscount), of the king- 
dom of Ireland, died on the 4th February, 1816. 
His lordship had at his house at Richmond one of 
the most valuable collections of pictures in Europe ; 
more than 10,000 proof prints by the first artists ; 
a very extensive library, and a scarce and curious 
collection of the best ancient music, among which 
were the original virginal book of Queen Elizabeth, 
and many of the worko of Handel, in the hand- 
writing of that great master ; he left his pictures 
to the University of Cambridge, and £100,000. 
stock to build a gallery to exhibit them. 

FITZWILLIAM (Barony of), created 1746. 

FIVE-MILE ACT passed, October 31st, 1665. 
This act obliged non-conformist teachers, who re- 
fused to take the non-resistance oath, not to come 
within five miles of any corporation where they 
had preached, since the act of oblivion, unless they 
were travelling, under the penalty of £50. 

FLAG. The present fashion was begun by the 
Saracens, on their seizing of Spain ; before, they 
were square and stretched on cross pieces of wood 
like church banners. 

FLAGELLANTS, who taught whipping necessary 
to salvation, arose 1260. 

FLAMMOC, a Cornish lawyer, headed an insurrec- 
tion, because they would not pay a tax ; marched 
to London, was defeated in a battle at Blackheath, 
and executed, 1497. 

FLAVA CiES ARIES, or the yellow locks of the 
Romans, was changed from dark brown hair, by 
washing it often with lye of wood-ashes ; the 
women of the southern parts of Italy continue the 
custom now. 

FLEET-MARKET opened, September, 1737. 

FLEETS (East and West India), taken by the 
combined fleets of France and Spain, August 9th, 
1780. 

FLETCHER (The Rev. Mr.), was suspended by the 
synod of the secession church of Scotland, from 
his functions as a minister, in consequence of his 
behaviour to Miss Dick, to whom he was under a 
contract of marriage, which he refused to perform, 
September 9th, 1824. 

FLEURS DE LYS were anciently bundles of spears, 
designed to express the confederation of divers 
warlike people, who wished to free themselves 
from the yoke their neighbours were subject to; 
there were afterwards the Francs, the word U/s or ly 
in Celtic, signifying Franc, a fee ; so that the arms 
of France are properly the arms of the Francs. 

FLINT CASTLE built, and the town chartered by 
Edward I. 1275. 

FLORENCE, the order of St. Stephen, instituted, 
1561. 



Fl OUIIM. East and West, ceded lo Spain, Jai.imrj 
20th, 1783. 

FLORIDA discovered, 1512; ceded to the Britisl 
erown, 1763. 

FLOWERS, art of preserving them in sand, dis- 
covered by Boeler, of Strasburg, 1633. 

FLUTE (The), invented by Hyagnis of Phrygia, 
1606 before Christ. 

FLUXIONS, or differential method of, invented 
by Sir Isaac Newton, 1669; first published by 
Leibnitz, who is supposed to have invented them 
also, 1684. 

FOLEY of Kidderminster (Barony of), created 
1776. 

FONTEVRAULT Nuns (Order of), instituted at 
Fontevrault, Picardy, by Arbrisset, where he built 
an abbey soon after 1110; brought into England 
and settled at Non-Eaton, before 1161. These had 
but three houses. 

FONTAINE LA, the French poet, died December, 
1695. 

FONTS instituted, 167, for baptism. 

FOOD (Animal), permitted by God, 2357 before 
Christ. 

FOOLS (Festhal of), held in the cathedral at Paris, 
January 1st, and continued for 240 years, when all 
sorts of absurc ities and indecencies were committed 
by the ecclesiastics, during the celebration of the 
mass, 1198 ; it originated at Constantinople, in the 
Greek church, about 990. 

FOOTBALL was a manly diversion of the Romans. 

FORBES, Scots barony, created before 1421. 

FORBISHER'S Straits discovered, 1578. 

FORD ABBEY, Devonshire, built 1142. 

FOREST (New), ma '* 1081, by William I. for his 
diversion, who for that purpose destroyed 36 
parishes, and depopulated the country 30 miles 
round. At this time the forest laws took place, 
which were imported from the continent. 

FORFEITURE of estates for treason took place 
among the Saxons. 

FORGERY made capital, 1734. 

FORMOSA, in China (The island of), taken from 
the Dutch by the Chinese, and the Dutch expelled 
about 1661 ; the Dutch had taken it from the Por- 
tuguese ; overflown by the sea and almost destroyed, 
May 22d, 1782. 

FONTHILL ABBEY, Wiltshire, formerly the seat 
of William Beckford, Esq. ; a residence, which 
for magnificence and variety is unrivalled in the 
west of England, perhaps not exceedel in the 
island ; was purchased by Mr. Farquhar for 
£330,000. on the 20th November, 1822 On Dec. 
21st, 1825, the tower of the abbey fell down, de- 
stroying in its descent the great hall, the whole of 
the octagon, and a great part of the galleries : no 
personal accident occurred, as Mr. Farquhar 
and his family resided in the east wing of the 
building. 

FORRESS-STONE in Murray, Scotland, is sup- 
posed to have been erected in commemoration of 
the final expulsion of the Danes from that country, 
by Malcolm III. about 1U60. 

FORREST (John), burnt in Smithfield, for denying 
the supremacy, May 22d, 1538 ; aged 42. 

FORT ST. DAVID, India, bought by the East 
India Company, 1686. 

*FOTHERGILL (John), died 1780. 



* John Fothergill, an eminent physician, was born at Carr-end in Yorkshire, in 1712, where his father, who was 
a quaker, resided upon a family estate. About 1728 he was put apprentice to an apothecary at Bradford, 
and thence proceeded to the University of Edinburgh. He took his degree of M.D. in 1736, and then came 
to London and entered as a pupil in St. Thomas's hospital. In 1740, he made a tour to the continent, and 
on his return devoted himself to his profession. In 1748, he greatly distinguished himself, by a publication 
entitled " An Account of the Sore Throat attended with Ulcers," which passed through several editions, 
and was translated into the French. He also supplied a monthly account of the weather, and diseases of 
London, to the Gentleman's Magazine, which is considered the parent of all statements of the kind. In 
1754, he was nominated an honorary member of the Edinburgh College of Physicians, and in 1763 was ad- 
mitted into the Royal Society of London. In 1762, he purchased an estate at Upton in Essex, and formed 
an excellent botanic garden, with hot-houses and green-houses to the extent of 260 feet. lie acquired a 



33 



ALPHABETICAL CHRONOLOGY. 



FOOTE (Miss), an actress, brought an action against 
Joseph Ilayne, Esq, for breach of promise of mar- 
riage, when the jury returned a verdict of £3000 
damages in favour of the plaintiff, Dec. 22d, 1824. 

FORTESCUE, of Castle Hill (Earldom of), created, 
1789. 

FORTESCUE, of Credan, Irish barony, created 1746. 

FORTIFICATION (The modern practice of), took 
place about 1500, though some authors trace it 
back almost to the beginning of the world ; first 
treatise on, published by Albert Durer, 1527. 

FORTROSE, Irish Viscount (Title of), created 
1766. 

FOTHERINGAY CASTLE, Northamptonshire, 
built 1408. 

FOUNDRY, the art of casting statues in brass is 
very ancient ; it was practised in all its perfection 
among the Greeks ; with us it was but little known 
before the 17th century; casting of guns took 



place in 1338, and casting of bells before tha 

of cannon. 
FOUNDLING HOSPITAL (The) was opened for 

the reception of all children under two months old, 

when 117 children were taken in, June 2d, 1756. 
FOUNTAINS ABBEY (Cistercians), Yorkshire, 

founded 1132. 
FOWEY, Cornwall, made a borough, 13 of Eliz. 
FOX (George), founder of the Society of Friends, 

commonly called quakers, in consequence of their 

trembling mode of delivery ; born at Drayton in 

Leicestershire in 1624, died 1690. 
FOX (John), a learned English divine, better known 

as the compiler of " Fox's Book of Martyrs," was 

born at Boston, in Lincolnshire, in 1517 ; died in 

1587, in his 70th year, much esteemed and 

lamented. 
* FOX (Charles James), born January 13th, 1748 ; 

died September 15th, 1806. 



large fortune, of which he made a most liberal use. On his own society he conferred great benefits, pro- 
jecting and carrying into effect the institution of a large public school at Ackworth in Yorkshire. He was 
also the associate of Mr. Howard, in his attempt to alleviate the condition.of poor prisoners. Dr. Fothergill 
was likewise zealous for the political interests of the country, and interfered to prevent that fatal breach 
with the American Colonies which produced their final separation from the parent country. He died in 
1780, in the 69th year of his age. His moral character is thus summed up by his friend Dr. Franklin, in a 
letter to Dr. Lettsom : " If we may estimate the goodness of a man by his disposition to do good, and his 
constant endeavours and success in doing it, I can hardly conceive that a better man has ever existed." His 
works, consisting of medical pieces and pamphlets, of two elegant pieces of biographical eulogy on Dr. 
Alexander Russel, and Peter Collinson, and of some political and miscellaneous essays and letters, were 
published, with memoirs of his life by Dr. Lettsom, in 3 vols. 8vo., 1784.— Thompson's Mem. of Dr. Fo- 
thergill. Lettsom's Account of his Life. 

* Charles James Fox. This eminent statesman was the second son of Henry, first Lord Holland, so long 
the rival and opponent of Mr. Pitt, afterwards Earl of Chatham, and whose political life and conduct as 
Paymaster-general of the Forces was at one time the subject of much animadversion. His son, Charles 
James, was born January 13th, 1748, and early became a peculiar favourite with his father ; who perceiving 
indications of great capacity, mingled exceeding indulgence with the most careful attention to his educa- 
tion. He was sent in the first instance to Eton, whence he removed to Hertford College, Oxford, and his 
classical acquirements, according to the testimony of Dr. "Warton, and as shown by his correspondence with 
Gilbert Wakefield, were very considerable. As his father intended him to rise in the political world, he 
procured him a seat for the borough of Midhurst in 1768, before he was of legal age, and in 1770, the same 
interest procured him the office of one of the lords of the Admiralty, which situation he resigned the next 
year, and was appointed a commissioner of the Treasury. Acting at this period under the influence of his 
father, who might be deemed a Tory, the parliamentary conduct of Mr. Fox led to little anticipation of his 
future career. He spoke and voted against Wilkes, and otherwise yielded to the fetters of party, but not 
so far as to preclude the natural ingenuousness of his disposition from displaying itself. Thus he warmly 
supported Sir William Meredith's bill, to give relief from subscription to the thirty-nine articles, and in 
several other respects asserted his independence. Whether this conduct rankled in the mind of Lord 
North, or that, as alleged, a coldness between them was simply produced by a difference of opinion in 
regard to the committal of Woodfall, the printer, for breach of privilege, it may now be difficult to deter- 
mine ; but after being a supporter of administration for six years, Mr. Fox was ejected in so cavalier a 
manner, that he was very naturally thrown into the foremost ranks of opposition. Happily for his con- 
sistency the adoption of the disastrous measures which terminated in the independence of the American 
colonies, enabled him to take this part without opposing any of the proceedings or policy which he had 
previously supported. During the whole of this eventful contest he spoke and voted in direct opposition 
to the ministerial system, and in conjunction with Burke, Barre, Dunning, and other eminent leaders, 
displayed the highest talents both as a statesman and orator. At the general election in 1780, he became a 
candidate for the representation of the city of Westminster, and succeeded, although opposed by the 
whole influence of the crown, a circumstance that necessarily much increased his political importance. 
On the final defeat of the weak and calamitous administration of Lord North, and the accession of that of 
the Marquis of Rockingham, Mr. Fox obtained the office of Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs, and the 
nation was led to hope that a strong and effective cabinet was at length formed. The measures adopted in 
the first instance were of a nature to justify these expectations ; contractors were excluded from seats in 
the House of Commons; custom and excise-officers were disqualified from voting at elections ; the uncon- 
stitutional proceedings in relation to the Middlesex election were rescinded ; a reform bill abolished a 
number of useless places ; and a more liberal policy was adopted in regard to Ireland. The death of the 
Marquis of Rockingham in the midst of these promising appearances, suddenly divided the party, and on 
the Earl of Shelburne becoming First Lord of the Treasury, in preference to the Duke of Portland, I 



ALPHABETICAL CHRONOLOGY. 



39 



FRAMLl NGHAM CASTLE, Suffolk, erected in the 
time of the Saxons. 

FRANCE, the country of the ancient Gauls; a 
colony of the Beige, from Germany, were per- 
mitted to settle in it, '200 before Christ! Conquered 
by the Romans, 25 before Christ. The Goths, Van- 
dals, Alans, and Suevi, and afterwards the Burgundi 
divided it amongst them, from 100 to 480. The 
Franks, from whom the French are derived, occu- 
pied part of Brabant, 130 years before the reign of 
Clovis. This is the only state in Europe that can 
boast a perpetual succession from the conquerors 
of the western empire. Its first king was Phara- 
mond, who began to reign in 418; Clovis was the 
first Christian king, 481. It was peopled by the 
natives of Germany, who crossed the Rhine to in- 
vade the Gauls. First origin of fiefs in this country, 
584. The Moires du Palais introduced, 613. 
Charles Martel governed with absolute power, 721. 
Kings of France first consecrated, 752. Scots 
guards embodied 1270, they continued about the 
king till Henry II. The Gabel or duty on salt, 
commenced 128P>. The assemblies called the 
State.-:-General, first met 1302, and continued to 
1614. Floral games instituted 1324. The English 
crown lost all its possessions in France, between 
1341 and 1359. The king was taken prisoner by 
the English, 1356, in the reign of Edward the Black 
Prince. Two kings, two queens, two regents, two 
parliaments, and two universities of Paris, 1426. 



Thetaillon tax established loll). Francis I., taken 
pri onei i \ the imperialists, and carried into Spain, 
August, 1525; killed at a tilting match, 1559. 
The Duke of Guise and his party killed 60 Pi 

ants, and wounded 200 in a quarrel at Vassi, Alar. 
1st, 1562. This was the first blood spilt in the 
civil war. The Protestant religion toleral 
civil war ensued, 1570. The French began to date 
from the birth of Christ, 1618; before, they reck- 
oned from the creation. Navarre united to 1 i 
1620. Queen Mother visited England, 1638. 
Frondeurs, a party :k.ua\ took place in the minority 
of Louis XIV. i*<J48. Gens d'armes established 
about 1665. Laws banking scheme, something 
like the South-Sea bubble in England, took place, 
1716; destroyed, 1720. Revolution, tithes abo- 
lished, privileges surrendered, and national assem- 
bly restored, and title of restorer of French liberty 
given to the king, July 14th, 1789. King fled and 
brought back, June, 1791 ; new constitution esta- 
blished, Sep. 1791. Declared war against the 
emperor, April 1792. Orders ; the star, instituted 
by King John. 1352; St. Michael, by Louis XI. 
1469; Holy Ghost by Henry III. 1579; Mount 
Carmel by Henry IV. 1607 ; St. Louis, by Lou's 
XIV. 1693. 
FRANCISCANS, an order of friars, founded by 
St. Francis, an Italian, 1182. They came into Eng- 
land, as supposed, in 1224, and settled at Coventry, 
1234. They had 55 houses at the dissolution. 



Fox retired in disgust, and soon after a union took place between his friends and those of Lord North, 
which, under the name of " The Coalition," was very justly deemed odious by the great mass of the 
people. Although this erroneous measure appears to have originated rather with Mr. Burke than Mr. 
Fox, the formal defence of it by the latter was not less earnest and ingenious. The spontaneous feelings 
of mankind are not however to be blunted by factitious theories and abstract arguments. That " measures 
and not men" are to be oppose^ e> very true as a maxim, but when ministers have been denounced as unfit 
for government for years together, and have actually proved themselves so, it is not for those who have 
been the foremost to drive them out of office to accompany them in again. The temporary success of this 
ill-judged party movement served only to render popular disgust the more general ; and when on occasion 
of the famous India bill the dissatisfaction of the sovereign became apparent, the dismissal of the Coalition 
from office excited very general satisfaction. Indeed, the tide of popularity set at this time so strongly 
against Mr. Fox, that at the ensuing election nearly seventy of his friends lost their seats, and he had him- 
self to enter into a strong and expensive contest for the representation of Westminster. Still, although in 
the new parliament Mr. Pitt had a decided majority, Mr. Fox headed a very strong opposition ; and po- 
litical questions were for some years contested with a display of talent on both sides, which the House 
of Commons had seldom previously exhibited. In 1788, Mr. Fox repaired to the continent, and was pro- 
ceeding to Italy, when he was recalled by the king's illness, and the necessity of constituting a regency. 
The contest for the unrestricted right of the heir-apparent, which he warmly espoused, was marked b} r a 
great display of oratorical and logical talent on the part of the opposition, but both in and out of parlia- 
ment the majority on this occasion was with Mr. Pitt. In 1790 and 1791, Mr. Fox regained a share of 
popularity by his opposition to wars with Spain and Russia, and also by his libel bill, regulating the rights 
of juries in criminal cases, and rendeiing them judges both of the law and the fact. On the breaking out 
of the French revolution, he, like many other friends to liberty, was disposed to regard it as likely- to 
prove extremely beneficial. The contrary views of Mr. Burke, and other of his friends, ard the extra- 
ordinary manner in which that warm and intolerant politician on that account publicly renounced his 
friendship, is one of the most striking incidents in parliamentary history. Possibly in regard to that great 
event they were both right and both wrong. It would be difficult to maintain at this time of day that the 
French nation has not been benefited by the revolution, and equally so to dispute the magnitude of its 
temporary sufferings and sacrifices. Mr. Burke was right as to immediate consequences, and Mr. Fox as 
to remote. The policy of the war that followed belongs to history; suffice it to say, that Mr. Fox firmly 
opposed the principle on which it commenced, and strenuously argued for peace on every occasion ; and 
at the treaty of Amiens, in 1801, gave Mr, Addington, who concluded it, his support. When hostilities 
were renewed he also doubted of their necessity ; but on becoming Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs, 
in conjunction with the Grenville party, he acquiesced in its propriety. Coalitions were uniformly the 
wreck of this great man's popularity ; and certain arrangements which it rendered necessary on the pre- 
sent occasion, and more especially that of making Lord Chief Justice EUcnborough a cabinet minister, 
were very unpalatable to the public. His political career was now however drawing towards the close ; 
his health began rapidly to decline ; symptoms of drops) appeared ; and in a few months after the death 
of Mr. Pitt, his great rival was laid in an almost contiguous grave. Mr. Fox died September 15, 1S06, 
without pain, and almost without a struggle, in the fiftY-eiehth year of his a«e. 



40 



ALPHABETICAL CHRONOLOGY. 



(''HANKING of letters first claimed, 1660; com- 
menced, 1731. Before the year 1764, when the act 
fwssed to alter the mode of franking, the franked 
etters amounted annually to £170,700. The privi- 
lege abridged, 1784.- 



FRANKS (The), arose from a confederacy ot the 
inhabitants of the lower Rhine and Weser, about 
240 ; settled in Gaul, 277. 

* FRANKLIN (Benjamin), born 1706; died 17th 
April, 1790. 



* Benjamin Franklin, an American philosopher and statesman of great celebrity, was born at Boston in 
New England, in 1706. His family was originally from Ecton, in Northamptonshire, where his ancestors 
had for several years possessed a small freehold. His father removed to New England to avoid the per- 
secution against non-conformists under Charles II., and followed the occupation of soap-boiler and tallow- 
chandler at Boston. The mother of Benjamin, a second wife, was a descendant of one of the first colonists 
of the province. The early indications which he gave of a love of literature and reading, induced his 
father, in the first instance, to destine him for the church; but rendered unable, by the burden of a large 
family, to supply sufficient funds, he was early taken from school and employed in the servile offices o.f 
the family trade. By this change he was severely mortified, and wished to go to sea, which his father 
opposed. Although in humble life, the latter possessed considerable information, with great solidity of 
understanding; and took great pains to form the minds of his children on the principles of good sense and 
moral rectitude. He also possessed books, although his library was scanty ; and Franklin read man}' 
accounts of voyages and travels, and early went through a course of polemical divinity, which seems t*> 
have done any thing but settle his faith. He attributes, however, to a careful perusal of Defoe's Essay 
upon Projects, the bias which influenced the complexion of his future career. While thus unconsciously 
forming the outline of future character, an elder brother having set up a printing-office at Boston, he was 
articled to him as an apprentice ; and he could not have been placed to a business better suited to his 
aptitude and disposition. He quickly rendered himself a proficient in the mechanical part of the pro- 
fession, and eagerly seizing every opportunity to get at new books, was soon inspired with the ambition of 
authorship. He began by writing ballads and printing them ; but a little wholesome ridicule on the part 
of his father, soon convinced him that his talent was not poetry. With characteristic assidiity he then 
studied the composition of prose, and to the success of his efforts in this direction he attributes much 
of his subsequent elevation to stations of importance. In the mean time he became a very dogmatical 
polemic, from which, by the perusal of a translation of Xenophon's M«*»orabilia, he was softened into a 
Socratic ; and finally he argued himself into the scepticism which he seems to have retained, more or less, 
all the rest of his life. He, however, early obtained that dominion over his appetites which is so impor- 
tant a step in moral discipline, and to this power of self-denial much of his future prosperity may be 
attributed. His brother at length set up a newspaper, to which he ventured to send some pieces anony- 
mously for insertion, which being, accepted and much admired, he began to feel his abilities, and to be- 
come impatient under treatment which exhibited more of the master than relation. The result of these 
disagreements was a determination to clandestinely quit Boston, and seek his fortune in New York or 
Philadelphia. This event accordingly took place in his seventeenth year, and arriving in the latter place 
with scarcely a shilling in his pocket, and a penny roll in his hand, he obtained employment from a 
printer named Keimer, whose deranged affairs he soon put into better order. In Philadelphia he obtained 
the notice of Sir William Keith, the governor of the province, who urged him to set up for himself, and 
after an ineffectual application to his parents to assist him, the governor himself offered to supply the 
means, and proposed to him to make a voyage to England to acquire proper materials. Franklin gladly 
embraced this proposal, and arrived in England with his intimate friend, Ralph, subsequently a political 
writer of some eminence. Upon his reaching London he found himself entirely deceived in his promised 
letters of credit and recommendation from Governor Keith, and was therefore obliged to engage himself at 
a printing-house of eminence in Bartholomew Close. The conduct of Franklin in England seems to have 
been marked with his usual prudent economy ; but both he and Ralph appear to have acted with some 
licence in other respects, the one forgetting a wife and child whom he had left in America, and the other 
his engagement to a Miss Read, whom he was to many on his return. Franklin remained in England 
eighteen months, during which time he wrote a " Dissertation on Liberty and Necessity, Pleasure and 
Pain," in answer to Wollaston's Religion of Nature. This work attracted some notice, and introduced 
him to Dr. Mandeville, author of the celebrated fable of the Bees. In 1726, he returned to Philadelphia 
in the capacity of clerk to Mr. Denham, a liberal-minded merchant, by whose death the connexion was 
dissolved in less than a year, and he became superintendent in the printing-office of his old employer, 
Keimer. In this situation he acquired general esteem, and was enabled to set up for himself, in partner- 
ship with one Meredith, a young man whose friends could advance a little money. Their success was 
immediate, although gradual, and was much ensured by a new paper, which the talents of Franklin, both 
as writer and printer, rendered immediately successful. In process of time Meredith, who disliked 
business, voluntarily withdrew, and Franklin was enabled by his friends to go on by himself, and unite the 
trade of a stationer. The remainder of his career as a tradesman was thriving and prosperous in a high 
degree ; and in 1730, he ventured to marry Miss Read, then however a widow, or rather the nominal wife 
of a man from whom she had separated on discovering that he was previously the husband of another living 
wife. The subsequent history of Franklin relates no longer to the humble tradesman, but to the influential 



ALPHABETICAL CHRONOLOGY. 41 



FRANKFORT (Riot at), on the 3d April, 1833. 
It was headed by the students, in the course of 
which, the guard-house was taken, and several 

fersons, confined for political offences, liberated, 
n the conflict which took place between the 
military and the people, much blood was shed, and 
several lives lost ; five soldiers were killed and 
twenty wounded; the loss of the students was 
greater, but not exactly ascertained. 



FREEHOLDERS UDder the feudal policy, were 
obliged to serve the state, and this duty was con- 
sidered bo sacred, that they could not take holy 
orders, without leave of the sovereign. 

FREEMASONS (society of), took its rise from a 
set of foreigners, who called themselves Free- 
masons, from none being acquainted with the se- 
crets of their order, but such as they admitted free 
among them. Their principal secret wasconstruct- 



politician and natural philosopher. Becoming in point of circumstances one of the leading persons in 
Philadelphia, the vigour of his capacity soon displayed itself in schemes for the advancement of the com- 
munity of which he formed a part. The establishment of a public library was one of these useful projects ; 
and in 1732 he published his " Poor Richard's Almanack," which became remarkable for a number of con- 
cise, pointed, prudential maxims, that were admirably calculated for the meridian in which it circulated. 
His political career commenced in 1736, when he was appointed clerk to the General Assembly of Pennsyl- 
vania; and the next year he obtained the valuable office of postmaster-general of Philadelphia. In the 
French war in 1744, when it became necessary to secure the province against the enemy, Franklin pro- 
posed a plan of volunteer association, which was immediately signed by 1200 persons, and being circu- 
lated through the provinces, obtained 10,000 subscriptions, a circumstance meriting notice, as it first 
served to unfold to America the secret of her own strength. It was also about this time that he com- 
menced those electrical experiments which have rendered his name so celebrated. His discoveries were 
communicated in three publications, entitled " New Experiments and Observations in Electricity, made 
at Philadelphia in America." They are conveyed in the form of letters to Mr. Collinson, the dates of 
which are from 1747 to 1757. A full account of his discoveries in reference to negative and positive 
electricity ; his manner of charging the Leyden phial ; and, above all, his brilliant demonstration of the 
identity of electric fire with that of lightning, will be found detailed at length in the " History of 
Electricity," by Dr. Priestley. As practical utility was, in the mind of Franklin, the ultimate object of 
all philosophical investigation, he immediately applied his discovery, by the invention of iron conductors, 
to the protection of buildings from lightning; and such was the reliance on his sagacity, they were im- 
mediately adopted by his countrymen generally. In 1747, he was elected representative for Philadelphia, 
to the general assembly of the province, and distinguished himself on the popular side, against the claims 
of the proprietary to an exemption from taxation. In 1750, his plan of an academy in Philadelphia was 
adopted, and he was also greatly instrumental in the formation of an hospital. In 1753, he was appointed 
to the important office of deputy postmaster-general of the British colonies ; and in 1757, he sailed for 
London as agent for Pennsylvania, the assembly of which was engaged in warm disputes with the pro- 
prietary. Having carried his point against the latter, his success and reputation produced him similar 
appointments from other American provinces, and a forcible pamphlet written by him is thought to have 
led to the determination of acquiring Canada. In 1762 he returned to America, and received the thanks of 
the assembly of Pennsylvania for his services, and a handsome pecuniary recompense. In 1764, being 
defeated in his re-election by the influence of the proprietary, he again visited England as agent for 
Pennsylvania; and this being the period when the stamp-act produced so much commotion in America, 
he was heard at the bar of the House of Commons in respect to the disposition of his countrymen in regard 
to it. In 1766 and 1767 he visited Holland, Germany, and France, and met with a distinguished recep- 
tion. The interception by Dr. Franklin of some letters from the governor and others of Massachusets bay, 
to the British ministers, containing most unfavourable accounts of the conduct and intentions of the 
colonists, and recommending coercion, being published by the legislature of that state, produced a great 
sensation. On his attending the privy-council to present a petition for a change of governors, he was 
treated with so much virulence in relation to these letters by the then solicitor-general, Wedderburne, 
since chancellor and Earl of Rosslyn, that he appears never to have forgotten it ; nor was the loss of his 
place of deputy postmaster-general of a nature to allay his resentment. Soon after the commencement of 
hostilities, in 1775, he returned to America, and when the question of a declaration of independence was 
started, was decidedly in its favour. He afterwards sat as president of the convention for settling a new 
government for Pennsylvania ; and was soon after deputed to the court of France, where he brought about 
the treaty of alliance defensive and offensive in 1778, which produced an immediate war between France 
and England. He was also one of the commissioners who, on the part of the United States, signed the 
provisional treaty of peace in 1782, and the definitive treat} in 1783. In 1785, he was re-called from the 
high station which he had so well filled, and was chosen president of the supreme executive council. 
The high regard in which he was held by his fellow-citizens appeared in his being from time to time chosen 
president of various philanthropic societies ; among which, one for the abolition of slavery, and another for 
the improvement of prisons, claimed much of his attention. In 1788 his increasing infirmities induced him 
to withdraw from public business altogether ; and on the 17th of April, 1790, he closed his eventful life in 
i he eighty-fifth year of his age. u 



42 



ALPHABETICAL CHRONOLOGY. 



mg of roofs like that of King's College chapel, 
Cambridge) which they built. They are said to 
have introduced the art of building with stone in 
England, about 670 ; others say the institution is as 
early as the building of Solomon's Temple; excom- 
municated by the pope, September 23, 1738 ; their 
hall in London built, 1775. 

KRESCO-PAINTING was known in China long 
before the Christian sera. 

FRIENDLY ISLES discovered by Tasman, 1643 ; 
visited by Captain Cook, 1773. 

KRITHESTOKE PRIORY. Devon, built 1222. 

FROST, so great, that the Danube was quite frozen 
over, 558; Mediterranean so frozen, that carriages 
were used on the Adriatic sea, 859 ; again, 1234 ; 
one of 15 weeks, 1407 ; the Baltic was frozen over, 
1426; again 1459, so that people travelled on the 
ice from Denmark to Lubec, Wismar, Rostock, and 
Stralsund ; great one in England, from November 
24th, to February 10th, 1434 ; one at Christmas, 
1683; again, 1709"; again, 1 739 for nine weeks. 

FRYTH (John Rev.) burnt for heresy in Smithfield, 
July 4th, 1533. 

FULHAM BRIDGE built, 1727. 

FULLING (The art of), invented by Nicias, a go- 
vernor in Greece, in the time of the Romans. 

FUNDS, a Florentine institution, 1344; first settled 
and adopted at the Revolution, 1689. 

FUNERAL orations or sermons were customary 
among the Romans, and in use among the Greeks. 
Solon is supposed to be the first author of one. The 
custom of a led horse at state funerals took place, 
1268 ; tax laid on funerals, 1783. 

FURNESS ABBEY, Lancashire, founded, 1127. 

FURNITURE was very heavy, and could not be 
readily moved, 1216. 

FUSELI (Henry), R. A., a painter of the first emi- 
nence in his profession, and keeper of the Ro3'al 
Academy, died on the 16th April, 1825, in the 86th 
year of his age. 

GAGE (Barony of), created 1790. 

GAIANITES, a sect that sprung from the Euty- 
chians, took their name from Gaian, a bishop of 
Alexandria, in the 6th century, though they were 
of older standing. They denied that Christ after the 
hypostatic union was subject to human infirmities. 



GAINSBOROUGH (Earldom of), created 1652. 

GALLIES first used with three rowers to each car, 
786 before Christ. They came from Corinth* 

GALLILEO the astronomer died, January 1642. 

GALL1PAGO ISLES discovered by Capt. Cowley, 
1684. 

GALLOWAY (Scots Earldom of), created 1623. 

GALWAY COLLEGE, Ireland, founded by Edward 
VI. 1551. 

GALWAY (Title of), Irish Viscount, created in the 
year 1727. 

GAMBIER (Admiral Lord), died on the 19th April, 
1834. 

GAME, first act for preserving it passed, 1496; pre- 
sent one, 1753. The game laws are peculiar to the 
northern part of Europe; they were never thought 
of by the Greeks or Romans. The}' were first occa- 
sioned by falconry, and therefore the heron is deemed 
game, it being the noblest bird the falcon could fiy 
at ; our present game law is a bastard slip from the 
forest laws. In the time of Charles I., no person shot 
flying ; it was reckoned unfair : what is now called 
poaching was the gentleman's recreation. Licences 
for shooting established, 1784. 

GAMING (Excessive), introduced into England by 
the Saxons; the loser was often a slave to the 
winner, and sold like other merchandize. The 
Turks never play for money. 

GAMUT invented by Gui L'Aretin, 1025, and the six 
notes, ut, r°, &c. fixed by one Meurs, of Paris, from 
the first syllables of the several lines of a Latin hymn 
to St. John, 1133. Ut rrfevet m'serum /utum, so 
itosque /abores. The Germans have drank to the 
six notes of music, since their establishment, foi 
the reason assigned in the above-mentioned Latii 
line. 

GARDENING (The sera of;, in Queen Elizabeth': 
time; of modern English gardening, about 1700. 

* GARDNER (Alan, Lord), born 1742, died 1810. 

t GARNERIN. the French aeronaut, died, Augus 
1823. 

GARNET (Thomas), a Jesuit, hanged at Tyburn ft. 
refusing to take the oath of allegiance, June 25tl 
1608. 

J GARRICK (David), an eminent actor, born 170t 
died 20th January, 1779. 



* Alan, Lord Gardner, a naval officer, was born at Uttoxeter in Staffordshire, April 12th, 1742, and at 
the age of thirteen became a midshipman. After passing through various promotions, in 1766 he was made 
( > >st-captain in the Preston, of fifty guns, which he commanded on the Jamaica station In 1782 he had the 
Duke, of ninety-eight guns, in which ship he first broke the French line on the 12th of April. In 1793 he 
was ».iade rear-admiral, and appointed commander-in-chief on the Leeward Island station. After making 
an ineffectual attempt on Martinico, he returned home, and was then employed as rear-admiral of the white 
with Lord Howe, and so distinguished himself upon the 1st of June, that he was made a baronet and major- 
general of the marines. A dangerous mutiny breaking out in the fleet at Portsmouth, Admiral Gardner 
attempted to quell it, but using harsh means, the crew became so enraged against him, that it was with 
difficulty he escaped with life. In 1800 he was created an Irish peer, and in 1807 succeeded Earl St. 
Vincent in the command of the channel fleet, whi. h his health obliged him soon to relinquish. He sat in 
three successive parliaments, and was finally mde a British peer with the title of Baron Gardner of 
Uttoxeter. He died at Bath in 1809. — Naval Chronicle. 

t Garnerin ( ) a celebrated aeronaut, who, if not the most scientific, was at least one of the most 

daring and adventurous of the profession. He was the first man who made the experiment of descending in a 
parachute ; a feat which he accomplished on the 21st of September, 1802, ascending from an inclosure in 
North Audley-street, Grosvenor-square. At the computedheight of 4154 French feet, this intrepid " voyager 
through the fields of air," cut the rope which attached the car to the balloon, and descended safely in the 
fields near Kentish Town, the balloon falling next day near Farnham in Surry. M. Garnerin's death was 
occasioned by apoplexy in the Theatre du Jardin Beaujolin at Paris, August, 1823. Having the rope 
which sustained the curtain in his hand, by a sudden relaxation of his grasp, he allowed it to fall, when 
one of the weights struck him on the head, and he never recovered from the effects of the blow.— Ann. 
Liiog. 

I David Garrick, the most eminent actor ever produced by the English stage, was born at Hereford in 
170'!. His grandfather was a French refugee on account of the e ictof Nantz ; and his father, a captain in 
I he army on half-pay, usually resided at Litchfield, where he married the daughter'of one of the vicars of 



ALPHABETICAL CHRONOLOGY. 43 



GARTER (Order of), instituted April 23 1310; GATESHEAD Monastery, Durham, founded be- 
altered 1502. Some sav it owes its origin to Ri- fore 653. 

chard I.; its splendour to Edward III. The Duke GAUGING contrived, 1570; Anderson says about 
of Richmond was the first knight that wore the 1350. 

riband over his shoulder, the Dutchess of Ports- GAUL (Ancient), comprehended all modern 

France, Alsace, and Lorraine, Savoy, Switzerland, 



mouth, his mother, having thus put it on, and in 
traduced him to his father, Charles II., who was 
so pleased with the conceit, that he commanded 
the knights to wear it so in future, April, 1G81 ; 
before was worn round the neck, as old pictures 
shew. The number of knights increased, 1786. 

GARTER King at Arms, create 1 by Henry V. 

GARTH (Sir Samuel), physician and poet, died 
June, 1718. 

GASCONS established themselves in Gascony, about 
593. 

GAS-LIGHTS first introduced in Golden-lane, 14th 
August, 1807. The use of gas in streets and 
houses was brought into general practice in Pall 
Mall, London, in 1809. St James's Park first 



the four Electorates of the Rhine, Liege, Luxem- 
burgh, Hainault, Flanders, and Brabant ; suc- 
cessfully invaded by the Barbarians, 407. 

GAUNT (John of), Duke of Lancaster, third son 
of Edward III., married the daughter of Peter the 
Cruel, King of Castile, and after his death took 
the title of king, 1371. His children by his third 
wife Catherine Swineford, before marriage, were 
made legitimate by act of parliament. From him 
by this last wife descended King Henry VII. of 
England. 

GAUNTLETS were not introduced until about the 
13th century. 

GAUZE, a manufacture known to, and of great 



lighted with gas, Feb. 23, 1821. I value among the Romans, 14, 



the cathedral. He was educated at the grammar-school of Litchfield, but was more distinguished for his 
sprightliness than attachment to literature ; and he gave an early proof of his dramatic tendency by inducing 
his school-fellows to act the Recruiting Officer, in which he himself took the part of Serjeant Kite, being 
then only twelve years of age. As the circumstances of his father were narrow, he was sent to Lisbon 
upon the invitation of his uncle, a considerable' wine-merchant in that capital. His stay at Lisbon was 
very short, and returning to Litchfield, he was placed under the celebrated Samuel Johnson, who had then 
undertaken to instruct a few youths in the belles-lettres. A love for the stage had however become firmly 
rooted in the mind of Garrick, and singular to say, his grave tutor was induced to accompany him in a spe- 
culative journey to the metropolis. This remarkable event took place in the years 1736-7, and at the 
recommendation of Mr. Gilbert Walmsley, Garrick was placed under the care of an eminent mathematician 
at Rochester, with a view of cultivating his general powers previously to his admission at the Temple. 
The death of his father however disturbed this arrangement, and having been left a legacy of £1000 by his 
uncle, he joined his brother, Peter Garrick, in the wine trade. This connexion was however soon dissolved, 
and in the summer of 1741 he gave entire sway to his long-repressed inclination, by joining GifTard's com- 
pany at Ipswich, where, under the assumed name of Lyddal, he played a great variety of parts with uni- 
form success. At this time the stages of the metropolis were but indifferently supplied with leading per- 
formers, so that when Giffard, who was manager of a theatre in Goodman's-fields, introduced his accom- 
plished recruit there on the 19th of October, 1741, the effect was immediate and decisive. He judiciously 
chose the part of Richard III., which required not that dignity of person which he did not possess, while 
it gave him a scope for all the strong marking of character and changes of passion, in which his principal 
excellence consisted. He at the same time adopted a natural mode of recitation, which was a daring 
innovation on the part of a new performer, before audiences accustomed to the artificial declamation of the 
school which preceded him ; but so favourably did this return to nature aid his facility of expression, that 
the effect was irresistible. The part of Richard was repeated for many successive nights, and the estab- 
lished theatres were deserted, and strings of carriages from the west end of the town thronged the streets 
of the city. The proprietors of the old theatres, alarmed at his success, threatened Giffard with a prose- 
cution, as an infringer upon their patents, and Fleetwood drew Garrick over to Drury-lane. After finishing 
the winter season of 1742 at this theatre, he visited Dublin, where his reception was equally flattering. 
On his return he varied his characters by parts in genteel corned}', and even descended to the representation 
of almost absolute stupidity in that of Abel Drugger. Stage quarrels and a second visit to Dublin engrossed 
the interval until he became a manager in his own right ; an event which took place in the spring of 1747. 
By acting at Covent-garden, he had reduced Drury-lane to such a state of inferiority that Lacy, the patentee, 
was glad to admit him a partner upon equal terms, Lacy assuming the care of the property and general 
economy, and Garrick the management of the stage. Under these auspices Drur}'-lane opened in 1747 ; on 
which occasion his old and constant friend Samuel Johnson, furnished the new manager with a celebrated 
prologue, one of the few which merit lasting preservation. This period formed an sera in the English stage, 
from which may be dated a comparative revival of Shakspeare, and a reform both in the conduct and licence 
of the drama, which is very honourable to the genius of the actor who effected it. In 1749, Garrick married 
Mademoiselle Violette, and the remainder of his theatrical career was a long and uninterrupted series of 
success and prosperity until its close. Although parsimonious, and occasionally too hasty in his intercourse 
with authors, he managed to keep on terms with the majority of the most respectable, and received from 
many of them an excess of incense which was but too acceptable. In 1763 he visited the continent, and on 
his return, alter an absence of a year and a half, was received with excessive applause. He had written 
while an actor, his farces of " The Lying Valet," •« Lethe," and " Miss in her Teens," and in 1766, he com- 
i posed, jointly with Colman, the excellent comedy of " The Clandestine Marriage." The year 17~9 was 



44 



ALPHABETICAL CHRONOLOGY. 



GAY (John),* an tmment poet, died December, 

1732, a#sd 43. 
GAVKSTON, the favourite of Edward II., put to 

deathb\ the barons, July 1, 1312. 
GAZETTES, so called from a small Italian piece of 

money, Gazcttu, given to read them ; introduced 



in Venice, 1600; in France, 1631; in Leipaic, 
1715; in Amsterdam, 1732; at the Hague, 1735; 
at Cologne, 1756; Courier of the Lower Rhine, 
1764 ; the English Gazette first published at Ox- 
ford, Nov. 7, 1665. 



signalized by the famous Stratford Jubilee, a striking proof of his enthusiasm for Shakspeare. It occupied 
three days at Stratford, and its representation at the theatre lasted for ninety-two nights. After the death 
of Lacy in 1773 the sole management of the theatre devolved upon Garrick, who continued to fulfil the 
duties of that office until 1776, when he determined upon his final retreat, and sold his moiety of the theatre 
for £37,000. The last part which he performed was Don Felix in " The Wonder," for the benefit of the 
theatrical fund, an institution for the relief of decayed actors, the plan of which he perfected. At the 
conclusion of the play he addressed a brief farewell to the audience. The general feeling with which this 
was delivered and received, rendered it truly impressive, and few persons ever quitted the stage with 
plaudits so loud and unanimous. He did not long enjoy his opulent and well-earned repose, dying under a ■ 
suppression of urine, the effects of which produced a stupor, on the 20th January, 1779. His remains were ; 
interred with great pomp in Westminster Abbey, his funeral being attended by a numerous assemblage ol \ 
rank and talent. His large fortune, after an ample provision for his widow, leaving no children, was divided j 
among l »is relations. As an actor David Garrick seems never to have been surpassed for truth, nature, and 
variety and facility of expression, for which his countenance appears to have been admirably adapted. 
Expression, indeed, and the language of passion, formed his great strength, being equalled by many of his 
contemporaries in the enunciation of calm, sentimental, and poetical declamation. As a man his predomi- 
nant fault was vanity, and a spirit of economy bordering on parsimony, a censure which Dr. Johnson would 
however occasionally dispute. His excessive love of praise necessarily made him unwilling to share it, and 
he is charged with endeavouring to keep down rising talents on this account. In his commerce with the 
j great he was exceedingly happy, preserving sufficient freedom to make him a pleasing companion, without 
! encroachment on either side ; and his attention to decorum secured him the society of the most grave and 
j dignified characters. His literary talents were respectable, but not superior : besides the pieces already 
j mentioned, he is the author of some smart epigrams and jeux d'esprit ; a great number of pleasant prologues 
i and epilogues ; a few dramatic interludes; and many judicious alterations of old plays. — Davies's Life of 
Garrick. Ann. Reg. 

* John Gay, an eminent English poet, was born at or near Barnstaple, in 1688. He was descended from 
an ancient but reduc d family, who after an education at the free-school at Barnstaple, apprenticed him to 
a silk-mercer in London. He showed, however, such a dislike to trade, that after a few years of negligent 
attendance, his indentures were cancelled by agreement, and he devoted himself henceforward to litera- 
ture. In 1711, he published his " Rural Sports," which he dedicated to Pope, then a young poet like 
himself; which compliment introduced them to each other, and proved the foundation of a friendship 
which lasted for life. In 1712, the easy, improvident disposition of Gay being unfavourable to his pe- 
cuniary circumstances, he accepted the office of secretary to Anne, Dutchess of Monmouth, which pro- 
bably being little more than nominal as to employment, left him at leisure to pay his court to the muses ; 
and his pleasant mock-heroic poem, entitled "Trivia, or the Art of Walking the Streets of London," 
was published in the same year. He also soon after engaged in dramatic writing. " The Mohocks," a 
tFagi-comical farce, being attributed to his pen ; which piece was followed by an unsuccessful comedy, 
entitled, " The Wife of Bath." In 1714, his able caricature of Ambrose Philips's sj'stem of pastoral was 
published, under the title of " The Shepherd's Week." This performance, which attracted considerable 
attention, was dedicated to Lord Bolingbroke, who, with the Tory party then in power, much be- 
friended the poet. By their interest he was at length appointed secretary to the Earl of Clarendon, in his 
j embassy to the Court of Hanover ; but the death of the queen once more threw a cloud upon his rising 
prospects. In 1715 appeared his burlesque drama of " What d'ye Call it 1" which was followed by a farce, 
in conjunction with Pope and Arbuthnot, called " Three Weeks after Marriage," which altogether failed. 
! In 1720 he was encouraged by the countenance of the numerous friends whom his kind and amiable dis- 
I position had ensured (many of them possessing rank and fortune), to publish his poems by subscription ; 
, by which expedient he secured a thousand pounds, and a present of South-sea stock from secretary Craggs, 
and might have made hrs fortune, had he sold in time. This he could not be persuaded to do, and 
j his consequent disappointment seriously affected his health. In 1723 he produced his tragedy of " The 
Captives;" and some instances of court favour encouraged him to employ himself in his well-known 
" Fables," written professedly for the instruction of the Duke of Cumberland, and published with a de- 
dication to that prince in 1726. For this performance, which, while it falls short of La Fontaine, exhibits 
great ease in the mode of narration, and much lively and natural painting, he naturally expected a hand- 
1 some reward, but was offered nothing better than the office of gentleman usher to the young Princess 
j Louisa, which he declined as an indignity; and all the subsequent solicitations in his behalf were un- 
attended to. Under this sense of disappointment, he composed his famous " Beggar s Opera," the notion 
[ which seems to have been afforded by Swift. It was first acted in 1727, at Lincoln's Inn Fields, h2\ mg ' 



ALPHABETICAL CHRONOLOGY. 



45 



(iEE (Mr.) An extraordinary conspiracy to con- 
line thia gentleman having been entered into, John 
Heath, alias William Heath, alias Thomas Ed- 
wards, Peter Laccassiene, and Jeremiah Weedon 
were examined on the 20th May, 1834, and com- 
mitted to Newgate to take their trial, for having 
by menaces and by force demanded from Mr. Gee 
the sum of £1,100, or £1,200 with intent to steal 
the same. The parties were accused of confining 
Mr. Gee in a house at which Edwards had request- 
ed him to call, where Mr. Gee was tied to prevent 
his escape, the place being so constructed as to 
prevent him from being heard if he called out for 
assistance; but from which, notwithstanding, he 
did effect his escape, and had the parties taken 
into custody. On the 7th July, the above persons 
were tried on two indictments for their conduct, 
and were acquitted at the Old Bailey, as the in- 
dictments could not be sustained; but they were 
held to bail for the assault ; and on the 1st of 
August following, John Edwards and Jeremiah 
Weedon were found guilty at the Middlesex ses- 
sions of a conspiracy to imprison Mr. Gee, a soli- 
citor ; and Peter Laccassiene for an assault upon 
the same gentleman. Edwards was sentenced to 
two years' imprisonment in Newgate; and Weedon 
to one j'ear's imprisonment in the house of correc- 
tion. Maria Canning, who had also taken some 
part in their proceedings, was acquitted. 

GELDING Cattle not used in Scotland, till after 
1378. 

GENERALISSIMO, a word invented in favour of 
John of Austria, brother and chief general to Philip 
II. of Spain, 1571. 

GENESIS (The book of), contains a period of 2369 
years, ending with the death of Joseph. 

GENEVA, its republic founded, 1535 ; taken pos- 
session of by France and Sardinia, June 29th,1782. 

GENEVIEVE (Congregation of), commenced, 1618. 

GENOA, formerly inhabited by the Ligurians ; its 
republic founded, about 63 years before Christ ; 
the present one 950 ; the first duke of, chosen 1337 ; 
republic restored to its liberties by Doria, Septem- 
ber 12th, 1528 ; an attempt to seize it by conspiracy 
under Fiesco, which would have succeeded, had 



not Fiesco been accidentally killed, 1547 ; bantt 
failed, 1750. 

GEOFKEY, Bishop of Norwich, put to death, 1210. 

GEOGRAPHY, the Chaldeans and Egyptians, 
were the first persons who paid an} particular at- 
tention to it, 1510 before Christ ; brought into 
Europe bY the Moors, about 1220. 

GEOMETRY invented by the Egyptians ; Josephus 
attributes it to the Hebrews, and others to Mercurj 

GEORGE I. sirnamed Guelph, serond cousin of 
Queen Anne. Thr* succession settled on hi« mo- 
ther, 1700; created Duke of Cambridge, &c /Oc- 
tober 5th, 1706; ascended the throne, August 1st, 
1714 ; landed at Greenwich, September 18th, fol- 
lowing ; quarrelled with the Prince of Wales fur 
his resenting the king's nomination of the Duke of 
Newcastle's standing sponsor for the prince's son, 
November, 1718 ; reconciled to the prince, June, 
1720 ; buried his queen, November, 1726 ; died at 
Osnaburg, Sunday, June 11th, 1727, of a paralytic 
disorder, aged 67 ; and was succeeded by his son, 
George II. 

GEORGE II. son of George I. by Sophia, daughter 
of the Duke of Zell, succeeded to the crown, June 
15th, 1727 ; married his daughter Anne to the 
Prince of Orange, March 14th, 1734; quarrelled 
with the Prince of Wales for concealing the 
princess's pregnancy from him, 1737 ; reconciled 
to him, 1742 ; gave his daughter Louisa in marriage 
to Fred. V. K. of Denmark, 1743; died suddenly, 
October 25th, 1760, at Kensington, aged 77 ; buried, 
November 11th, at Westminster, and was suc- 
ceeded by his grandson George III. 

GEORGE III. son of Frederick, Prince of Wales, 
born June 4th, 1738; succeeded his grandfather, 
George II. October 26th, 1760 ; made the judges 
independent, March, 1761 ; married Charlotte, 
daughter of the Duke of Mecklen burgh, September 
8th, 1761 ; crowned September 22d following. 
His life attempted by Marg. Nicholson, a mad wo- 
man, 1785 ; afflicted with insanity, October 25th, 
1788 ; Prince of Wales appointed regent, February, 
1789; went to St. Paul's cathedral, April 23d, 
1789. The present family being descended from 
James Ist's daughter, who was married to the King 



been previously refused at Drury-lane. Its chief purpose was to ridicule the Italian opera, but the tact and 
spirit of the poet rendered it an unique performance ; nor is it easy to define the mixture of nature, pathos, 
burlesque, and satire, which in the first instance formed its originality and attraction. Its moral tendency 
has been much impugned, both when it appeared and ever since ; but it was obviously never Gay's inten- 
tion to encourage the vices of one rank, because they took their rise in sources similar to those which pro- 
duced the vices of another. His object was evidently rather to strip off the gilding by which selfishness 
and depravity in the higher grades are concealed from the view, not only of the world at large, but of the 
offending parties themselves. Be this as it may, the " Beggar's Opera," which ran for sixty-three successive 
nights, and transformed the actress who represented the heroine into a duchess, so offended the persons then 
in power, that the Lord Chamberlain refused to licence for performance a second part of it, entitled " Polly." 
This resentment however rather served the author than otherwise, as it induced his friends and the party 
in opposition, to come forward on its publication with so handsome a subscription, that his profits amounted 
to £1200, whereas the " Beggar's Opera" had gained him only £400. A farther benefit accrued in the pa- 
tronage of the Duke and Duchess of Queensbury, who took him into their house, and condescended to 
manage his pecuniary concerns. He was soon after seized with dejection of spirits, attributed to disap- 
pointment, but which possibly originated in habitual indolence, and a constitutional tendency to cholic. 
He enjoyed however intervals of ease, sufficient to enable him to compose his sonata of " Acis and 
Galatea," and the opera of " Achilles ;" but being seized with an inflammation of the bowels, he died in De- 
cember, 1732, at the age of forty-five. No man was more sincerely lamented by all who knew him ; and his 
memory was honoured by interment in Westminster abbey, where his monument exhibits an epitaph by 
Pope, which evinces considerable affection and feeling. Swift and Arbuthnot also manifested great regard 
for him. As a man, Gay possessed too little energy of mind to support the independence which he affected, 
but he was eminently gifted with the gentle virtues which beget affection. As a poet he cannot be ranked 
in the first class, but he seldom fails tc give pleasure ; and among his smaller pieces his two ballads o 
" All in the Downs," and " 'Twas when theSeas were roaring," will ever be felt and admired. " The Beg- 
gar's Opera" may be deemed the finest of the ballad or modern comic operas, a species of praise that v. ,;; 
be estimated according to the very different opinions formed of the merit of that species of entertainm'rtrts 
Gay's works are to be found in all collections. - Biog. lirrt. Johnson's Poets. Spence's Anecdotes. 



46 



ALPHABETICAL CHRONOLOGY. 



nf Bohemia, and James I. being the direct lineal | 
descendant of Malcolm III. King of Scots, by Mar- 
garet, the sister of Edgar Atheling, and Edgar 
\theling being lineally descended from the imme- 
liate heir of Egbert," King of the West Saxons, 
though excluded from the throne by the usurper 
Harold II. it follows, that George III. is truly de- 
scended from the ancient Saxon kings. He died 
January 29th, 1820; and on the 17th February his 
remains were interred with great funeral pomp in 
St. George's Chapel, Windsor. He had reigned 
59% years, the longest and most interesting in the 
English annals. 

GEORGE IV. The eldest son of George III., was 
born August 12th, 1762, and succeeded to the 
throne of his father on Sunday the 30th January, 
1825 ; proclaimed in London on the following day. 
This prince married April 8th, 1795, his cousin 
Caroline Amelia Elizabeth, second daughter of the 
Duke of Brunswick, by whom he had one daughter, 
Charlotte Caroline Augusta. In this amiable, in- 
teresting, and inestimable princess, the hopes of 
the British nation were mournfully disappointed by 
her unexpected demise on the 6th November, 1817, 
in the 22d year of her age. She was born on the 
27th January, 1796, and married on the 2d May, 

v 1816, to his Serene Highness Prince Leopold of Saxe 
Coburg. Owing to the illness of George III., the 
Prince of Wales was appointed Regent on the 6th 
February, 1811. George IV. died June 26th, 1830. 

GEORGIA (Colony of) established by charter, 
1732; settled, 1733; expedition against St. Au- 
gustine, 1740. 

GERMANY, from Germann, or warlike man, be- 
ing anciently divided into several independent 
states, made no figure in history till 25 years before 
Christ, when the people withstood the power of 
the Romans, and expelled them in 290. The 
greatest part conquered by the Huns from China, 
432, but not totally subdued till Charlemagne be- 
came master of the whole, 802 : he was the first 
emperor, and added the second head to the eagle 
for his arms, to denote that the empires of Rome 
and Germany were in him united. It was called 
Allemania, from Alleman, i.e. in German, "Every 
Man," denoting that all nations were welcome 
there. Dukes being at this time made governors of 
those provinces they claimed a right to them ; and 
nence came most of the sovereign princes of Ger- 
many. Lewis I., Charlemagne's son, was the first 
king that made this empire independent, 814. It 
continued united to the crown of France, till 841 ; 
Charles III. was the first that added the year of 
>ur Lord to the year of his reign, 879. Conrad I. 
was the first elected emperor, 912. The emperor 
assumed the title of King of the Romans, 1002. To 
bring in their sons successors, the emperors, in 
their life-time, politically got them elected kings 
of the Romans, which was a part of the sovereignty; 
the first emperor so elected, 1054. The elective 
power originated by the emperors getting their last 
will, wherein they nominated their successors, 
confirmed before their deaths, by the princes and 
great men. The Emperor Philip murdered, 1208. 
Nine electors first appointed to choose an emperor, 
1258. Lewis V. made^ the empire independent on 



the Holy See, Aug. 8, 1338. Golden Bull, relating 
to the election of the emperors, established by 
Charles IV. of Germany, 1357 : this reduced the 
number of electors to seven. To get his son elected 
King of the Romans, Charles IV. gave each elector 
100,000 ducats, and was forced to mortgage several 
cities to raise the money, 1376 ; the descendants o( 
the mortgagees continue still in possession of them. 
Charles V., born 1500; visited England, 1522; re- 
signed his crown to his brother, 1556, and turned 
monk, 1558. A reformation took place in the 
empire, and an eighth elector added, 1648. The 
peace of Carlowitz, when the h >unds of the Ger- 
man and Eastern empires were settled, 1698. A 
ninth elector, that of Brunswick, created 1692. 
Emperor Joseph II. died Feb. 1790. Orders of St. 
Anthony, in Hainault, founded, 1382; of St. 
Hubert, in Juliers, 1473; of St. Michael, 1618. 

GERMANS first mentioned in history, 214. 

GERVIS Abbey (Cistercians), Yorkshire, founded, 
1145. 

GHENT founded by Julius Caesar. 

* GIBBS (Sir Vicary), died February, 1820. 

GIBRALTAR first known by the name of Mons 
Calpe, and so called till 713; taken from the 
Infidels, 1310 ; besieged by the King of Grenada, 
1316; again by the Moors, when the Spaniards 
were starved into a surrender, June, 1332; the 
Spaniards besieged it again the same month, but 
without success ; besieged again by the Spaniards 
for nine months, 1349, but without success ; taken 
by the King of Grenada, 1410 ; surrendered to the 
Emperor of Fez, 1411 ; besieged again by the 
Spaniards, 1438; again, and taken, 1462, since 
which the Christians have held it ; taken by the 
English, under Sir George Rooke, July 24, 1704; 
besieged by the Spaniards, Feb. 27, 1727 ; again 
May, 1731 ; again July, 1781 to 1783. 

GIFFORD (John), an historical and political 
writer, was born, 1758 ; died at Bromley, in Kent, 
March 6, 1818. 

GILBERTINES, an order of Canons, instituted by 
St. Gilbert, at Sempringham, Lincolnshire, 1148. 
At the dissolution they had 25 houses. 

GILDING with Leaf Gold (The art of) known to 
the Romans soon after the destruction of Carthage ; 
gilding and silvering of metals were also practised 
by them. 

GILLINGWOOD, Yorkshire, burnt down, Dec. 11, 
1750. 

GIMLET invented by Dedalus. 

GIN Act passed, July 24, 1737 ; 17,000 gin-shops 
suppressed in London, 1750. 

GIPSIES, or Egyptians, called in France Bohemians, 
in Italy Zingani, in Germany, Zigeuner, a peculiar 
race of people ; made their appearance first in 
Germany, about 1517 ; having quitted Egypt when 
conquered by Selim I. ; banished from France, 
1560 ; from Spain, 1591, and all parts of Europe ; 
the first statute that passed against them here, was 
in 1530. 

GLADIATORS (The Combats of) were first used at 
Rome at funerals only, 263 before Christ, where 
prisoners were obliged to assume that profession, 
and fight before the tombs of great men, in imi- 
tation of the barbarous custom of the Greeks, of 



* Sir Vicary Gibbs, a clever English lawyer, born in 1752, at Exeter, in which city his father practised 
as a surgeon. He proceeded in due course from Eton to King's College, Cambridge, on the royal founda- , 
tion, and in 1772, obtained a Craven scholarship. Entering himself of Lincoln's Inn, he contracted an 
intimate acquaintance there with Mr. Dunning, afterwards Lord Ashburton, whose countenance and 
support tended mainly to his future advancement in the profession of the law. He succeeded Mr. Burke in 
the recordership of the city of Bristol, and was soon distinguished as an eloquent pleader and an able . 
advocate. His subsequent exertion on the trials of Hardy, Tooke, Thelwall, &c, ranked him still higher , 
in hus profession. He obtained a silk gown, and proceeded rapidly through the different situations of 
Chief Justice of Chester, Solicitor and Attorney- General (on accepting which last office he was knighted), j 
till being raised to the bench as a puisne judge, he was finally elevated to the dignity of Lord Chief Justice 
df the Common Pleas in 1814. Sir Vicary Gibbs filled this important post about four years, when his ; 
advanced age and increasing infirmities induced him to resign. He survived his retirement from public iiie ' 
about two years, and died in the month of February, 1820.— Gent. Maq. 



ALPHABETICAL CHRONOLOGY. 



47 



Kirrificing captives ut the tombs of their heroes. 
(t afterwards became a custom to purchase pri- 
soners and slaves, have them instructed in the 
jse of arms, and exhibit them in particular festi- 
vals. The first of this kind was in 213 before 
Christ , they frequently fought till one died ; the 
custom abolished, 500. 
GLANDORE, Irish Earldom, created 1776. 
GLASGOW Cathedral founded 1136; castle 
(great tower of ), built, 1426; university founded, 
*450; theatre burnt, May 6th, 1780. 
GLASGOW (Scots Earldom of), created 1703. 
GLASS, we hear of as early as Aristophanes ; it was 
first worked at Sidon in Syria ; some panes of a 
glass, it was said, were found in a window at 
Pompeii ; this was buried by an earthquake in 79 ; 
of course window glass was in fashion then. The 
Romans had the art of melting and blowing glass, 
making bottles and drinking glasses. The Chinese 
were acquainted with the art of making glass from 
flints, so early as the beginning of the third century. 
Art of making, brought to England from France, 
1664; cast plate, blown plate (art of), discovered 
by chance, 1174; first made here into bottles, &c. 
1557 ; making of looking-glass plates first set on 
foot in France, 1605; first plate-glass manufactory 
at Lambeth, introduced from Venice, by the Duke 
of Buckingham, 1674 ; casting looking-glass plates, 
the invention ofThevart, a Frenchman, 1688; glass 
made from minium and flint by Zisher, at Wittem- 
burg, 1758; glass tax established 1746 ; additional 
duty laid on, 1777. 

GLASS (Painting on), the first notion of which is 
said to be given by a French painter at Marseilles, 
when Julius II. was pope, 1503 ; but Albert Durer, 
who died 1528, and Lucas of Leyden, who died 
1533, were the first that carried it to any height ; 
however we have a record of glass-painting 
so early as the 20th of Henry III., and some 
assert, that the first glass painted here was in John's 
reign. 

GLASSES (Musical), the art of producing sound from 
them, by rubbing the rims, was long known to the 
Germans, but revived by Dr. Franklin, 1670. 

GLASTONBURY Church, the first Christian church 
in Britain, built, as supposed, by Joseph of Arima- 
thea, about 60 ; abbey (Benedictines) founded 300, 
some say about 597 ; rebuilt, 1120 ; town chartered 
1705. 

GLEASTON CASTLE, Lancashire, built 1340. 

GLENCAIRN (Scots Earldom of), created 1488. 

GLOUCESTER, once a Roman colony, built by Ar- 
viragus, 47 ; abbey founded 700 ; burnt 1102 ; again, 
1122; city incorporated by Henry III.; made a 
bishopric and city, 1541 ; last charter granted, 
1672. 

GLOUCESTER (Duke of), uncle to Richard II. 
smothered at Calais between two feather beds, 
February 28th, 1397. 

GLOUCESTER (Humphrey, Duke of), third son to 
Henry IV., and uncle to Henry VI., imprisoned 
and murdered by the queen's party, February 28th, 
1447. 

GLOUCESTER (Richard Duke of), brother to Ed- 
ward IV. murdered Edward, Prince of Wales, 1471; 
put the Duke of Clarence to death, February 18th, 
1478 ; made protector of England, 1483 ; ordered 
his two nephews, Edward V. and his brother, to be I 
murdered ; and elected king, June 20th following. | 



GLOUCESTER (Duke of), son to Queen Anne, died 
of fever. July 29th, 1700, aged 11. 

GLORIA PATRI added to the Psalms, by Pope Da- 
mascus, about 366. 

GLOVES embroidered and perfumed, introduced 
here by Edward, Earl of Oxford, in Elizabeth's 
reign ; the custom in bargains of giving servants 
money for a pair of gloves, is derived from the an- 
cient practice in eastern nations, of giving the 
stewards gloves as a fee on the transfer of land, or 
giving the purchaser a glove by way of investiture ; 
hence also the ceremony of throwing a glove by way 
of challenge ; a duty laid on them, 1785. 

GNOSTICS, a philosophising sect of Christians, that 
ridiculed the history of Moses, &c, arose in the 2d 
century, flourished in the 3d, and were suppressed 
in the 4th or 5th. The Manichaeans were a branch 
of this sect. 

GOBELIN Manufactory for tapestry, &c. at Paris, 
established by Colbert, 1667, in the house where 
Gobelin the noted dyer resided. 

GODESTOW Nunnery (Benedictines), Oxfordshire, 
first consecrated, 1138. 

GODS (Fabulous) of the ancients, were no other 
than deified heroes. 

GODFATHERS and Godmothers forbidden to marry, 
721. 

GODMANCHESTER, Hants, chartered by James I. 

GODOLPHIN, of Helston (Barony of), created, 
1735. 

GODWIN (Earl), invaded England, 1052, and mur- 
dered Alfred ; choked at table with the king, in 
protesting his innocence, 1053. 

GOLD first coined in England, 1257. 

GOLDEN Age, when all men were upon an equality, 
during the reign of Saturn, who was a king of the 
Aborigines. 

GOLDEN Angel (Order of), founded before 486 ; re- 
stored, 1191. 

GOLD-FISH first brought into England about 1691, 
but not generally known till 1728. 

GOLDSMITH (Dr. Oliver), bor.i 1731, died April, 
1771. His poem " The Deserted Village," his no- 
vel "The Vicar of Wakefield' are universally 
admired, and many other productions of his pen 
deserve approbation. 

GOOD-HOPE (Cape of), discovered by the Portu- 
guese, 1487 ; first doubled, by Vasca-di-Gama, 
1497 : ditto, by the English, 1591 ; taken by the 
Dutch from the Portuguese, and a colony estab- 
lished, 1653. 

GOODIER (Captain), hanged for the murder of his 
brother, Sir Dinely, January, 1741. 

GOODWIN-SANDS, formed by the sea overflowing 
4000 acres of Earl Goodwin's, in Kent, 1100. 

GORDIAN KNOT (The), a knot of the thongs in 
the waggon of Gordius, who was elected King of 
Phrygia, from driving a waggon, and which he af- 
terwards deposited in the temple of Jupiter. Who- 
ever loosed this knot, whose ends were not disco- 
verable, the oracle declared should be emperor of 
Persia. Alexander the Great cut away the knot 
till he found the ends, and thus in a military 
sense, interpreted the oracle, 330 before Christ. 

GORDON (Scots Duke of), created 1684. 

* GORDON (Lord George), died in Newgate, No- 
vember 1st, 1793. 

GOREE Island taken by the English, 1663 ; retaken 
by the Dutch, 1665 ; subdued by the French, 1677 ; 



* Hon. George Gordon, called by courtesy, Lord George Gordon, was the son of Cosmo George, Duke 
of Gordon, in Scotland, and was born in 1750. He entered when young into the navy, but left the service 
during the American war, in consequence of a dispute with Lord Sanwich relative to promotion. He then 
became a member of the House of Commons, where he sat during several sessions for the borough of Lud- 
gershal. His parliamentary conduct was marked by a certain degree of that eccentricity which became 
but too conspicuous in his subsequent behaviour; but he displayed no deficiency of wit or talent, often 
animadverting with great freedom on the proceedings of the ministers and their opponents. At length in 
1780, a bill having been introduced into the house for the relief of Roman Catholics from certain penalties 
and disabilities, he collected a vast mob, consisting of the members of a Protestant association and the rab- 
ble of the metropolis, at the head of whom he marched in procession to the House of Commons, to present a 



48 



ALPHABETICAL CHRONOLOGY. 



taken by the English, 1753 ; restored to the French, 
17(v5 ; taken by the English, but restored to France 
at the peace, 1783. 

GOSFORD, of Market-hill, Irish viscount, created 
1785.^ 

GOSPEL, parsons ordered to stand when read, by 
Pope Anastasius, 599. 

GOTHAM (History of the wise men of) was, in the 
reign of Henry VIII. accounted a book of wit, and 
alluded to certain sports and customs, by whir ,j 
the people of Gotham in Lincolnshire held tb,ir 
lands. The histories of Reynard the Fox. Tom 
Thumb, &c, were then in great estimation. 

GOTHS (The), who inhabited all the count-/ from 
the Baltic to the Euxine seas ; first men-t jned as 
invading the Romans, 250; waged war with them, 
366, from which time may be derived the fall of the 
Roman empire. The whole nation, a million in 
number, through fear of the Huns, removed with 
the leave of the Emperor Valens, to the waste lands 
in Thrace, 376. Rebelled against the Romans, 

377, and were quelled ; being afterwards attacked 
by Valens, the Roman army was cut to pieces, and 
the emperor killed. The Gothic youths massacred, 

378. The Goths capitulated with, and submitted 
to the Romans, October 3d, 382. Goths embraced 
Christianity, 400. Pillaged Rome, and massacred 
the inhabitants, 410. Took possession of Spain, 
411, which they kept till 713, when they were 
driven out by t.ie Saracens. Slew 300,000 inhabi- 
tants of Milan, 539. 

3-OWN and t /assock, present one, not worn before 
the reign o' Charles II. 

3rOWRIE 0£arl of), beheaded for conspiring against 
James II of Scotland, 1584 ; the earl, his son, and 
Alexan *er Ruthven, his brother, conspired against 
the \\P, of James VI. of Scotland, at Perth, and had 
near 1 / effected their design, but were slain in the 
atKmpt, August 5th, 1600. 

3rB iCE before and after meat, is a very ancient 
practice that obtained both in the heathen and 
Christian worlds. 



GRACE DIEU Nunnery, Leicester, built 1151. 

GRAFTON (Dukedom of) created 1675. 

GRAHAM of Belford (Earldom of) created 1722. 

GRAHAM (Sir David) beheaded for conspiring 
against James VI. of Scotland, January 1593. 

GRAEME'S Dyke, a breach in the wall, between the 
Forth and Clyde, made by Gramme, an ancestor 
of the Montrose familv, 420. 

GRAMMARIANS, first regular ones, flourished 276 
before Christ. 

GRANADA (Kingdom of) conquered by the Moors, 
715 ; the last Moorish prince was Abouabdoulah, 
who was conquered by the Castilians, 1492. 

GRANBY (Marquis of) died the 18th of October, 
1770. 

GRANARD (Irish Enrldom of) created, 1684. 

GRAND CAIRO built by the Saracens. 

GRANDIER burnt at Loudon, France, for witch- 
craft, 1634. 

GRANDISON (Irish Earldom of) created 1767. 

GRANDMONTINES (Order of) instituted at Li- 
mosin, by a gentleman of Auvergne, about 1076; 
brought into England under Henry I. They had 
but three houses. 

GRANGE (The Laird of), governor of Edinburgh, 
hanged with ethers, 1573. 

GRANTHAM (Barony of) created 1861. 

GRANTLEY, of Markenfield (Barony of), created 
1782. 

GRANVILLE (Earldom of) created 1714. 

GRATTON (Henry), Esq., a distinguished Irish 
patriot, and an eloquent and able statesman, died 
in London, June 4th, 1820, in his 74th year, and 
was buried in Westminster Abbey, near the graves 
of Mr. Pitt and Mr. Fox. 

GRAVESEND chartered by Queen Elizabeth; 
burnt 1727. New Pier, erected by the Corpora- 
tion, opened July 20th, 1834. 

GRAVITY (The Laws of) discovered by Galileo. 

GRAY, Scots barony, created 1347. 

GRAY'S INN, London, built 1687. 

* GRAY (Thomas), poet, died 30th July, 1771. 



petition against the proposed measure. The dreadful riot which ensued, and which was not suppressed 
till after the destruction of many Catholic chapels and dwellings, the prison of Newgate, and the house of the 
chief-justice, Lord Mansfield, led to the arrest of Lord George Gordon, and his trial on the charge of high 
treason ; but no evidence being adduced of treasonable design, he was acquitted, though the magnitude of 
the mischief which his imprudence had occasioned, rendered him the object of apprehension as an insane 
and dangerous enthusiast. His future conduct was little calculated to efface such impressions. In Maj% 
1786, he was excommunicated for refusing to come forward as a witness in a court of law. He then pub- 
lished a " Letter from Lord G. Gordon to the Attorney-General of England, in which the motives of his 
Lordship's public Conduct from the beginning of 1780 to the present Time are vindicated," 1787, 8vo. 
In the beginning of 1788, having been twice convicted of libelling the French ambassador, the Queen of 
France, and the criminal justice of this country, he retired to Holland, but he was arrested, sent home, and 
committed to Newgate, where he passed the remainder of his life. He died November 1st, 1793, disturbed 
in his last moments by the knowledge that he could not be buried among the Jews, of whose religion he had 
>ecome a zealous professor during his imprisonment. — Ann. Reg. 

* Thomas Gray, a distinguished English poet, was the son of a money-scrivener in the city of London, 
where he was born in 1716. Being an only child, he was regularly educated and sent to Eton, where he 
aid the foundation of his future intimacy with Horace Walpole and Richard West. In 1734, he removed 
to Cambridge as a student of St. Peterhouse, where he early obtained some reputation for literature and 
>oetry. He quitted college in 1738, and entered himself at the Inner Temple, with a view of studying 
aw, but was easily induced to accept the invitation of Mr. Walpole to accompany him in his tour of 
Europe, towards the close of which they separated, in consequence of some disagreement, and Gray, with 
lis moderate resources, finished the expedition by himself and returned to England in 1741. His father soon 
i ft er died, and leaving a very small property behind him, Mr. Gray wholly resigned the expensive cul- 
tivation of the law, and returned to academic retirement at Cambridge. Here he occupied himself several 
vears in laying literary schemes and plans of magnitude, which he often admirably commenced, but 
iniformly wanted energy to mature. So slow was he to publish, that it was not until 1747 that his " Ode 
m a distant Prospect of Eton College," made its appearance before the public, and it was only in con- 
sequence of the printing of a surreptitious copy, that in 1751 he published his ''Elegy, written in a 
Country Church-yard." This poem, which was sent into the world without the author's name, quickly ran I 
through eleven editions, was translated into Latin verse, and has secured lasting popularity. Irc 1757. on j 



ALPHABETICAL CHRONOLOGY. 



49 



GRECIAN Monarchy, commenced by Alexander 
the Great's victory over Darius, the last Persian 
monarch, 329 before Christ ; empire began under 
Nicephorus, Emperor of the East, 811 ; ended 
1453. 

GREECE (The sacred war of) begun, 356 before 
Christ. 

GREEK Church separated from the Latin, 1050. 

GREEK marks of accent first used by Aristophanes 
Byzantius, about 200 before Christ ; study of Greek 
introduced into France, 1173 ; into England by 
William Groceyn, 1491. 

GREEKS (The)' descended from Hellen, son of 
Deucalion and Pyrrha, and originally from Javan, 
son of Japhet, and grandson of Noah; the famous 
retreat of 10.000 from Babylon, under Xenophon, 
401 before Christ ; origin of their schism, 860. 

GREEN Castle, Carnarvonshire, built 1138. 

GREEN (Colour of Saxon) discovered by Barth, 
1744. 

GREENLAND first discovered by the Norwegians, 
and settled by them, 837 ; converted to Chris- 
tianity, 996; this colony subsisted till about 1348, 
when a disease, called the black-death, cut them 
entirely off. Company established, 1692 ; colonized 
by the' Danes, 1728. 

GREENWICH Observatory built 1676; hospital 
endowed, 1694 ; burnt, Jan. 2, 1779. 

GREGG executed for high treason, 1708. 

GREGORIAN Codex published 290. 

GRENADES taken by the French, 1779; suffered 
greatly in a storm, Oct. 10, 1780; restored to Eng- 
land, Jan. 1783. 

GRENADIERS (soldiers) armed with a pouch of 
hand-grenades, established first in France, 1667; 
introduced into England, 1685. 

GRENVILLE (Barony of) created 1790. 

GRESIIAM College, 'founded by Sir Thomas Gre- 
sham, 1581, who died 1578; taken down 1771, and 
the Excise-office built on the spot, 1774. 

GREY (Lady Elizabeth), daughter of Sir Richard 
Wideville, and the Dowager" Duchess of Bedford, 
on the death of Sir John Grey, married Edward IV., 
1464 ; consented to marry Richard III., 1484. 

GREY (Lady Jane), the great grand-daughter of 
Henry VII., and second cousin to Elizabeth ; mar- 
ried to Lord Guildford Dudley, 1553; proclaimed 
Queen of England on the death of Edward VI., 
July 9th, the same year ; but resigned the crown 
to Mary, ten days after; beheaded for high treason 
in the Tower, Feb. 12th, 1554, aged 17. 

GREY (Marquisate of) created 1740. 

GREY de Wilton (Barony of) created 1784. 

GRIFFIN, Prince of Wales, who had been taken 
and confined in the Tower, attempting to escape 
by the window, fell, and broke his neck, 1244. 

GR'IMSTON (Title of), Irish Viscount, created 
1719. 

GRISLER, the Austrian governor, shot by William 
Tell, which laid the foundation of Swiss liberty, 
1375. The Swiss state was then a province "of 
Geimany, and governed by prefects, but the 
Cantons having been treated with great rigour by 
the emperor, Ury, Schwcitz, and Underwalt, 
threw off their yoke, and entered into a con- 



federacy tn support their freedom for ten years; 
this led the way to others doing the Bame. 

GRIST-MILLS (The invention of the Irish), 21 1. 

GROATS and Half-groats were the largest silver 
coins, 1351. 

GROG, the sea term for rum and water, arose from 
Admiral Vernon, who first introduced it on board 
aship; he was called old Grog, from wearing a 
program coat in bad weather. This was the 
admiral that took Portobel lo. 

GRONVILLE and Cains College, Cambridge, 
founded by De Gronville, 348. (Twenty-six 
fellows.) 

GROSVENOR (Earldom of) created 1784. 

GROTESQUE (The) invented by Antiphiles, the 
Egyptian painter, who nourished 336 beforeChrist. 

GROVES, a kind of religion attributed to them by 
the heathens, in very early ages, Deut.xvi. 21, 
introduced into Greece from Phoenicia by Cadmus. 

GUADALOUPE discovered by Columbus, 1493; 
taken from the French by the English, 1759; 
almost destroyed by a hurricane, when great num- 
bers perished, Oct. 11, 1780. 

GUARDS (Three regiments of) first raised, 1650. 

GUELFS and Gibbelins, party names from Hiewelf 
and Heigibelin, names of towns, two watch-words 
given by opposite armies, during the civil wars in 
Germany, 1140; began in Italy, 1154; the Guelfs 
were for the pope, the Gibbelins for the emperor ; 
100,000 Guelfs were slain in Italy, in opposition to 
the empire of Germany, 1319. 

GUERNSEY reduced, '1339. 

GUIENNE. The French made themselves masters 
of all this province, except Calais; after its being 
in the possession of the English 300 years, Apui, 
1451. 

GUILDFORD Castle built before the conquest; 
town chartered by Heniy I. and VII., free-school 
established, 1551; canal to Weybridge began, 
1650, on which were erected the first locks til 
England. 

GUILDFORD (Earldom of) created 1752. 

GUILDHALL, London, built 1416; Council Cham* 
ber, 1425 ; the front and porch, 1431 ; burnt, 1&66; 
repaired 1669; beautified 1762; front rebuilt 1789. 

GUINEA (Coast of) discovered by the Portuguese, 
1482. 

GUINEAS current for 30s., 1688; reduced to 21s. 
1717. 

GUNNERY (The invention of) is given to the 
Italians before 1537. 

GUNPOWDER (The invention of) is ascribed to 
one Swartz of Cologne, 1400 ; some say the Chinese 
knew the secret long before; first made in England, 
1561. 

GUNPOWDER-PLOT discovered, November 5, 
1605. 

GUNS (Small) invented by Swartz, a German, about 
1378 ; brought into use by the Venetians, 1382 ; 
casting of great ones invented before 1338 ; first 
used at the battle of Cressy, 1346; first used in 
England, at the siege of Berwick, 1405; first cast 
in England, 1544; used in shipping by the Vene- 
tians, about 1539 ; before they were only used to 
batter walls. 



the death of Cibber, the office of laureate was offered to Mr. Gray, who declined it, and the same year 
published his two principal odes, " On the Progress of Poesy," and "The Bard," which, although little 
calculated to attract the many, tended materially to exalt his poetic character. In 1759 he removed to 
London, where he resided for three years, in the vicinity of the British Museum; and in 1769, took a 
journey in Scotland, and was introduced to the most eminent men of literature of that country. In 176S 
the Duke of Grafton presented him with the professorship of modern history at Cambridge, in consequence 
of which he wrote the "Ode for Music," for the installation of that nobleman as Chancellor of the 
University the following year. It was the intention of Gray to do something more than his predecessors, 
who had made the office a sinecure, although affording a salary of £300. per annum; but his health soon 
after declining, he proceeded no farther than to sketch a plan for his inauguration speech. He died of the 
gout in his st-.inach, on the 30th of July, 1771, in his fifty-fifth year, and was buried with his mother in the 
?hurch-\ard of Stoke Pogeis, in Buckinghamshire, yj- 



J) 



ALPHABETICAL CHRONOLOGY. 



• GUY (Thomas), died December, 1721. 

GYMNASTIC Games instituted atEleusis, 132G be- 
fore Christ. 

GYRWI, or Jarrow monastery, Durham, founded 
about 084. 

GYSBURG Priory, Yorkshire, founded 1119. 

HABEAS Corpus Act passed, May 27th, 1679; bill 
to suspend it, July 1715; again, October 
1722; again, October 1745 ; again, April 1746; 
again November 1746 ; again 1779. 

HABINGTON (William), poet and historian, born 
1605, died 1654. 

HABIT (The ecclesiastical), began to be distin- 
guished from the lay habit, about the time of Gre- 
gory the Great, in the sixth century. 

HAC'KENDOWN Banks, Kent, formed, 853. 

HACKMAN (Rev. Mr.), hanged for the murder of 
Miss Ray, April 19th, 1779. He shot her through 
jealousy. 

HACKNEY Coach Fares, London, increased 1786. 

HADDINGTON (Scots Earldom of) created 1619. 

HA DLEY Castle, Essex, built before Henry III. 

HAGHMON Priory (Augustines), Salop, built, 1100. 

HAIR (Long), among the ancient Gauls was esteemed 
a peculiar honour; hence the appellation Gallia 
( ontifa ; hut afterwards it was held so odious, 
that there is a canon still extant of 1096, import- 
ing, that such as wore long hair should be excluded 
church whilst living, and not be prayed for when 
dead. False hair was worn by the Greeks and 
Romans. Among the Goths, cutting off the hair was 
considered a disgrace; no person shaven could 
reign. 



HALBERD (The), is the Gothic battle-axe, with a 
long handle. 

HALES Abbey (Cistercians), Gloucestershire, built 
1246. 

HALES OWEN x\bbey, Shropshire, of the Prsemon- 
sliatensian order, founded by John, 1204. 

HALKERTON (Scots barony), created 1647. 

HALL (The Rev. Robert), an eminent dissenting 
preacher, born 1764, at Arinsby, in Lincolnshire, 
and died February 21st, 1831 ; he was one of the 
most eloquent divines of his time. 

HALLIFAX, woollen manufactory established there 
in Henry Vllth's time. 

HALLING House, Kent, built before 1183. 

HALSEWELL East-Indiaman foundered off Port- 
land, when the captain and 126 perished, January 
6th, 1786. 

HAMBURGH Company first incorporated in Eng- 
land, though under another name, 1296. 

HAMLET'S Tomb was a barrow or mount raised 
over his grave. The field in Jutland, where he was 
buried, is to this day called AmleV s-hede. 

HAMILTON Cathedral, Scotland, founded 1451. 

HAMILTON (Duke of), Earl of Holland, and Lord 
Capel, beheaded for taking part with Charles I. in 
the civil wars, March 9th, 1649. 

HAMILTON (Duke of) and Lord Mohun, killed in a 
duel in Hyde Park, November 15th, 1712. 

f HAMPDEN (John), the English patriot, born 1594 ; 
killed in battle, June 24th, 1643. 

HAMPTON Court Palace finished by Cardinal Wol- 
sey, and given by him to Henry VIII. 1525; bridge 
ordered to be built, 1750. 



* Thomas Guy, the founder of Guy's Hospital, was the son of a lighterman in Southwark, and born in 
1644. He was brought up a bookseller, and kept a shop in the angle formed by Cornhill and Lombard- 
street. He dealt largely in the importation of bibles from Holland, and afterwards contracted with Ox- 
ford for those printed at that University ; but his principal gains arose from the disreputable purchase of 
seamen's prize-tickets, in Queen Anne's war, and by South Sea stock, in 1720. By these speculations ar*l 
practices, aided by the most penurious habits, he amassed a fortune of nearly half a million sterling, of which 
he spent about £200 000 in the building and endowing his hospital in Southwark. He also erected alms- 
houses at Tamworth, and bsnefited Christ's Hospital, and various other charities, leaving £SO,000 to be 
divided among those who could prove any degree of relationship to him. He died in his eighty-first year, 
after having dedicated more to charitable purposes than any private man in English record. — Nichols's A nee. 

t John Hampden, celebrated for his patriotic opposition to taxation by prerogative, was descended from 
an ancient family settled at Great Hampden, in Buckinghamshire. He was born in London in 1594, and at 
an early age was entered a gentleman commoner at Magdalen College, Oxford. On leaving the University 
he took chambers in one of the inns of court, in order to study law ; but the death of his father putting 
him in possession of an ample estate, he indulged in the usual unrestrained career of country gentlemen, 
until the aspect of the times, and the natural weight of his connexions and character produced greater 
strictness of conduct, without any abatement of his cheerfulness and affability. Being cousin-german, by 
the mother's side, to Oliver Cromwell, he, like his kinsman, attached himself to the party in opposition to 
the court. He entered into parliament in 1626; and soon after married a lady of the Foley family. Al- 
though for some years a uniform opposer of the arbitrary practices in church and state, and one of those 
who in 1637 had engaged a ship to carry them to New England, he acted no very distinguished part in par- 
liament. Hume, whose partiality in respect to the transactions of this period has long ceased to mislead, 
sneers at the motives to this intended emigration, as merely puritanical ; but the conduct of Hampden in 
regard to the demand for ship-money, which immediately followed the prohibition to depart fee kingdom, 
forms a conclusive answer to this insinuation. His resistance to that illegal impost, to use the language of 
Lord Clarendon, "made him the argument of all tongues," especially as it was after the decision of the 
judges, in favour of the king's right to levy ship-money, that Hampden refused to pay it. Being prosecuted 
in the Court of Exchequer, he himself, aided by council, argued the case against the crown lawyers for 
twelve days, before the twelve judges ; and although it was decided against him by eight of them to four, 
the victory, in a popular sense, was in his favour. From this time he received the title of the patriot 
Hampden ; and his temper and his modesty on this great occasion acquired him as much credit as his 
courage and perseverance. Henceforward he took a prominent lead in the great contest between the crown 
and the parliament, and was one of the five members whom the king so imprudently attempted, in person, 
to seize in the House of Commons. When the appeal was to the sword, Hampden acted with his usual 
decision, by accepting the command of a regiment in the parliamentary army, under the Earl of Essex. 
His military career was he wever short, and only allowed time to prove that his courage in the field became 



ALPHABETICAL CHRONOLOGY. 



5] 



HAMPTON Court, in Herefordshire, was the palace 
of Henry IV. though most Bay it was built under 
Henry V. 

HANBURY'S Charities, Church Langton, estab- 
lished March 14th, 1765. 

• HANDKL (George Frederick), the musician, died 
April 14th, 175'J, aged 75. 



HAND-in-hand fire-offu e en te I, 1697. 

HAND Fisting, an ancient custom at Langholme, as 
a substitute fur marriage, by joining of hands, 
which lasted* for a year; when, it' the parties were 
agreeable, it. was renewed, the children were kept 
by the inconstant. 



his general character. Prince Rupert having beaten up the quarters of the parliamentary troops, near 
Thame, in Oxfordshire, Hampden eagerly joined a few cavalry that were rallied in haste, and in the 
skirmish that ensued, received a shot in the shoulder, which broke the bone; and after much suffering, 
his wound proved fatal six days after its infliction. It is said that the king testified his respect for him, by 
sending his own physician to attend him. His death was a great subject of rejoicing to the royal party, 
and of grief to his own. That the joy of the former was misplaced, there is now much reason to believe, 
as he would have proved a powerful check upon the unprincipled ambition of his relative, Oliver. 
Clarendon sums up an elaborate character of this eminent leader, by a sentence implying that, like Catiline, 
"he had a head to contrive, a tongue to persuade, and a hand to execute any mischief." This language. 
divested of party spirit, merely implies that, acting upon his own theory, he was a man of extraordinary 
talents and vigour. No doubt he went to the extreme in his opposition to prerogative ; but his character 
and conduct, from first to last, evince his conscientiousness, and he has taken his rank by acclamation on 
the one side, and tacitly on the other, very high in that list of genuine English patriots, the mention of 
whose names excites involuntary respect. — Clarendon. Hume. Biog. Brit. 

* George Frederick Handel, or Haendel. This celebrated composer was a native of Halle, in the Duchy of 
Magdeburg, in Lower Saxony, where his father practised with considerable reputation as a physician and 
surgeon. He was the offspring of a second marriage, and was born February 24, 3684. His father intend- 
ing him for the law, discouraged as much as possible the strong passion which he evinced early in life for 
the science of music, and even forbade him to practice. But although no instrument was allowed to be in 
the house, the young musician contrived to secrete a small clavichord in a garret, where he amused himself 
during great part of the night after the rest of the family had retired to bed, and made such progress, that 
on paying a visit to the Court of Saxe Weifenfels, where his brother held a subordinate situation in the 
household, he seized the opportunity to play on the church organ, with such power and effect, that the 
duke, who accidentally witnessed his performance, used his influence successfully with his father, to 
permit him to follow the bent of his inclination. He was accordingly placed under the tuition of Zachau, 
organist of the cathedral, and at the age of nine was so far advanced in the practical part of the science, as 
to be able to officiate occasionally as deputy to his instructor, while his theoretical proficiency actually 
enabled him to compose a service, or "Spiritual Cantata," weekly for nearly three years. On the death 
of his father, in 1703, he repaired to Hamburgh, then celebrated for the excellence of its musical per- 
formances, and procured an engagement in the orchestra at the opera there. At this period of his life he 
commenced an acquaintance with Matheson the composer, which, though untoward in its com- 
mencement, ripened into a strict friendship. A breach of etiquette during the performance of the 
latter's opera of Cleopatra on the 4th of December, 1704, produced a quarrel between the young 
men, which terminated in a duel. Fortunately Matheson s sword broke against one of Handel's but- 
tons, which ended the rencontre, and a reconciliation took place. On the 30th of the same month 
Handel brought out his first opera, "Almira," which, 'in the February following, was succeeded 
by his " Nero," Matheson performing the principal character in each. Having at length saved 
enough to warrant him in making a journey to Fitaly, he proceeded in succession to Florence, Venice, 
Naples, and Rome; in which latter capital he formed an acquaintance with Corelli at the house of Cardi- 
nal Ottoboni. On his return to Germany in 1710, he entered the service of the Elector of Hanover, after- 
wards George I. of England, as chapel-master, but having received pressing invitations from several of the 
British nobility to visit London, he, with the permission of that prince, set out for England, where he arrived 
in the latter end of 1710. The flattering reception which he met with in this countr}', induced him to break 
his continental engagement, in violation of a positive promise which he had given, to return within a speci- 
fied time, and he was in consequence, on the accession of his royal patron to the throne of these realms, in 
much disgrace, till the good officers of Baron Kilmansegge not only restored him to favour, but procured him 

! an increase of the pension of £200 granted him by Queen Anne, to double that amount. From 1715 to 1718, 

; Handel resided with the Earl of Burlington, and then quitted that nobleman for the service of the Duke of 
Chandos, who entertained him as maestro di capella to the splendid choir, which he had established at his 
seat at Cannons. For the service of this magnificent chapel, Handel produced those anthems and organ 

J fugues which alone would have been sufficient to immortalize him. After two years dedicated to this mu- 
nificent patron, the Royal Academy of Music was instituted ; and this great composer, whose fame had 
now reached its height, was placed at its head ; and this for a short period may be considered as the most 
splendid era of music in England. The warmth of his own temper however, called into action by the ar- 
rogance and caprice of Carestini, Cuzzoni, and others of his principal Italian singers, gave birth to many 

& violent quarrels, and public opinion becoming to a certain extent enlisted in favour of his opponents, las 



ALPHABETICAL CHRONOLOGY. 



HANDMAIDS, or Helpmates, were anciently 
allowed the clergy, but they were old and ugly. 

The custom is still continued in Calabria, where 

they have great privileges. 
HANDS DALE, is derived from an ancient custom 

in northern nations, when shaking hands was 

deemed necessary to bind a bargain. 
* HANGER (George), Lord Coleraine, died 1824. 



t HANNIBAL, the Carthaginian general, poisoner! 
himself rather than fall into the hands of the 
Romans, 183 years before Christ, aged about 70. 

HANOVER, which had hitherto been but a village, 
obtained the privileges of a city, 1178; made the 
ninth electorate, 16i>2; treaty with France, &c. 
1725. 



popularity began to wane, and after ten years' duration, the operas under his direction were abandoned. 
' In 1741 he brought out his chef-d'ceuvre, the oratorio of the " Messiah." This sublime composition was 
i not however duly appreciated at its first representation, a circumstance which may be accounted for by the 
! offence which its author had just given, in refusing to compose for Senesino, who had insulted him. Dis- 
| gusted at its reception, Handel set out for Ireland towards the close of the same year, where it was much 
more successful. Mrs. Cibber's execution of the song, " He was despised," exciting especially a very strong 
j sensation, and when, after an absence of nine months, which had turned out most profitably both to his 
j purse and fame, he returned to London, the hostility against hiro had much abated, and his oratorios were 
i constantly received at Covent-garden theatre with the greatest approbation by overflowing audiences, the 
I Messiah in particular increased yearly in reputation. Some time previously to his decease he was afflicted 
! by that most serious among human calamaties, total blindness; but this misfortune had little effect on 
i his spirits, and he continued not only to perform in public, but even to compose. His own air, however, 
| from the oratorio of Sampson, " Total Eclipse," is said always to have affected and agitated him extremely- 
after this melancholy privation. On the 6th of April, 1759, he was as usual at his post in the orchestra, but 
expired after a very short illness on the 13th of the same month. His habits of life were regular, and 
although in his contests with the nobility he lost at onetime the whole of his saving, amounting to £10,000, 
yet he afterwards recovered himself, and left £20,000 at his decease. His appetites were coarse, his person 
large and ungainly, his manners rough, and his temper even violent, but his heart was humane, and hi? 
disposition liberal. His early and assiduous attention to his profession, prevented him from acquiring much 
■ literary information, but he spoke several modern languages. His musical powers it is scarcely possible to 
i estimate too highly ; he was never exceeded in the strength and boldness of his style; and while fugue, 
| j contrivance, and full score were more generally reverenced than at present, was unrivalled. Although his 
; vocal melodies may not be more polished and graceful than those of his countryman Hasse, or his r rals 
j Bunononcini andPorpora, his instrumental compositions exhibit a combination of vigour, spirit, and inven- 
tion, which has never been exceeded, and his chorusses in grandeur and sublimity have not been equalled 
since the invention of counterpoint. A very honourable national tribute of applause was given to Handel 
in 1785, by a musical commemoration at Westminster Abbey, in which pieces, selected exclusively from his 
works, were performed by a band of 500 instruments, in the presence of their late majesties and family, and 
| the principal nobility and gentry of the three kingdoms. This great composer, who never married, was 
buried in Westminster abbey, where a monument by Roubilliac is erected to his memory. — Burner's Hist. 
of Mm. Biog. Diet, of Mus. 

j * George Hanger, Lord Coleraine, better known by the title of " Colonel Hanger," distinguished alike by 
his talents and his eccentricities. Being a younger son of a noble family, he was destined for the army, and 
a commission was procured for him at an early period of life. He served in America .during the whole of 
the war with the United States, but he was never afterwards able to obtain employment as a military man. 
The highest rank he reached was that of major ot the British legion of cavalry. In 1789, he published " An 
Address to the Army, in reply to strictures by Roderic Mackenzie, on Tarleton's History of the Campaigns 
of 1780 and 1781," 8vo. Though accustomed to mingle much in gay and fashionable society, and indulge in 
convivial pleasures and general dissipation, he contrived to devote much of his time to reading, and was 
usually well provided with topics for conversation, so as to be a very amusing companion. Free in his 
manners, he was yet never disposed to give intentional offence ; and the peculiarity of his behaviour and 
apparent naivete of disposition disarmed resentment, so that mirth rather than anger was the common result 
of his most extravagant sallies. On the death of his elder brother in 1814, he succeeded to his title, which 
however he refused to assume : and when addressed by it he was not at all pleased with the compliment. He 
died at his house near the Regent's-park in 1824, aged seventy-three. Among a considerable number of 
publications which proceeded from his pen, the most interesting and amusing is his " Life, Adventures, and 
Opinions," 1801, 2 vols. 8vo. If any proof of his eccentricity were required, it might be found in the fact, 
that in one of his books he introduced a portrait of himself, suspended a la lanteme. — Ann. Reg. 

% Hannibal, a celebrated Carthaginian leader, the son of Hamilcar, and one of the most famous generals 
recorded in ancient history, was born in the year of Rome 534, and B.C. 220. At the age of eight years his 

j father caused him to swear before the altar eternal enmity to the Romans. He acquired the art of war in 
Spain, under Hamilcar, and at the age of twenty-two commanded the cavalry in the army of his brother-in- 

I law, Asdrubal. On the death of that leader he was nominated his successor by the acclamation of the troops, 
and proceeded, on the plan of his predecessor, to extend the Carthaginian dominions in Spain; and, contrary 



ALPHABETICAL CHRONOLOGY. 



53 



HANOVER (Princess Sophia of), mother to George 

I. youngest daughter of Elizabeth, Queen of Bohe- 
mia, who was the daughter to James I- ol c urse, 

first cousin to James II. declared heir to the crown 
of England, 1700; died of an apoplexy, June 8th, 
1714, aged 83. 

HANOVERIAN Troops arrived in England, May 
16th, 17156; left it December 5th following. 

HANS Towns (England*! quarrel with), ended 1473. 

HANSEATIC League, (a commercial and defensive 
combination of the cities round the Baltic, against 
the piracies of the Swedes and Danes, &c.) took 

Flace about 1190 ; it continued till about 1300. 
lence the Hans Towns. It at one time comprised 
sixty-eight cities. 

HARDlCANUTE, King of Denmaik, third son of 
Canute, by Emma, seized the crown of England on 
the death of his brother, Harold I. 1039 ; died 
suddenly, at the marriage feast of a Danish lord, at 
Lambeth, 1041 ; buried at New Winchester, and 
was succeeded by his half-brother, Edward the 
Confessor, Ethel red's first son by Emma, Alfred's 
brother. 

HARFLEUR taken from the French by Henry V. 
1415. 

HARLEQUIN (The name of), took its rise from a 
famous Italian comedian, who came to Paris under 
Henry III., and who, frequenting the house of M. 



dc Ilarley, his companions used to c;iil his 
/larlfquino, that is " little Ilarley," a name which 
has descended to those of tne same rank and 
profession. 

ITARLEY (Robert), Earl of Oxford, born 1661; 
stabbed while at the council-board, by Guiscard, 
a French refugee, who was brought there for exa- 
mination on a charge of high treason, March 8th, 
1711: died 1724. 

HAROLD I. second and natural son of Canute, suc- 
ceeded his father on the throne, 1036 ; by force of 
arms, and in order to extirpate the English royal 
family, he forged a letter from Emma to her two 
sons, Alfred and Edward, who had fled to Nor- 
mandy, inviting them to England to take the 
crown ; when here, he ordered Alfred's ejes to be 
put out ; but Edward escaped, and was after- 
wards king; died April 14th, 1039; buried at St. 
Clement Danes, London, and was succeeded by his 
younger brother, Hardicanute, King of Denmark. 

HAROLD II. son of Earl Godwin, took possession of 
the throne on the death of Edward the Confessor, 
January, 1066 ; defeated his brother Tosti, the King 
of Norway, who had invaded his dominions at 
Standford, September 25th, ditto, was killed by the 
Normans at the battle of Hastings, October 14th, 
following ; and succeeded by William, Duke ol 
Normandy, the Conqueror. 



to treaty, laid siege to Saguntum. After achieving several conquests in Spain, he planned the invasion 
of Italy, and in the fulfilment of that daring scheme, ascended the formidable ridge of the Alps, which had 
perhaps never before been crossed by a regular anny. Having defeated Cornelius Scipio, Sempronius, and 
Flaminius, in the celebrated battles of Ticinus, Trebia, and in the ambuscade near the lakeThrasymc.ie, he 
-was at length checked by Fabius. The famous victory of Cannae, over the consuls Varro and ^Emilius 
Paiflus, B.C. 216, being the most disastrous defeat ever endured by the Romans, carried his fortune to its 
greatest height. The immediate consequence of this battle was the defection of most of the Roman allies in 
that part of Italy, and the surrender of the opulent city of Capua. Weakened however by his victory, he was 
obliged to remain for some time inactive, during which interval the Romans recovered from their panic, and 
when the Carthaginians were at length encamped before Rome, B.C. 211, their appearance excited no 
alarm. Perceiving the hopelessness of the attempt, Hannibal marched back as far as Rhegium, and Capua 
again fell into the hands of the Romans. From this time the sole theatre of the exploits of Hannibal in 
Italy was confined to the southern extremity of it, where he maintained the war with fluctuating success, 
until the complete defeat of bis brother Asdrubal, by the consul Claudius, quite crippled the Carthaginian. 
This disaster, added to the fact of the invasion of Africa by Scipio, obliged Hannibal reluctantly to quit 
Italy in the 17th year after entering it ; and his departure was celebrated at Rome by public rejoicings. 
His arrival in Africa induced the Carthaginians to violate a truce which they had made with Scipio, and 
gave a temporary revival to their interests ; yet so sensible was he of the impending danger, that he made 
proposals of accommodation to the Roman leader, which were rejected. The famous battle of Zama, 
B.C. 202, terminated the contest ; he was obliged to fly from a field covered with slaughtered troops, and 
declaring to the Carthaginian senate that peace was necessary on any terms, the first Punic war termi - 
nated. He did not however lose his credit with his countrymen, and although precluded by the conditions 
of the peace from remaining at the head of the army, he was chosen praetor, and displayed great abilities in 
the rectification of affairs, until the Romans found it convenient to accuse him of concerting hostilities 
against them with King Antiochus. Under these circumstances he deemed it necessary to withdraw from 
the storm, and quitting the city in disguise, he joined Antiochus, with whom he held many conferences 
concerning his meditated war against the Romans. On learning this event, the Romans sent ambassadors 
to Antiochus, who endeavoured to render Hannibal suspected, whose plans were otherwise rendered 
abortive by the weak presumption of the Syrian king, and the jealousy of his ministers. When Antiochus 
was driven to make peace with the Romans, one of their leading conditions was, that Hannibal should be 
given up to them. Foreseeing this result, he first retired to Crete, and subsequent^', according to some 
writers, to Armenia. His last asylum was in the court of Prusias, King of Bithynia, who preparing to 
give him up on the demand of the Romans, he swallowed poison, which he always carried about him 
against such an emergency, and died B.C. 183, at the age of seventy. Thus perished a man, accounted 
by the ancients one of the most consummate masters of the art of war. The Romans have loaded his 
memory with every imputation of cruelty and perfidy : but although profuse of human blood, and unscru- 
pulous as to the manner in which he obtained his ends, he could scarcely be more so than many of the 
Roman leaders themselves ; and it appears from several instances, that he was not incapable of generosity ol 
sentiment. It speaks highly of the talents of Hunnibal, that he nearly balanced the fortunes of Carthage 
and Rome, and inflicted wounds upon the latter to which its poets and historians never allude without 
norror.— Polybi/ts. Livy. Corn. Nepos. 



54 



ALPHABETICAL CHRONOLOGY. 



• 1 1 ARO UN or Aaron al Rashid, succeeded his 
brother Hadi in the caliphate in the year 7S8. 

HARP (The) taught by Terpander at Lresbos, 682 
B.C. 

HARPERS and the Bards, who always preceded 
the onsets of the Welch in battle, abolished by 
Edward Ist's conquest of Wales. 

HARPIES were supposed to be the locusts only ; 
ButTon imagines they were the Ternate Bat's; 
Bryant supposes they were a college of priests in 
Bithynia, who were driven out of the country for 
tneir violence and cruelty. Their temple was 
called Arpi, 

HARRINGTON (Earldom of), created 1741. 

HARRISON received £20,000 for his time-piece, 
1764. 

HARROWBY (Barony of), created 1776. 

HARROWGATE mineral spring discovered, 1571. 

HARWICH (Barony of), created 1756. 

HARWICH chartered by James I. 

HARWOOD Nunnery, Bedfordshire, built 1150. 

HASTINGS Castle, Kent, built before 1100. 

HASTINGS (Warren), Esq. late governor of 
Bengal, tried for peccability in India, by the 
House of Lords, 1788. 

HASTINGS in Sussex, incorporated as early as 
Edward the Confessor ; burnt by the French, 1377. 

HASTINGS (Lord), put to death, by order of 
Richard, Duke of Gloucester, for plotting against 
him, June, 1483. 

HAT (The man's), invented at Paris by a Swiss, 
1456 ; first worn in England in Henry Vllth's time ; 
first manufactured in London by the Spaniards, 
1510 ; before this, both men and women generally 
wore close knit woollen caps. High-crowned 
hats worn by the men in Elizabeth's reign. The 
custom of taking it off in salutation originated in 
the days of chivalry', from knights appearing with- 
out their helmets in church, and in the presence of 
ladies and respectable personages ; this being then 
considered as an indispensable mark of respect and 
peaceable intention. Duty laid on them, 1784. 

HAUTBOY (The), supposed to be invented by 
Mercury. 

HAVANNAH taken, August 13th, 1762. . 



HAVARD College, New Englar.d, incorporated 
May 31st, 1650, burnt and rebuilt, 1764. 

HAVERFORDWEST Castle, built in the reign of 
William III. 

HAVRE-DE-GRACE put into the hands of the 
English, bv the French Protestants, 1502. 

HA WARDEN Castle, Flintshire, .built before 1231 i, 
demolished, 1648. 

HAWKE of Towton (Barony of), created 1776. 

HAWKERS and Pedlers, act for licensing them 
passed 1697 ; altered 1785. 

HAWKESBURY (Barony of), created 1786. 

HAXEY, in Axholm, Lincolnshire, burnt, (fifty 
houses) March 4th, 1744. 

HAYMARKET, Charing-cross, London, established 
for the sale of hay, 1664. 

HEALTH, (the cusom of drinking them,) in fashion 
so early as 1134 before Christ; some say, they 
arose from Rowena, the daughter of Hengist, drink- 
ing Prince Vortigern's health, in a gold cup, at an 
entertainment about 460, in conformity to the 
Scripture compliment, " O king live for ever J" 

HEARTH-MONEY, the origin of the window-tas 
established, 1662 ; abolished, 1689. 

HEBREW points first invented, 475. 

HEGIRA (The a?ra) of the Arabians and Mahome- 
tans commenced 622. It owed its origin to the 
flight of Mahomet, who being persecuted at Mecca, 
returned to Medina, July 26th, 622. 

HELCJSSAITES, who taught that we might verb- 
ally renounce the faith, so we kept it in the heart, 
appeared 250. 

HELEN (The rape of ), by Theseus, 1213 ; by Paris, 
1204 before Christ. 

HELENA (The island of St. ), taken by the English, 
1673. 

HELIOMETER, an instrument for measuring the 
diameter of the stars, invented by M. Bouguer, 
1747. 

HELIOSCOPE, invented by Christ. Scheiner, 1625. 

HELL- FIRE Clubs suppressed by order of council, 
1721. There were three. The members assumed 
the names of the patriarchs, prophets, and martyrs 
in derision, and ridiculed the Trinity and other 
Christian doctrines. 



* Haroun or Aaron al Rashid, a famous caliph of the Saracens, was the second son of the caliph Mahadi, 
and was the most potent prince of his race, ruling over territories extending from Egypt to Khorassan. 
He obtained the name of Al Rashid, or the Just, but his claim to the title must be regarded with consider- 
able allowance for eastern notions of despotic justice. One of his noblest qualities was his love of learning 
and science : he caused many Greek and Latin authors to be translated and dispersed throughout his 
empire, and even made his subjects acquainted with the Iliad and the Odyssey. He eight times invaded 
the Greek empire, and on the refusal of the Emperor Nicephorus, in 802, to pay tribute, addressed to him 
a singularly arrogant epistle, and followed it up by an irruption into Greece, which terminated in the 
defeat of Nicephorus, who was obliged to pay an augmented tribute, and agree not to rebuild Heraclea and 
the other pillaged and dilapidated frontier towns. During these transactions, the ruin of the family of the 
Barmecides exemplified the despotic rigour of Haroun's character. Yahia, the head of it, had superintended 
his education ; and of his four sons, the eldest was a successful general ; the second the caliph's prime 
vizier, Giaffer ; and the third and fourth in dignified stations. The generosity, munificence, and affability 
of the Barmecides, rendered them the delight of all ranks of people, and Giaffer was so much in his master's 
graces, that the caliph, in order to enjoy his company in the presence of his sister Abassa, to whom he was 
equally attached, formed a marriage between the princess and vizier, but with the capricious restriction of \ 
their forbearing the privileges of such an union. Passion broke through this unjust prohibition, and the ' 
caliph in his stern revenge publicly executed Giaffer, and confiscated the property of the whole family. 
A decree was even made forbidding all mention of the names or actions of the Barmecides, which a grateful 
old man venturing openly to disobey, with the capricious magnanimity of a despot, he was not only pardoned 
but rewarded. Haroun attained the summit of worldly power and prosperity, and the French historians 
mention a splendid embassy which he sent to Charlemagne, which among other presents, brought a mag- 
nificent tent, a water clock, an elephant, and the keys of the holy sepulchre at Jerusalem, implying a 
permission for European pilgrims to visit it. Haroun was seized with a mortal distemper while proceeding 
to march to put down a rebellion in the provinces beyond the Oxus ; and retiring to Tous, in Khorassan, 
expired in the forty-seventh year of his age, and twenty-third of his reign. The popular fame of this caliph 
is evinced by the Arabian Nights Entertainments, in which Haroun, his wife Zobeide, his vizier Giaffer. and 
chief eunuch Mesrour, are frequent and conspicuous characters.— Marign Vs Hist, of the Caliphs. Gibbon 



ALPHABETICAL CHRONOLOGY. 



55 



HELMET (The), was known to the Scandinavians, 
in the most early ages, 

HELSTON, Cornwall, incorporated, 27th Elizabeth. 

HELSTONE, the Furry or Flora day, kept the 8th 
of May, originated as is supposed from the ancients 
keeping holiday and ushering in the spring with 
rejoicings, as the May-day gailands. 

I1ELTER Skelter, derived from hilariter, eeleriter, 
that is, cheerfully and expeditiously. 

HEMSTED, Herts, incorporated by Henry VUL 

I1ENGIST and Horsa, two brothers, heads of the 
Saxons who came into Britain, landed in the isle 
of Thanet with 5000 men, 449 ; Hengist murdered 
300 English noblemen, whom he had invited to a 
festival at Stonehenge, 475 ; died 480, after reign- 
ing King of Kent thirty-one years, and was suc- 
ceeded in the monarchy by Ella. Hengist was 
the founder of the English monarchy, and was 
succeeded by Ella. Horsa was slain in battle at 
Ailsford, soon after his arrival in England. 

HENRIETTA, Charles the Ist's queen, died in 
Fiance, 1669. 

HENRY I. sirnamed Beauclerc, third son of William 
I. succeeding his brother William II. was crowned 
August 5th. 1100 ; married Matilda, daughter of 
Malcolm III., King of Scots, by the sister of Edgar 
Atheling, thus restoring the Saxon family, 1100; 
made peace with his elder brother Robert 'Duke of 
Normandy, who invaded his kingdom, and claimed 
the crown, 1101; invaded Normandy, 1105; con- 
quered it, 1106, and took his brother prisoner, who 
died a prisoner twenty-eight years after in Cardiff 
castle ; betrothed his daughter Maude to the 
Emperor of Germany, 1109; invaded the Welch, 
1114; challenged by Lewis le Gros, King of 
France, 1117; buried, his queen, 1118; wounded 
in the attack at Andelay in France, 1119 ; his only 
son, aged 18 years, shipwrecked and lost, when 
coming from Barfieur, 1120; married Adelais, 
daughter of the Duke of Lovaine, 1121 : gave his 
daughter, on the death of the emperor, to the Earl 
of Anjou's son. Geoffrey Plantagenet, by whom 
she had Henry II., 1127; surfeited himself at 
Lyons near Rome, with eating lampreys, and died 
December 1st, 1135, aged 68; was buried at 
Reading, Berks, and succeeded by his nephew 
Stephen, son of his sister Adela, by the Earl of 
Blois. 

HENRY II. the first of the Plantagenets, grandson 
of Henry I. by his daughter Maude, born 1133; 
intrigued with Rosamond, 1149; again, 1153; 
succeeded his cousin Stephen, in exclusion of 
Stephen's son, October, 1151 ; arrived in England, 
Dec 8; crowned with his queen Eleanor at London, 
December 10th ; dispossessed his brother Geoffrey 
of Anjou, 1156; crowned again at Lincoln, 1158; 
married his son Henry to the King of France's 
daughter, both infants, 1159; crowned at Worces- 
ter the same year ; quelled the rebellion at Maine, 
1166 : determined his son Henry should associate 
with him in the royalty, and crowned him 1170; 
invaded Ireland, and conquered it, 1172; did 
penance, and was lashed by the Monks, at Becket's 
tomb, to make atonement for that man's murder, 
July 8th, 1174; took the King of Scots prisoner, 
and made him give up the independency of his 
crown the same year; reduced all the rebels in 
England; named his fourth son, John, then 11 
years old, King of Ireland, 1177 ; buried his son 
Henry, June 11th, 1183; agreed with Philip of 
France to go to the holy war, 11S8 ; died abroad, 
with grief, at the altar, cursing his sons for rebel- 
ling against him, July 6th, 1189, and was succeeded 
by his second son, Richard I. This prince possessed 
Guienne, Poitou, Xantongue, Auvergne, Limousin. 
Perigord, Angoumois, Anjou, Maine, Touraine, 
Normandy, and Bretagne iii France. 

HENRY III. son of John, born October 1st, 1207; 
succeeded his father, and was crowned at Glou- 
cester by his father's adherents, October 28th, 
1216; made peace with Lewis of France, 1217 ; 
received homage from the King of Scotland at 
Northampton, 1218 ; crowned again at Westmin- 
ster after Christmas, 1219 ; quelled the insur- 



rections of the mutinous baronR, 1222; barons : 
threaten to elect another kin,T(, but were subdued, ' 
1233; married Eleanor, daughter of the Count of 
Provence, January 24th, 1236; had an interview i 
with the King of the Scots, at York, 1237 ; obliged 
by the barons to submit to certain regulations in ■ 
government, 1238 ; pledged his plate and jewels, 
when he gave his daughter, Margaret, in marriage 
to Alexander III. King of Scots, 1252 ; she was 
married at York ; resigned Guienne, Ireland, and 
Wales, to his son Edward, 1354 ; accepted the ! 
Sicilian crown from the pope for his son Edmund, 
1255 ; obliged by the barons to resign his sovereign 
power, and sell Normandy and Anjou to the 
French, 1258; shut himself up in the Tower, foi 
fear of the barons, 1261 ; taken prisoner with his 
son and brother Richard, King of the Romans, 
at the battle of Lewes, 1264; wounded in the 
shoulder at the battle of Evesham, while in the 
custody of the Earl of Leicester, when the barons 
were defeated, 1265; died with age, at St. Ed- : 
mundsbury, November 16th, 1272, and was suc- 
ceeded by his eldest son, Edward I. It appears I 
from records that he was a great encourager of 
the arts. 

HENRY IV., Duke of Lancaster, grandson of Ed- 
ward III., was born 1367; succeeded his first 
cousin Richard II., and crowned October 13th, 
1399 ; conspired against by Richard's party, 
January, 5th, 1400; challenged by the Duke of 
Orleans, in revenge for the death of Richard, 
which ended in abusive language, 1403 ; married 
Joanna, widow of the Duke of Bretagne, February, ! 
1404; conspired against by the Earl of Northum- j 
berland, 1404 ; imprisoned James I. of Scotland, | 
who landed in Norfolk in his way to France, | 
December, 1406 ; died in the Jerusalem chamber, 
Westminster, March 20th, 1413; was buried at 
Canterbury, and succeeded by his son Henry V. 
by his first wife, daughter of the Earl of Hereford. 

HENRY V., eldest son of Henry IV., born 1388; 
committed to prison, when Prince of Wales, for 
striking Chief Justice Gascoigne on the bench, 
before whom one of his companions was indited 
for a riot, 1412 ; succeeded his father on the 
throne, April 9th, 1413 ; conspired against, in 
favour of the Earl of March, his third cousin, a 
descendant from the Duke of Clarence, Edward 
the Third's second son, 1415 ; landed at Havre- 
de-Grace, with 56,000 men, and took Harfleur, 
August following, and fought the battle of Agin- 
court, October 25th, 1415 ; invaded Normand}', 
August, 1417 ; renewed his claim to the crown of 
France ; entrusted with the government of France, 
and declared heir to the crown, the Dauphin 
having been disinherited for the murder of the 
Duke of Burgundy, May 21st, 1420; married the 
Princess Catherine of France, May 30th, 1420; 
pledged his crown, jewels, &c, for £20,000, 1421 ; 
died of a fistula at Roan, August 31st, 1422, was 
buried at Westminster, and succeeded by his son 
Henry VI. 

HENRY VI. only son of Henry V. born at Windsor, 
December 6th, 1421 ; succeeded his father on the 
throne, August 31st, 1422 ; Humphrey, Duke of 
Gloucester, regent ; proclaimed King of France, 
but opposed by the disinherited Dauphin, who had 
near 15,000 Scots in his army, ditto j crowned at 
Westminster, November 6th, 1429; crowned at 
Paris, December 17th, 1430 ; the French made 
themselves masters of Paris, after it had been 
possessed by the English seventeen years, 1436 ; 
married to Margaret of Anjou, November, 1444 ; 
conspired against by Richard Duke of York, ne- 
phew to the late Earl of March, and descended 
from the second son of Edward III , 1450; taken 
prisoner by the Duke of York at the battle of St. 
Alban, May, 1455 ; made the Duke of York pro- 
tector, November, 1455 ; resumed the government, 
February, 1456 ; taken prisoner again, at the 
battle of Northampton, by the Earl of Warwick, 
1460, when it was settled that the Duke of York 
should succeed to the throne after the death of 
Henry; deposed by Edward IV., son of the Duke 



ALPHABETICAL CHRONOLOGY. 



of York, the duke being slain at the battle of 
Wakefield, March 5th, 1461 ; escaped to Scotland 
soon after; returned to England, 1463, and was 
taken in Lancashire, and sent to the Tower; re- 
stored to his throne, 1470 ; taken prisoner again by 
Edward, April 11th, 1471 ; died in the Tower, 
(supposed to be murdered by the Duke of Glou- 
cester) May following, buried at Windsor, and was 
succeeded by his fifth cousin, Edward IV. 

HENRY VII. sirnamed Tudor, Earl of Richmond, 
the grandson of Sir Owen Tudor, by Henry Vths 
widow, by the father's side ; and by the mother's, 
grandson of John, Duke of Somerset, who was the 
great grandson of John of Gaunt, Duke of Lancas- 
ter, by Catherine Swineford, Edward IHd's third 
son ; he succeeded by conquest, his fifth cousin, 
Richard III., whom he killed in battle, and who 
was descended from the Duke of York, Edward 
IHd's second son, August 22d, 1485; crowned 
October 30th, following ; married Elizabeth, Ed- 
ward the IVth's daughter, and heiress of the house 
of York, January 18th, 1486, and thus settled the 
contest between the two families ; lost his queen 
in childbed, February 11th, 1503 ; gave his eldest 
daughter, Margaret, in marriage to James IV. of 
Scotland, December, 1503 ; died consumptive at 
Richmond, April 22d, 1509, aged 51; buried at 
Westminster, and was succeeded by his second 
son, Henry VIII. 

HENRY Vllth's chapel, its first stone laid, January 
18th, 1503. 

HENRY VIII. the first king of England that was 
styled Dread Sovereign, second son of Henry VII. 
born June 28th, 1491 ; compelled by his father to 
marry his brother Arthur's widow, Catherine, 
June 3d, 1509 ; succeeded his father on the throne, 
June 24th, following ; invaded France in person, 
1513 ; was a competitor with Charles V. for the 
empire, 1519 ; had an interview with Francis I. of 
France, at Ardres, June 7th, with Charles V. 
Emperor of Germany at Gravelines, July 10th, 
1520; in leaping a ditch with a pole, he pitched 
head foremost into some clay, and without help 
would have been suffocated, 1527; gave up the 
claim of the English monarchs to the crown of 
France, for a pension of 50,000 crowns to him and 
his successors, August ISth, 1527; styled by the 
clergy, head of the church, 1531 ; divorced from 
Queen Catherine, and married Anne Bulleyn, a 
maid of honour, May 23d, 1538 ; excommunicated 
by Pope Paul, for beheading Sir Thomas More, and 
others, for refusing to take the qath of supremacy 
to the king, August 30th, 1536 ; put Anne to death 
on a charge of adultery and incest, and married 
Jane Seymour, a maid of honour, May 20th, 1536 ; 
lost his queen in childbed, when Edward VI. was 
born, October 24th, 1537 ; disputed publicly in 
Westminster-hall, on religious matters, with John 
Lambert, 1538; married Anne, sister to the Duke 
of Cleves, December, 1539 ; divorced from her on 
a plea of a pre-contract, July 10th, 1540 ; married 
Catherine Howard, the Duke of Norfolk's niece, 
August 8, following ; put her to death for adul- 
tery, Feb. 12, 1543; married Catherine Parr, 
widow of Lord Latimer, daughter of Sir Thomas 
Parr, July 12, following ; died, Jan. 28, 1547 ; was 
buried at Windsor, and succeeded by his son 
Edward VI. He was the most learned, king we 
ever had ; he drew many of the statutes himself. 

HENRY III., King of France, murdered by Cle, 
ment, a monk, Aug. 1, 1589, aged 38. He was the 
last of the Valois family. 

HENRY IV., Emperor of Germany, dethroned by 
his son, and reduced almost to want bread, 1106. 

HENRY IV., King of France, make prisoner three 
years, for countenancing the massacre at Paris, 
1572; killed by Ravilliac, May 14, 1610. 

HENRY, Prince of Wales, eldest son of James I., 
died of a lax, Nov. 6, 1612, aged 18. 

HEPTARCHY (The Saxon) commenced 582, and 
continued till 800, when Egbert reigned alone — 1. 
Kingdom of Kent, containing only that county ; be- 
gan 457, and ended 8^4 — 2. The South Saxons, con- 
taining Sussex and Surrey ; began 491, ended about 



630.— 3. The West Saxons, containing Cornwall, 
Devonshire, Dorsetshire, Wiltshire, Hampshire, 
and Berkshire ; began 519, ended 838.— 4. The East 
Saxons, containing Essex, Middlesex, and part 
of Hertfordshire ; began 527, ended 747 5. Nor- 
thumberland, containing Lancashire, Yorkshire, 
the bishopric of Durham, Cumberland, Nor- 
thumberland and part of Scotland, as far as Edin- 
burgh-Frith ; began 547, ended about 792.-6. The 
East Angles, containing Norfolk, Suffolk, and 
Cambridgeshire ; began 575, ended about 793.-7. 
Mercia, containing Gloucestershire, Herefordshire, 
Worcestershire, Warwickshire, Leicestershire, 
Rutlandshire, Northamptonshire, Lincolnshire, 
Huntingdonshire, Bedfordshire, Buckinghamshire, 
Oxfordshire, Staffordshire, Shropshire, Notting- 
hamshire, Cheshire, and part of Hertfordshire ; 
began 582, ended 874. N.B. The Saxons, notwith- 
standing this division of the kingdom, were subject 
to one monarch, who was called King of Britain : 
the monarchy was not then hereditary, but that 

Eerson succeeded who had the greatest power, 
[engist was the first Saxon monarch in Britain, 
though there were kings of Britain before its con- 
quest by the Romans. 

HERACLIDJS (The return of the), descendants of 
Hercules, into Peloponnesus, is the epoch of the 
beginning of profane history, and took place eighty 
years after the taking of Troy, 1104. 

HERALDRY, the marks to distinguish different 
colours, invented by the Chevalier de la Colom- 
bierre, 1639. 

HERALDS are of great antiquity. Stentor is re- 
presented by Homer as herald of the Greeks, who 
had a voice louder than 50 men. Heralds college 
instituted in England, 1340 ; office built by the 
first Earl of Derby for his residence ; given up to 
the crown, 1552 ; incorporated by Edward VI. 

HERCINIAN Forest, (The) in the time of Ccesar, 
covered all Germany ; it was sixty days' journej' in 
length, and nine days in breadth ; Sch wart's- wald, 
or the black forest is part of it. 

HERCL'LANEUM, first suffered by an earthquake, 
February 5th, 63; totally overwhelmed with 
Pompeium, by an eruption of Mount Vesuvius, 
November 1st, 79, in the first year of the Emperor 
Titus ; ruins of, discovered at Portici, June, 1747 ; 
140 volumes of its antiquities discovered in a 
wooden chest, 1754. 

HERCULES (The fable of) taken by the Greeks, as 
supposed, from the history of Sampson. 

HEREFORD founded in the Heptarchy ; made a 
bishopric, 680; archdeaconry erected about 1100; 
cathedral built, 1107; deanery, chancellorship, 
and treasurership erected, about 1140; precentor- 
ship, 1150. 

HEREFORD (Title of Viscount) created 1549. 

HERESY. The cruel statute for burning heretics 

gassed, 1401 ; and William Sawtree, rector of St. 
>syth's, London, was the first that suffered ; re- 
pealed, 1677. 

HERIOTS, and military services, established by the 
Saxons. 

HERITABLE jurisdictions in Scotland abolished, 
1747 ; they were valued at £164,232. 

HERMIONE, a Spanish galleon, taken March 21, 
1762. 

HERMITS (their order) established, 1157. 

HEROD began to reign in Judea, 40 ; put his wife, 
Mariamne, to death, and his mother-in-law 
Alexandria, 28 ; began to rebuild the temple of 
Jerusalem, 18 ; his two sons put to death by order 
of the Jewish council, 6 ; died Nov. 25, four years 
before Christ, that is, four years before the com- 
mon sera. 

HERRINGS, (the first invention of preserving them,) 
by pickling, discovered in the year 1390, which gave 
rise to the herring fishery. Anderson says, the 
Scotch caught and salted them so early as 836, and 
the Netherlanders traded with them for them. 

HERTFORD rebuilt 913, incorporated by James I. 

HERTFORD College, Oxford, founded by Dr. 
Newton, 1740. (Four fellows.) 

HERTFORD, (Earldom of) created, 1750. 



ALPHABETICAL CHRONOLOGY. 



• ; 7 



HERTLEBURY Castle, Worcestershire, built in the 
Year 1268. 

HESPERIDE8. Thegolden apples they are related 
to have had the keeping of, are supposed to have 
been oranges, and the dragon that watched the 
garden, is supposed to have been an arm of the sea 
that encompassed it ; some think the situation was 
in Morocco, others in Sweden, others in Africa. 

HESSIAN troops arrived in England, 1756 ; left it, 
1757. 

HEVER Castle, Kent, built 1340. 

HIEROGLYPHICS invented by Hermes Trismegis- 
tus, alias Mercury. 

HIGH and low church, two distinct parties, occa- 
sioned by the prosecution of Sacheverell for sedi- 
tious sermons, 1710; his abettors were called 
High Church, his opponents, Low Church. 



IlfGHAM Ferrars college, Northamptonshire, built, 
1422. 

HIGHLAND Clans disarmed by act of parliament, 
May 1725, again 1748 ; the dress prohibited August, 
1746 ; since this it has again been permitted. 

HIGHNESS (The petty Italian princes first com- 

Slimented with the title of), 1630; the Duke of 
rleans took that of "Royal Highness" to dis- 
tinguish him, 1631. 

HILARIA (Feasts), celebrated every year by the 
Romans, on the 8th of the calends of April, or the 
25th of March, in honour of Cybele. 

HILL (Rev. Rowland), died April 12th, 1833. 

*HILL (Aaron), a celebrated writer, died February, 
1750. y 

t HILL (Sir John), a writer of the last century, died 
in 1775. 



* Aaron Hill, an English poet and miscellaneous writer, was born in London in 1685. His father, 
originally a gentleman of good estate in Wiltshire, left him almost wholly unprovided for, which circum- 
stance obliged him to quit Westminster school at the age of fourteen. His relation, Lord Paget, being 
ambassador at Constantinople, he ventured uninvited, to join him, and was received with kindness, although 
with some surprise, and a tutor was provided for him, under whose care he travelled through Palestine, 
Egypt, and various parts of the east. In 1703 he returned to England, and the death of Lord Paget 
frustrating his expectations in that quarter, he travelled for three years with Sir William Wentworth. In 
1709 he published a " History of the Ottoman Empire," partly from materials collected in Turkey, which 
publication, although it obtained much notice, the author himself subsequently regarded as a crude and 
juvenile performance. A poem which he addressed in the same year to the Earl of Peterborough, procured 
him the patronage of that nobleman, and an introduction to the Tory leaders. In 1710 he married a lady of 
beauty and fortune, and became manager of Drury-lane theatre, which post however he soon gave up, in 
consequence of a difference with the lord chamberlain, the then Duke of Kent. While in the management 
of Drury-lane, he wrote his first tragedy of " Alfred," and " Rinaldo," an opera. Much under the influence 
of a projecting spirit, in 1713 he obtained a patent for extracting sweet oil from beech mast, and a company 
was formed under his auspices, but after a trial of three years the scheme entirely failed, as did a subse- 
quent plan for establishing a plantation in Georgia. Fie still continued to write for the theatres, and several 
of his pieces were brought on the stage. He also composed poems, and for one entitled the " Northern 
Star," in compliment to Peter the Great, received a complimentary reward from his widow, Catherine I. 
In 1724 he commenced a periodical paper, in conjunction with a Mr. Bond, called the " Plain Dealer," 
which publication seems to be that which introduced Mr. Hill into the Dunciad, in a tone of half satire and 
half compliment on the part of its celebrated author, to which Hill replied in a piece entitled " The Pro- 
gress of Wit," in lines that Pope himself need not have disclaimed. The breach was afterwards healed, 
and as far as appearances, at least, the poets became good friends. A new project for supplying timber from 
the Highland estates of the York Buildings' company, next engaged his attention, and in 1731 he re-wrote 
his Elfrid, which he brought forward under the title of " Athelwold." He afterwards translated in 
succession the Zaire, Alzire, and Merope of Voltaire, all of which show him in the light of a superior 
dramatic translator. He still however continued to interest himself with schemes of commercial improve- 
ment, until his health began to decline, and he died in February 1750, in his sixty-fifth year, and was in- 
terred in Westminster-abbey. Aaron Hill was a man of active and extensive benevolence, and so kind and 
affectionate in the relations of society, that few men were more beloved. As a poet he was turgid and 
affected, although occasionally nervous and harmonious. He is however little read at present, although his 
versions of Zaire and Merope have kept the stage until within these few years.— Biog. Brit. Anderson's 
Lives of Brit. Poets 

t Sir John Hill, a writer of the 'ast century, distinguished for the versatility of his talents, and the 
multitude of his publications. He was the son of a clergyman of Peterborough, and was born about 1716. 
After having served an apprenticeship to an apothecary in Westminster, he established himself in that 
business in St. Martin' s-lane ; but having married a wife without a fortune, he was obliged to seek farther re- 
sources for the increase of his income. Having some knowledge uf botany, he was employed by the Duke of 
Richmond and Lord Petre to manage their botanic gardens. By their liberal assistance also he was enabled 
to travel through various parts of the kingdom, and collect scarce plants, of which he published an account 
by subscription. This scheme was not very profitable, and he therefore turned his attention to the stage; 
but after two or three exhibitions at the Haymarket and Covent-garden, he discovered that he was not 
qualified to shine as an actor, and returned again to his shop. His activity attracted the notice of men of 
science and learning ; and a translation of a Greek tract on gems, by Theophrastus, which he published in 
1746, procured him both money and reputation as an author. He was introduced to Martin Folkes and 
Henry Baker, two distinguished members of the Royal Society, and a paper which he wrote was published 
in the Philosophical Transactions ; but on his being disappointed in an attempt to obtain admission into the 



5? 



ALPHABETICAL CHRONOLOGY. 



• HILL (Sir Richard), son of Sir Rowland Hill, 

died in 1808. 
HINCHINBROOK Priory. Hants, built 1074. 
HINDON, Wilts, burnt (150 houses) July 2d, 1754. 
HISPANIOLA (Columbus first landed at), when 

he discovered America, 1498. 
HISTORY of the Old Testament ceased 430; 

that of Thucydidus ended, and that of Xenophon 

beqan 410 : of Theopampus ended 394 ; of Ephesus 

339 before Christ. 
HITCHIN, Herts, burnt (20 houses) September 

11th, 1762. 



HOBSON'S choice, " This or none," is derived frcta 
one Hobson, who let out horses at Cambridge, and 
obliged such as wanted one, to take that next 
the stable door, being the one which had had 
most rest. 

HOCUS POCUS derived from hoc est corpus, the 
form of consecrating the sacramental bread in the 
Romish Church. 

t HOGARTH (William) the celebrated painter died 
in 1762. 

HOLDENBY House, Northamptonshire, built, 
1585. 



society, he revenged the affront by publishing " A Review of the Works of the R. S." 1751, 4to., in which 
he placed some of the contributions to the Philosophical Transactions in a ludicrous point of view. Hence- 
forth he depended chiefly on his pen for his support. He undertook " A General Natural History," 3 vols, 
folio; and, in conjunction with George Lewis Scott, he compiled a "Supplement to Chambers's Cyclopaedia." 
In 1752 he published " Essa3's on Natural History and Philosophy," containing curious microscopical 
observations. At the same period he started the " British Magazine," and also carried on a diurnal pub- 
lication called the " Inspector." Notwithstanding his literary engagements, he was a constant attendant 
on every place of public amusement, where he collected by wholesale a great variety of private intrigue 
and personal scandal, which he freely retailed to the public in his inspectors and magazines. This discre- 
ditable occupation was not without its inconveniences, for it involved him in various quarrels, and on one 
occasion he was severely caned at Ranelagh, by a gentleman who had been the object of his slander. He 
had procured the diploma of M.D. and practised as a physician ; but not content with the regular emolu- 
ments of his profession, he invented several quack medicines ; which, by means of the puffing advertise- 
ments he wrote to recommend them, had for some time a considerable sale, to his great pecuniary 3 Ivantage. 
His talents as a botanist however were by no means despicable, though his conduct was in so many respects 
unworthy of the character of a man of literature and science. He produced many useful works ; but his 
greatest undertaking was a work entitled "The Vegetable System," 17 vols, folio, published successively, 
with plates, under the patronage of the Earl of Bute. His introduction to this nobleman was probably 
through his marriage with the sister of Lord Ranelagh ; though that lady, after the death of her husband, 
published a pamphlet, complaining of the conduct of Lord Bute towards Sir John Hill. The title of 
knighthood he owed to the King of Sweden, who bestowed on him the order ol the Polar star, in return for 
the present of a copy of his botanical works. He died of the gout, a disease for which he professed to have 
a specific, in November 1775. Besides the works already mentioned, he wrote novels and plays, now de- 
servedly forgotten ; and he was so industrious and prolific an author, that he is said to have received £1500 
in the course of a j'ear, for works of his own composition ; a circumstance not very creditable to the taste of 
his contemporaries ; as, except his tracts on natural history, he published nothing of any value. Having 
had a quarrel withGarrick, on account of the rejection of one of his dramas, that celebrated actor charac- 
terized Hill, not unjustly, in the following caustic epigram : 

«' For physic and farces his rival there scarce is ; 

His farces are physic, his physic a faree is." 
— Biog. Dram. Hutchinson's Biog. Med. Aikin's G. Biog. 

* Sir Richard Hill, bart., son of Sir Rowland Hill, of Hawkestone, Salop, the first baronet of the family, 
was born there in 1733. He received his education at Westminster school ; whence he removed to Mag- 
dalen college, Oxford, where he graduated as M.A. He made the tour of Europe ; and on his return much 
distinguished himself by his attachment i,o the Calvinistic Methodists, which he strikingly displayed in 
1768, on the expulsion of six young men from the university of Oxford, whose conduct and principles were 
then deemed fanatical. On that occasion Mr. Hill attacked the authorities there in a severe pamphlet, 
which he entitled " Pietas Oxoniensis," which was answered by the public orator of the university, Dr. 
Nowell, upon whom his antagonist retorted with much asperity. He next engaged in strenuous controversy 
with Wesley, Fletcher, and others of the Arminian Methodist leaders, in defence of Calvinism. On the 
death of his father he succeeded him in the representation of the county of Salop, and was a frequent 
speaker. His observations were almost always more or less connected with the subject of religion ; and by 
his frequent quaint if not humorous application of facts and language from the Bible, he obtained from the 
writer of the Roliad the title of the scriptural Killegrew. In 1798 he published a vindication of Calvinism, 
against Baubeney's " Guide to the Church ; " and in 1804, remarks of a similar tendency against one of the 
Bishop of Lincoln's charges. He would sometimes even preach in dissenting chapels, and built one of his 
own at Hawkestone. He died unmarried in 1808, when his title passed to his brother, Sir John Hill, father 
of Lord Hill. The celebrated Rev. Rowland Hill is another brother.— Gent. Mag. 

t William Hogarth, an eminent and original painter, was the son of a native of Westmoreland, who settled 
in London, where he kept a school, and was employed as a corrector of the press. The subject of this article 
was born in 1697, or 1698, in the parish of St. Martin, Ludgate, and was apprenticed to an engraving silver- 



ALPHABETICAL CHRONOLOGY. 



59 



HOLLAND Priory, Lancashire, founded 1319. 
HOLLAND, the stadtholdership made hereditary in 

the male and female branches of the Orange family, 

1747. 
HOLM Cultrum Abbey, (Cistercians) Cumberland, 

built 1135. 
HOLOFERNES killed by Judith 690 before Christ. 
HOLSTEIN given up by Russia to the Danes, No- 
vember 16th, 1773. 
HOLT (Lord Chief Justice), died March 6th, 1709, 

aged 67. 
HOLT Mineral Spring discovered, 1723. 
HOLY-WATER first used in churches, 120. m 
HOLY-CROSS Church, Tipperary, Ireland, built by 

O'Brien, King of Limerick, in 1169. 
HOLY-GHOST (Descent of), May 24th, 33. 
HOLY-GIIOST Chapel, Hampshire, built early in 

Henry Vfllth's reign. 
HOLYHEAD Church, built before 1291. A 



HOLYROOD-HOUSE Abbey, Edinburgh, founded 

by David I. 1128. 
HOMAGE, that of kneeling and putting the hands 

between those of the sovereign, was a custom 

among the old Normans. 
HOMILIES drawn up by Archbishop Cranmer, 

1547. 
HONEY (Discovery of the use of), attributed to 

Bacchus as a succedaneum for wine. 
HONITON, Devonshire, chartered, 19th Edward I. 

burnt (140 houses) July 10th, 1747. 
HOODS (Ladies), came into fashion at the end of 

Charles lid's reign. 
HOOPS with iron gingles, trundling them was a 

manly sport of the Romans, called Trochus. 
HOPS introduced into England, 1524 ; the parlia- 
ment petitioned against them, as a wicked weed, 

1528 ; before this, wormwood and other bitter 

plants were used to preserve beer. 



smith. This occupation necessarily gave him some skill in drawing, and before his apprenticeship expired 
he had exhibited several specimens of ludicrous caricature. Yielding to the impulse of genius, as soon as 
he became his own master, he entered at the academy for design, in St. Martin's-lane, and studied drawing 
from the life. His proficiency, however, was not considerable, and he might never have exhibited much 
talent as a painter had he not penetrated through external form to character and manners. He was at first 
obliged to support himself by engraving arms and shop bills, from which he ascended to designs for books, 
an edition of Hudibras affording him the first subject particularly suited to his genius. In the mean time, 
having practised painting with much industry, and being very successful in catching likenesses, he acquired 
considerable celebrity as a portrait painter. His decided talents for original comic design now gradually 
unfolded themselves ; and various public occasions produced displays of his ludicrous powers. In 1730 he 
contracted a clandestine marriage with the only daughter of Sir James Thornhill, the painter; and soon 
after commenced his first great series of moral paintings, "The Harlot's Progress." The merit of these 
pictures gradually reconciled him to his father-in-law, and the young couple took up their abode at his 
house. Nothing could exceed the popularity of this series, for the plates of which the names of 1200 sub- 
scribers were entered. In 1745 he acquired additional reputation by his much admired suites of " The Rake's 
Progress ; " and " Marriage a-la-Mode." His other works, in series, are " Industry and Idleness ;" " The 
Stages of Cruelty ; " and " Election Prints." The single comic pieces from his pencil are very numerous; 
among the most distinguished of these are "The March to Finchley ; " " Modern Midnight Conversation ;" 
" Sleeping Congregation ; " "Parts of the Day;" " Gates of Calais;" " Gin Lane and Beer Street;" 
" Strollers in a Barn ;" &c. These are rather studies for the searchers into life and manners, than for the 
professional artist ; but to those of every class who possess a genuine relish for ridicule and humour, they 
will ever prove attractive. Hogarth, who was not destitute of vanity, also wished to shine in the higher 
branch of historical painting, and attempted a Sigismunda in the Italian style, which Lord Orford calls a 
complete failure. Although he affected to disregard literature, he sought to appear in the character of an 
author, and by the aid chiefly of Dr. B. Hoadly, produced, in 1753, his " Analysis of Beauty ;" the leading 
principle of which is, that beauty fundamentally consists in that union of uniformity and variety, which is 
found in the curve or waving line. By the resignation of his brother-in-law, Thornhill, in 1757, he became 
sergeant painter to the king, an appointment which possibly induced him to depart from the party neu- 
trality he had previously maintained, by attacking Mr. Wilkes, and his friends, in a print, published in 
September, 1762, entitled " The Times." It was answered by Wilkes in a severe North Briton, which in 
its turn produced a caricature of Wilkes. An angry epistle to the painter followed from the pen of 
Churchill, which was retaliated by a caricature of the poetical divine; and "never" says Lord Orford, 
" did two men of abilities throw mud with less dexterity." The powers of Hogarth were not, however, 
impaired, as he had shortly before published one of his capital works, a satirical print against the methodists. 
From this a decline in health took place, which terminated in death in October 1764, owing to the rupture of 
an aneurism in his chest. He lies interred at Chiswick, under an elegant mausoleum, decorated with an 
inscription by hia friend Garrick. Hogarth was a man of rough and vulgar manners, who, like most unedu- 
cated persons, affected a contempt for all knowledge which he did not himself possess ; but he was, at 
the same time, generous and hospitable. He was often absent in company, and seemed entertaining him- 
s%H with his own ideas, or searching after some new objects of ridicule, which he attentively caught up 
when they occurred. Lord Orford is mistaken when he asserts that he seldom indulged in personal satire, 
many of his delineations being individual portraits. He lived to enjoy the fame which, in his own peculiar 
line, he so richly merited ; and complete collections of his works are deemed highly valuable and curious. 
A catalogue of all his prints will be found in the fourth volume of Walpole's anecdotes. A multiplicity 
of local and temporary circumstances introduced into his pictures, has rendered notes necessary to a due 
comprehension of them ; a task which has been well performed in the " Hogarth Illustrated," of Ireland.— 
1 ifc by Nichols. Walpole's Anec. 



60 



ALPHABETICAL CHRONOLOGY 



HORATII and Curat ii (Combat between the), 

667 before Christ. 
HORSA slain bv VortimW, 455. 
HO KSE-GU ARDS institutcd,1550 ; building erected 

17-18. 
HORSES (Tax on), commenced 1784. 
HOST (Elevation of the), first introduced 1201 ; 

S recession of, instituted, 1311. 
SPITALITY, from the 4th to the 9th century, 
was a duty enforced by statutes ; the laws of the 
Slavi ordained that the moveables of an inhospita- 
ble person should be confiscated, and his house 
burnt ; they even allowed landlords to steal for the 
support of their guests. 

HOSPITALS in England— Asylum instituted, 1758; 
Bancroft's,Mile-end, built 1635 ; Bethlehem founded 
by Edward VI. 1553; present building erected, 
1676; Bridewell, before a palace, founded by 
Edward VI. 1553, and given to the city ; British 
Lying-in, instituted November 1749 ; Brownlow- 
street Lying-in, founded, 1749 ; Christ's, founded 
by Edward VI., 1552; Foundling incorporated, 
1739 ; French Protestants, ditto 1718 ; Guy's ditto, 

, 1722; Lock instituted, 1746; London ditto, 1740; 
incorporated, 1758 ; London Lying-in, founded 
March 30th, 1750 ; London Workhouse ditto, 1611 ; 
Magdalen instituted, 1758 ; Middlesex ditto, 1745 ; 
Miserkordia established, 1774 ; St. Bartholomew's 
founded by Henry VIH., 1539; St. George's in- 
stituted October 19th, 1733 ; St. Luke's founded, 
1751 ; St. Thomas's ditto, by Edward VI., 1553; 
Sick and Wounded Seamen's, incorporated June' 
24th, 1747; Small-pox instituted, Sept. 26th, 
1746 ; Westminster Infirmary ditto, 1720 ; West- 
minster Lying-in ditto, 1765. 

HOSPITALS in Ireland.— Blue-Coat, incorporated 



1670; Charitable Infirmary opened, 1728; Dublin 
Workhouse established, 1728 ; Incurables opened, 
1753; Kilmainhain incorporated, 1683, Lock Hos- 
pital instituted, 1755 ; Lying-in established, 1745, 
incorporated, 1757; Mercers' incorporated, 1750; 
Charitable Loan instituted, 1757 ; Dublin Hos- 
pital opened, 1762; St. Nicholas's opened, 1753; 
St. Patrick's founded 1745, incorporated 1746; 
Smith's School, incorporated 1669 ; Stevens's Hos- 
pital, ditto 1730; Venereal opened, 1558. 

HOTHAM (Sir John) and his son beheaded for 
taking part with the king against the parliament, 
1645. 

HOTSPUR (Henry Percy), the Duke of Northum- 
berland's son, called so from his great courage ; i 
slain at the battle of Shrewsbury, July 21, 1403. j 
He conspired against Henry IV. to dethrone him*. \ 

HOUR (The) was not known at Rome 300 years ' 
after its foundation. Before the erection of the 
sun-dial the hour was published at Rome by loud 
howling noises twelve times a day ; so it was by 
the Egyptian priests long before. This mode is 
continued among the Turks, their priests pro- 
claiming from the top of the mosques stated times 
of the day. 

HOUSE of Commons, formerly St- Stephen's chapel, ' 
built 1115, 

HOWDEN Church, Yorkshire, built before the year 
1266. 

HOWE (Title of Viscount), of Langar, created 1782, 

* HOWE (Richard), died August 5, 1799. i 

HOWARD, the philanthropist, died Feb. 1790. 

HOWL (The Irish), at funeral originated from the 
Roman outcry at the decease of their friends, they 
hoping thus to awaken the soul, which the}' sup- 
posed might only lie inactive. 



* Richard, Earl Howe, a celebrated English admiral, one of the most distinguished naval commanders 
of modern times. He was the third son of Emanuel, second Viscount Howe, and was born in 1725. Aftei- 
having received the rudiments of a liberal education at Eton, his strong predilection for the sea induced 
his father to place him at the age of fourteen, in quality of a midshipman, on board the Severn, in which 
ship he sailed with Anson for the Pacific, and continued going through the usual gradations of the service 
under that admiral till 1745, when, though only twenty years of age, he obtained the command of the 
Baltimore sloop of war. In this vessel he behaved with such gallantry in an action with two French ships, 
laden with supplies for the service of the pretender, whom he beat off with considerable loss, that his 
immediate promotion to the rank of post-captain was the consequence. In 1758, and the following year, 
while in the Magnanime, under admiral Sir E. Hawke, he distinguished himself by his exertions against 
the Isle of Aix, St. Maloes, Cherbourg, &c. He was afterwards present at the unfortunate affair of St. 
Cas, where he exposed his own person with great coolness, and by his courage and conduct succeeded in 
bringing off many of the wounded, who must otherwise have perished. The same year he took a prominent 
part in the fight with Conflans, and did much towards the victory of the day. His elder brother having 
been killed in America, in 1758, he succeeded to the family title and estates, but continued to follow his 
profession. In 1760, he was raised to the rank of colonel of marines, and three years afterwards he ob- 
tained a seat at the board of Admiralty, which situation he resigned in 1765, when he was made treasurer 
of the navy. In 1770 he sailed as commander-in-chief to the Mediterranean, with the rank of rear-admiral 
of the blue, from which step he proceeded in due gradation to those of rear-admiral of the white, 
and vice-admiral of the blue. On the breaking out of the war with France, Lord Howe sailed for 
the coast of America, with a squadron destined to act against D'Estaing, who commanded the French 
force in that quarter, and on his return was raised, in 1782, to an English earldom. . In the course of the 
same year he again sailed with a small fleet to the relief of Gibraltar, which important service he effected 
in despite of the combined fleets of the enemy. In 1783, he accepted the post of first lord of the Ad- 
miralty, which, with a partial intermission, he continued to hold until 1793, when, on the breaking out of 
the revolutionary war, he took the command of the English fleet, and bringing the enemy to an action on the 
1st of June, 1794, he obtained over them a most complete and decisive victory. The arrival of the news of 
this welcome event excited the greatest sensation throughout the nation. Illuminations took place all ovar ; 
the kingdom, the thanks of both Houses of Parliament were voted to the conquerors, and the king and 
queen visited the victorious fleet at Spithead, on its return ; on which occasion the king conferred on Earl 
Howe a valuable sword, with a gold chain and medal struck for the purpose. The rank of general of 
marines, and the vacant garter, both conferred on this successful commander in the course of the next year, 
were the consummation of his honours. In 1797, Lord Howe exerted himself with great success to queli 
the mutiny among the seamen at Portsmouth, which was the last public act of his valuable and meritorious 
life. One daughter alone survived him, and the gratitude of the nation has honoured his memory by a 
monument, erected to him at the public expense in St. Paul's cathedral.— Collinses Peerage. Biog. JYavalis. 



ALPHABETICAL CHRONOLOGY. 61 



HUDSON'S Bay, discovered by Captain Hudson, 

1610; company's charter granted, 1670. 
HUGH DE BEAUVOIS, with 40,000 foreigners, 

coming over from Calais, to assist John against the 

barons, perished in a storm, 1215. 
HUGHES (Henry), executed at the top of Horse- 

monger gaol for violating a girl under 9 years of 

age. 



HUGUENOTS, Protestants first called so in France, I 
from a Gorman word, signifying, " allied by oath," 
1660; massacre of them at Puis, August 21th, 1572. 

HULL, Yorkshire, incorporated by Henry VI. ; cita- 
del built, 1681. 

* HUME (David), died August 25th, 1776. 

HUMILIATI, a congregation of religious, in the 
church of Rome, established 1162; abolished 1570. 



* David Hume an eminent historian and philosopher, was born at Edinburgh, in 1711. His father was a 
descendant of the family of the Earl of Home, but not opulent, and the subject of this article being his 
youngest son, his fortune was very small. Losing his father in his infancy, he was brought up under the 
care of his mother, a woman of singular merit, and was destined by his family for the law ; but his passion 
for literature was so strong, he could not confine himself to professional studies, and, as he observes in his 
memoirs, while they fancied him to be poring over Voet and Vinnius, he was occupied with Cictro and 
Virgil. His slender patrimony however, not allowing him to follow his inclinations without some view of 
profit, he was induced, in 1734, to visit Bristol, with recommendations to some eminent merchants ; but, 
as might have been expected, he was as little disposed to commerce as to law, and resolved to retire to 
some provincial town of France, with the intention of prosecuting his literary pursuits in privacy, and of 
supplying, by economy, his pecuniary deficiencies. He resided first at Rheims, and afterwards at La 
Fleche, in Anjou, and passed three years in France in a manner very accordant with his own inclinations. 
In 1737 he came to London, and the next year published his " Treatise upon Human Nature," the cool recep- 
tion, or rather entire neglect of which, proved a severe mortification.. Being of a sanguine temperament, 
he was not altogether discouraged, but pursued his studies, and in 1742 printed at Edinburgh his " Essays 
moral, political, and literary," which work, owing to its more popular form and elegance of style, was very 
favourably received, and made some amends for his former disappointment. In 1745 he took up his resi- 
dence with the young Marquis of Annandale, to whom he acted as a sort of guardian, an office which was 
rendered necessary by that nobleman's health and state of mind. He remained in this situation for a year, 
and then stood candidate for the professorship of moral philosophy at Edinburgh ; but although strongly 
supported, he was excluded by the negative of the presbytery, in consequence of his known scepticism. 
In 1746 he accompanied General Sinclair, as his secretary, in an expedition designed against Canada, but 
which ended in an attack upon the French coast ; and in 1747 attended the same officer in a military em- 
bassy to the courts of Vienna and Turin. Here he increased both his knowledge of the world by good 
company, and his little fortune by frugality, accumulating the handsome sum, as it then appeared to him, of 
'£1000. Having been led to imagine, that the neglect of his " Treatise upon Human Nature" originated from 
its too dry and systematic form, he cast the first part of the work anew, and caused it to be published while 
he was abroad, with the title of, an " Inquiry concerning the Human Understanding." It however, attracted 
very little more notice than at first, and on his return, the author retired to Scotland, where he resided two 
years. Meantime all his writings, except the first, began to attract notice, and answers, the usual conco- 
mitants of new opinions, when ably supported, were occasionally making their appearance. Of a cool 
temper, and careless of obtaining converts, he made it a rule to reply to none of these strictures, a resolution 
which he subsequently pleaded, when called upon to notice the answer of Dr. Campbell to his " Essay on 
Miracles." In 1751 he repaired to the metropolis, where in the next year, he published his " Political Dis- 
courses," which were at once well received. Nearly about the same time appeared his "Inquiry con- 
cerning the Principles of Morals," a work that he himself deems " incomparably his best," but which, like 
most mere abstract speculations, met with but little attention. In 1752 he obtained the congenial appoint- 
ment of librarian to the faculty of advocates at Edinburgh ; which, by affording him the command of a large 
and curious collection of books, seems first to have inspired him with a notion of writing history. His 
local situation might also suggest his first subject in that line, "The History of England, under the House 
of Stuart," of which a quarto volume appeared in 1754. To use his own language, it was received " with 
one cry of reproach, disapprobation, and even detestation." He attributes this reception to his favourable 
treatment of Charles I. and Lord Strafford, but it was much more owing to his equally contemptuous men- 
tion of the opposing religious parties ; which, as far as they were sincerely actuated by their opinions, he 
regards as little more than votaries of superstition on the one side, and of enthusiasm on the other. The 
work was therefore, not only decried, but neglected ; and had not a war broken out between the two 
countries, the author would have again retired to France. His constitutional equanimity, however, gradu- 
ally prevailed, and he resolved to proceed in his task, and in the mean time he published his " Natural 
History of Religion," and other pieces, the first of which was answered by Warburton, in the name of Dr. 
Hurd. In 1756 he published the second volume of his history, which embraced the period from Charles II. 
to the revolution, and was comparatively well received. He now resolved to take a wider range, and in 
1759 published his " History of the House of Tudor," which excited a clamour against him almost equal to 
his first volume. His reputation as an historian, however, gradually increased, and he was encouraged to 
complete his work from the earliest period, which he accomplished in two additional volumes, in 1761, and 
his " History of England" became thenceforth a standard book. Upon this important worn, now so well 
known, little remark is necessary. Although free from the narrow partialities and prejudice* which s > 



62 



ALPHABETICAL CHRONOLOGY. 



HUNDREDS (Division of), a Danish institution, first 
made in England by King Alfred. 

HUNGARY, the Pannonia of the ancients, was 
subject to the Romans eleven years B.C. ; con- 
quered by the Huns under Attila, when the king- 
dom began, 133; annexed to Germany, under 
Charlemagne, but became independent, 920 ; the 
Turks contended with the Germans for it, from 
1540 to 1739, when, by the treaty of Belgrade, it 
was ceded to the latter; conquered by the Abares 
in the sixth century, and by the Turks or Magiars, 
SS9, the immediate* ancestors of the modern Hun- 
garians ; converted to Christianity, 1010. Lewis, 
king of, killed in battle against the Turks, 1526 ; 
since this it has been governed by princes of the 
house of Austria ; kingdom united with Bohemia, 
1612; declared hereditary in the house of Austria, 
16S7. 

HUNTER (William), a celebrated anatomist, born 
May 23, 1718; died, May 30, 1783. 

HUN'S, savage inhabitants of that part of Siberia, 
since occupied by the Mongouls, commenced, 
1210; their kingdom founded, 230; at war with 
the Chinese, 201 ; kingdom taken and divided 
forty-eight years B.C. ; embraced Christianity, 
416; ravaged all Europe, 446; conquered Scythia 



and Germany, about 460; the kingdom destroyed 

soon after the death of Attila, 454. 
HUNTING, an invention of the Thebana. 
HUNTINGDON Castle built, 921. 
HUNTLEY (The Earl of) trod to death in a battle 

against the Earl of Murray, Oct. 28, 1562. 
HURLERS at St. Clare, Cornwall, are supposed to 

be sepulchral monuments. 
HUNGERFORD (New) Wholesale Fish-market 

opened July 21, 1834. 
HURLY-BURLY is said to owe its origin to Hurleigh 

and Burleigh, two ne ghbouring families, that tilled 

the country round them with contest and violence. 
* HURRICANE in London, January 4, 1818. 
HURST Castle, Hants, built by Henry VIII. , about 

1539. 
HURSTMONCEUX Castle, Sussex, built before 

1066. 
HUSTINGS (Court of), London, we find mentioned 

in the laws of Edward the Confessor. 
HUTCHINSONIANS, a kind of Cabalistic sect, 

that sprung up in this country about 1720, from 

one John Hutchinson, of Yorkshire, who was born 

in 1674. 
HYDE Abbey, near Winchester (Benedictines), 

founded by Alfred. 



frequently influence national historians, and enlarged and philosophical in his genera\ views of events and 
characters, his researches into the origin and progress of the English constitution are deemed wanting, 
both in depth and accuracy. According to this opinion, he has too sweepingly regarded the liberty of the 
country as of modern date, and the mere result of forced concessions from the sovereign, and has sometimes j 
even coloured facts to support that conclusion. His predilection for the house of Stuart, has also made 
him somewhat unfair to that of Tudor, and still more to the real patriotism of the motives of many of those 
who sought to curb the high pretensions and baleful extent of prerogative so imprudently claimed by that I 
unhappy family. With every abatement, however, his reputation stands high ; and, aided by his clear 
style, which, although sometimes incorrect and exhibiting gallicisms, is frequently eloquent, and always 
agreeable, will probably remain so. The copy money received for his history, added to a considerable 
pension obtained from the crown by the interest of Lord Bute, finally secured him independence, and he 
was about to retire to his native country, when he was unexpectedly invited, by the Earl of Hertford, 
then proceeding as ambassador to Paris, to attend him, with a view of ultimately becoming the secretary of 
the embassy. He accordingly accompanied that nobleman to France, and received :he expected appoint- 
ment. He was also farther gratified, by a most enthusiastic reception in the Parisian circles, in his 
character of historian and philosopher. He remained charge d'affaires after the departure of Lord Hertford, 
in 1765, and returned to England in 1766, accompanied by that singular and paradoxical character, Jean 
Jacques Rousseau, to whom he behaved with the greatest delicacy and generosity, a conduct which that 
eccentric person repaid with his usual ingratitude, and insane suspicion. Having now acquired a relish for 
public life, Mr. Hume, in 1767, became under-secretary of state, under General Conway, which post he 
held until the resignation of that minister in 1769. He then finally retired to Edinburgh ; and having 
realized a thousand per annum, he drew round him some chosen associates, among whom he lived generally 
admired and respected, until the spring of 1775, when he was attacked by a disorder in the bowels, which 
never after altogether left him, but gradually produced a state of exhaustion, which carried him off on the 
25th of August, 1776, in the sixty-fifth year of his age. He died in a state of mental composure, which has 
been eloquently described by Dr. Adam Smith, who, in his estimation of the character of this eminent man, 
depictures him as charitable, generous, urbane, and possessed of a degree of gaiety and good humour, 
which is seldom attendant on students so persevering as Mr. Hume. This temper even evinced itself on 
his death-bed, which, as might be expected, has in many quarters produced more censure than admiration. 
Upon the whole, however, it will be as difficult to deny the high personal moral claims of this writer, 
favoured as he was with the rare talent of self-command, as the vigour and acuteness of his intellect. He 
doubtless takes the lead among modern philosophical sceptics, and while open to the objections to which 
that system of philosophising will ever be liable, he must be allowed to have upheld it with distinguished 
ability. Besides the works already mentioned, in 1783, "An Essay on Suicide" appeared, which a critic in 
the Monthly Review affirms, from his own knowledge, to be really by Mr. Hume. If so, it more openly 
assails received opinions than any thing published during his life-time, although it is said, that it would 
then have appeared, had not the booksellers been afraid to publish it.— Hume's Account of his own Life, 
and Dr. Smith's Letter. Aikirfs G. Biog. 

* A very destructive hurricane took place in London, and throughout England, at the above date. 
Scarcely a county escaped considerable damage, and numerous vessels were wrecked or sunk round the 
coasts. The wind blew from S. to S.W., and the ravages continued from eight in the evening till mid- 
night, accompanied with much lightning. The tempest also extended to various parts of Europe. 



ALPHABETICAL CHRONOLOGY. 



63 



HYDRAULIC machine invented by Sir Samuel 
Morel and, 1682. 

HYDROSTATICS first taught by Archimedes, 200 
before Christ. 

HYLTON Castle, Durham, built 930. 

HYMNS for churches, first composed by St. Hilary. 

ICELAND, the ancient Thule, discovered by a 
Dane, 860 ; peopled by the Norwegians, who were 
dr/ven out of Norway, 874; became subjects to 
Norway about 1275 ; and with Norway afterwards 
to Denmark. 

ICONOCLASTERS, or Image-breakers, a sect that 
appeared about 722, supported by the Emperor 
Leo I. They destroyed both Pagan and Christian 
images, which caused great insurrections and divi- 
sions among the Christians, from 740 to 780, when 
images were again erected in churches, and the 
worship of them confirmed by the Roman church. 

IDES, with the Romans, were eight days in every 
month, so called, being the eight days succeeding 
the Nones. In March, May, July, and October, 
these eight days begin at the 8th day of the month 
and continue to the 15th, in other months, they 
begin the 6th day, and last to the 13th. The last 
of these days only is called * The Ides,' the first 
being called ' The Eighth Ides,' the second day the 
7th, the third the 6th, and so on : i e. the 8th, 7th, 
and 6th days before trie Ides. Thus the Ides of any 
month imply the 15th or 13th of that month. 

IDOLATRY introduced by Ninus, King of Assyria, 
about 1200 before Christ ; first abolished from Kent, 
by Ereombert, who began his reign 640. 

IDOLS are supposed to originate in the pillar of 
Jacob, erected at Bethel, Gen. xxviii. 18, 19. 

ILLYRIA became tributary to Rome, 228 before 
Christ. 

ILIUM, built 1359 before Christ; sixty-four years 
before the voyage of the Argonautse. Sir Isaac 
Newton says," this voyage was about thirty years 
before the taking of Troy. 

IMAGES and Reliques (Worship of), commenced 
448; tried to be abolished by the Emperor Leo 
Isauricus, 727; images moved out of churches, 
1548. 

IMPEACHMENT, the first of a chancellor, and the 
first bv the Commons, 1386. 

IMPOSTORS.— 1. One Aldebert, in the 8th century, 
pretending to have a letter from Jesus Christ, 
which fell from heaven, at Jerusalem, seduced 
multitudes to follow him into the woods and de- 
serts, and to live in imitation of John the Baptist. 
—2. Two men were crucified for giving out that 
they were both of them the Messiah; and two 
women were executed for pretending, one to be 
the Virgin Mary, the other, Mary Magdalen, 1221. 
— 3. Gonsalvo Martin, burnt by the Inquisition in 
Spain, for pretending to be the Angel Michael, 
1221. — 4. Elizabeth Barton, called the holy maid of 
Kent, was spirited up, by the popish party, to 
obstruct the reformation, foretelling the speedy 
death of Henry VIII. if he divorced Catherine, and 
married Anne Boleyn ; she and her confederates 
were hanged at Tyburn, 1534. — 5. In the first year 
of Queen Mary's reign, after her marriage with 
Philip, Elizabeth Croft, a girl of 18 years of age, 
was secreted in a wall, and with a whistle made 
for the purpose, uttered many seditious speeches 
against the queen and prince, for which she was 
sentenced to stand on a scaffold, at St. Paul's 
Cross, during sermon-time, 1553 ; she was called 
the spirit of the wall.— 6. George David, a water- 
man's son, at Ghent, called himself a nephew of 
God, said he was sent into the world to adopt 



children for heaven; he denied the resurrection; 
preached against narriage, in favour of a commu- 
nity of women, and taught that the body only could 
be defiled by sin ; he had many followers, and died 
at Basle, in Switzerland, 1566.— 7. One Hacnet 
personated our Saviour, and was executed tor 
phemy, 1592.— 8. A friar, of the order of St. Basil, I 
pretended to be the son of the Czar of Musr.ovy, 
whom the usurper Boris had put to death ; but, 
according to his account, another child had been 
substituted in his place ; supported by Poland, he 
was invited by the Russians to the" throne, and 
the reigning Czar Fedor, and all his family, were 

Eut into his hands, whom he cruelly put to death ; 
ut his imposition was discovered, and he was 
assassinated in his palace, 1606.— 9. James Naylor, 
a quaker, sentenced to be whipped, and his tongue 
burnt through, on the pillory, by an order of the 
House of Commons, for personating our Saviour, 
December 4th, 1656.— 10. Mr. Mompesson, a ma- 
gistrate of Tedworth, Wilts, having punished an 
idle fellow, who beat a drum about the country, 
under the authority of a feigned pass, and taking 
away his drum, which he deposited in his own 
house, his house was beset for two or three years 
with a continual drumming; the drummer was 
tried at Salisbury for a wizard, and transported, 
1661 — 11. Greatrakes, the Irish impostor, pretend- 
ing to cure all diseases, by stroking the patient, 
occasioned very warm disputes in Ireland, 1665, 
and in England, where it fell into disrepute, in 
1666, on his examination before the Royal Society. 
— 12. Sabbati Levi, a Jew of Smyrna, amused the 
Turks and Jews a long time at Constantinople, by 
personating our Saviour, 1666. — 13. Dr. Titus Oates, 
an infamous clergyman, and others.made a discovery 
of an intended plot of the papists to kill the king, 
and introduce popery, September 6th, 1678 ; they 
swore away the lives of many Roman Catholic 
clergymen: Oates was whipped, 1685, and sen- 
tenced to be imprisoned for life ; but was after- 
wards pardoned, and pensioned by King William, 
1689. — 14. One Fuller, a prisoner in the King's 
Bench, for debt, forged a sham plot against William 
III. for which he was fined and pillored, 1691. — 15. 
Young, a prisoner in Newgate, forged the hands of 
the Earls of Marlborough, Salisbury, and other 
nobility, for a pretended association for restoring 
King James; the lords were imprisoned; but the 
imposture being detected, Young was fined £1000 
and pillored, 1692.— 16. Three French refugees 
pretended to be prophets, and declared, that Dr. 
Emms would rise out of the grave, 1706.— 17. Mary 
Tofts, of Godalming, Surrey, pretending that she 
bred rabbits within her, and so imposed on Mr. 
John Howard, of Guildford, and Mr. St. Andre, 
surgeon to the king, as to prevail on them to es- 
pouse her cause, 1726.— 18. Elizabeth Canning, 
whose story is well known, convicted of perjury, 
and transported, 1753.— 19. The story of the Cock- 
lane Ghost, by William Parsons, his wife, and 
daughter, 1762"; the parents were pillored and im- 
prisoned. 

IMPROPRIATIONS, strictly speaking, took place 
with the Norman conquest. Before the destruc- 
tion of the monasteries, by Henry VIIL, 1539, 
many livings were in their possession ; the great 
tithes they kept themselves, allowing the small 
tithes to the vicar or substitute that served the 
church. On the suppression of the monasteries, 
Henry VIIL disposed of these great tithes among 
his favourites. Hence they came into lay hands. 

* INCHBALD (Mrs. Elizabeth), died Aug. 1, 1821. 



* Elizabeth Inchbald, the daughter of a farmer named Simpson, born at Stanningfield, in Suffolk, in the 
year 1756. Having lost her father at the age of sixteen, she came to London with a view of obtaining an 
engagement for the stage, when attracting the attention of Mr. Inchbald, then an actor of some celebrity, 
a marriage was the consequence, and she accompanied her husband on several provincial tours, partaking 
in his engagements. He dying in 1779, she returned to London, and made her debut at Covent-garden as 
Bcllario, in the play of "Philaster," October 3, 1780. She continued on the boards about eight years, 
and from her great personal attraction, which she retained to a late period of her life, as well as from hex 



64 



ALPHABETICAL CHRONOLOGY. 



• INCLEDON (Charles), died Feb. 11, 182G. 

INDEPENDENTS, such as hold the independency 
of the church, or that each congregation may 
govern themselves in religious matters. Presby- 
terians and Anabaptists are now agreed with them ; 
the Anabaptists always were. Their first meeting- 
house founded in England was that by Mr. Henry 
Jacobs, about 1616. 

INDIA STOCK sold from 360 to E00 per cent. 1683. 

INDICATIONS were revolutions of 15 years, by which 
the Romans reckoned time ; they were instituted 
according to general opinion, in the time of Con- 
stantine, about 312, and are still preserved in the 
Pope's bulls. The indiction of Constantinople 
began Dec. 1, 312. That of the western Empire, 
Dec. 24 or 25 ; that of the church of Rome, Dec. 
25, 312, or Jan. 1, 313. 



INDIES (East), first discovered by the Romans; 
discovered by the Portuguese, 1487 ; conquered in 
1500, and settled by them in 1506. The first set- 
tlement was Goa. The English company es- 
tablished, 1600; their stock consisted of £72,000; 
they fitted, out four ships, and meeting with suc- 
cess, have continued ever since. The French first 
settled there, 1674; a new English company es- 
tablished, 1698; the two united, 1702; agreed to 
give government £400,000 a year, for five years, 
so they might continue unmolested, Feb. 1769; 
India bill passed, 1773; Dutch East India com- 
pany established, 1594; East India company at 
Copenhagen, established 1612; French ditto, 1664. 

INDULGENCIES invented in the 11th century, by 
Popes Gregory VII., Victor, and Urban II., as a 
recompense to those who went in person to the 



natural talents, was a popular performer. After her retirement from the stage in 1789, she depended 
principally on her literarj' labours for support, publishing several dramatic pieces, most of which had a 
temporary success, while some are even yet considered as what is technically termed " stock plays." Her 
works, dramatic and miscellaneous, consist of "A Mogul Tale," a farce, 1784; "I'll tell you what,'' a 
comedy ; " Appearance is against them," and the " Widow's Vow," farces, 1786 ; " The Child of Nature," 
a dramatic piece; the "Midnight Hour," a farce; "Such things are," a play, 1788; "The Married 
Man," a comedy, 1789; "Next door Neighbours," a comedy, and "A Simple Story," a novel, in four 
12mo. vols, in 1791; "Every one has his Fault," a comedy, 1793; "Wedding Day," a comedy, 1794; 
" Nature and Art," a novel, in two vols. 12mo. 1796; "Wives as they were, and Maids as they are," a 
comedy, 1797 ; " Lover's Vows,' a play from the German of Kotzebue, 1798; " Wise Man of the East," 
a comedy, 1799 ; and " To Marry and not to Many," 1805. She also edited a collection of dramas, entitled 
the "British Theatre," with biographical and critical remarks, in 25 vols. 12mo., during the period from 
1806 to 1809 ; a similar collection of the most popular farces, in seven vols. 12mo. ; and the " Modern 
Theatre," in 10 vols. 1809. Her death took place at Kensington, August 1, 1821, in her sixty-sixth 3 r ear. 
The " Simple Story" will long preserve the reputation oi Mrs. Inchbald as a novelist, being a tale of great 
interest and genuine pathos ; and it adds highly to the merit of this ingenious and able woman, that she 
passed a life attended with many difficulties and temptations, with unsullied reputation. — Gent. Mag. 

* Benjamin Charles Incledon, generally known by the latter of his Christian names only, an eminent 
English vocalist, born about the year 1764, at St, Keveran, in the county of Cornwall, where his father is 
said to have been a respectable member of the faculty. When only eight years old, the extraordinary fine 
tones of his voice, for which he was in after life so distinguished, induced his parents to article him to the 
celebrated Jackson, of Exeter, under whose tuition he remained as a chorister in Exeter cathedral, until 
he had attained his fifteenth year. The restraints, however, to which he was necessarily subject in this 
situation, were highly disagreeable to a boy of his mercurial disposition, and he took an opportunity to 
quit Exeter abruptly in the year 1779, and to enter as a common sailor on board the Formidable, 98 gun- 
ship, commanded by Rear-admiral (then Captain) Cleland. In the royal navy he remained about five years, 
during which period he sailed to the West Indies, and saw some service. His vocal abilities having 
attracted the notice of his officers, especially of Lord Mulgrave (then Captain Phipps), and Admirals Pigott 
and Hervy, he was advised by them to try his fortune on the stage. He accordingly made his first bow to 
a theatrical audience in Collins's Southampton company, in 1783, as Alphonso, in the "Castle of An- 
dalusia." A subsequent engagement, entered into with the Bath manager the following year, introduced 
him to the acquaintance, and eventually to the friendship, of Rauzzini, who not only did his utmost to 
bring him before the public in a manner suitable to his talents, but also conferred on him the no less solid 
benefit of his instructions. In October, 1790, he made his debut on the London boards, at Covent-garden 
theatre, with great success, in the character of Dermot, in O'Keefe's musical farce of " The Poor Soldier," 
and rose at once into a degree of popularity, which attended him until the infirmities consequent upon 
advancing years, and a not very regular mode of life, compelled him to retire from the active duties of his 
profession. Of the diminution of his powers, however, he never could be persuaded, but constantly 
attributed his declining popularity to the caprice of the public. His voice, a rich tenor, combined un- 
common power, sweetness, and ductility, both in the natural and falsetto, and his intonation was singularly 
correct, taking his imperfect education into consideration. His articulation was however far from equal to 
his other qualities, being coarse, not to say vulgar. The better sort of the old English ballad, of which 
Stevens's "Storm," and Gay's "Black-eyed Susan," are, perhaps, amongst the finest specimens, was 
decidedly his fort ; nor in this style of singing had he ever an equal. Shield wrote many of his airs ex- 
pressly for him, and never has any one done more justice to his composer. Pecuniary embarrassments, 
arising from an utter carelessness of money and general improvidence, embittered the latter part of his life, 
which was closed at Worcester, on the 11th of February, 1826. His remains were carried to Hampstead, 
in the vicinity of London, and were there interred.— Gent. Mag. 



ALPHABETICAL CHRONOLOGY. 



(>:> 



crusades ; money first Riven for them in the 12th ; 
Pope Clement V. was the first that made a public 
6ale of them, about 1313. 

INDUSTKIA, a Roman city, discovered in Pied- 
mont, 1751. 

INFANTE and Infanta, were titles used in Spain, 
since the reign of Evremond II. King of Leon, 982 ; 
and imply in the ancient Biscay languages, a suc- 
cessor. 

INHERITANCE ; that law of an uncle coming in 
before a nephew, passed from the Jews to the 
Phoenicians, and from them into all Africa. 

INJECTIONS (Anatomical), first made by Ruisch, 
1726. 

INK (Indian), invented by the Koreans, about 620 ; 
discovered by the Chinese about 900. 

INNES (Alexander), of Cromy, Scotland, assassi- 
nated by his cousin Robert, April 1580. 

INNS of Court, instituted as a university to teach 
the law soon after the court of Common Pleas was 
fixed in Westminster-hall. The degrees were 
barristers and Serjeants. 

INOCULATION hath been practised under one 
mode or another, time immemorial ; first tried on 
criminals and with success, 1721. The vaccine in- 
troduced 1799. 

INQUISITION (Popish), begun by Pope Gregory 
IX. 1204 ; establishedatTholouse, 1229; commit- 
ted to the direction of the Dominicans, 1233; 133 
heretics were burnt in Champagne in France, in 
the presence of eighteen bishops, 1839 ; its first 
establishment in Spain, 1812. 

INSTITUTION to benefices by bishops first ap - 
pointed. 1124. 

INSURANCE of ships first practised in the reign 
of Caesar, about 45 ; in general custom throughout 
Europe, 1194; insurance offices first set up in 
London, 1667. 

INSURRECTION of the Chinese against the Dutch 
of Batavia, when 12,000 Chinese were massacred, 
October, 1740 ; of the poor in many parts of Eng- 
land, owing to the dearness of provisions, 1766. 

INTERDICTS (National), were an improvement on 
the custom of the ecclesiastic censures on whole 
families, and took their rise about 320. 

INTEREST of money, 45 per cent. 1307 ; established 
by law at 10 per cent. 1546; £9 16s. 1604; £8 
1622 ; £6 1660 ; reduced to £5 per cent. 1714. 

INTERIM, a provisional regulation in favour of the 
Lutherans, relating to the articles of faith neces- 
sary to be believed, till the decision of a general 
council, published by Charles V. of Germany, 
1548. 

INUNDATIONS. There happened such a flood in 
Gloucestershire, that all the country was over- 
flowed by the Severn, and several persons were 
drowned in their beds, 1483. The waters did not 
abate for ten days, which hindered the Duke of 
Buckingham's passing that river into Wales, to 
join the Welchmen, who were risen against the 
king, and occasioned his misfortune and death. 
One in Catalonia, Spain, from continued rains, 
attended with a storm, that drowned more than 
50,000 persons, 1617. One at Newcastle-upon- 
Tyne, when upwards of 120 persons were drowned, 
1633. One in Gascoyne, when the watar spouted 
from the sides of an adjacent mountain, in jets, 
1678. One in Yorkshire, in which a rock visibly 
opened, and water was thrown into the air, to the 
height of an ordinary church steeple, 1686. One in 
the North of England, November, 1771. 

INVALIDS (Establishment for), in France, 1604. 

IONIC order in architecture, the first order of, 
was given by the people of Ionia in Asia, about 650 
years before Christ. 

IP'HIGENTA (The fable of the sacrifice of), taken by 
the Greeks,as supposed, from the history of Jephtha. 

IPSWICH West-gate built, 1430; college built, 

1524; town incorporated by Charles II. 
IRELAND, originally called Ierne, Hibernia, and 
Scotia. They have their origin uninterrupted up to 
Japhet. The first conquest of this island was the 
Milesian, by Heremon and Ith (sons of Milesius, 
King of Spain) ; Ith landed here from Galatia, and 
died of the wounds he received of the natives, 1071 



before Christ, when tne island was divided as at 
present. Heremon vrat the first monarch. It was 
governed by several kings, till conquered by Henry 
1 1. From 323 to 103 before Christ, there were but 
two kings but what were killed by their successors. 
King Cormac O'Con wrote a book, called " Advice 
to Kings," about 254. Ulster was colonized by 
the Scots, who in the 3d century covered the island. 
Began to receive the Christian faith, about 430. 
Had no archbishops till 1152; be^re, the bishops 
were suffragans to the Archbisbop of Canterbury. 
Invaded by Fitz-Stephen, near Wexford, May, 
1170, who settled there the first colony of British 
inhabitants in that town. Conquered by Henry II. 
who appointed first a viceroy, 1172. All the Irish 
were ordered home, 1423. The kings of England 
were called lords of Ireland, till 1512; when Henry 
VIII. took the title of king. Erected into a king- 
dom by a bull from Pope Paid IV. 1555. Invaded 
by the'Spaniards, 1582, again by ditto, at Baltimore, 
1601. A formidable insurrection there, headed by 
Tyrone, 1598; ended with his defeat, 1601. All 
the principal woods cut down by order of Crom- 
well. Linen trade opened, December 23d, 1779. 
Its independency established, 1782. The Gone, 
vans invited to settle there, 1782. Order of St. 
Patrick founded, February 5th, 1783. Admitted 
to a free trade by the British parliament, 1779. 

IRON discovered by the burning of Mount Ida, 1432 
before Christ ; first cast in England at Backstead, 
Sussex, by Ralph Page and Peter Baude, 1544 ; 
iron was not drawn by mills (an invention of Ger- 
many) till 1563. 

IRON-MASK, a state prisoner in Fiance, so called 
from an iron mask, that he had fixed on his face, to 
conceal him, but with steel springs, to admit of his 
feeding; was supposed to have been some prince, 
and was treated as such ; a discovery of himself 
would have occasioned his death; he died 1704, 
after forty-three years' confinement. 

IRON-MILLS, first erected in England, by Godfrey 
Box, of Liege, 1590. 

IRRELAGII Friary, Ireland, founded 1440, rebuilt 
1602. 

ISAIAH began to prophesy 786 ; put to death bv 
Hezekiah, 696 before Christ. 

ISIAC TABLE, a monument of antiquity, discovered 
at Rome, 1525. 

ISRAEL, the seat of the kingdom transferred from 
Tirzah to Samaria, by Omri, 924 ; kingdom of 
finished by the taking of Samaria, (by Salma- 
naser) 721 before Christ. 

ISRAELITES departure out of Egypt, Tuesday, 
May 5th, 1491. Josephus says, 1985; fed with 
manna from heaven, Thursday June 4th, the same 
year; passed over Jordan, with Joshua, Friday, 
April 30th, 1451 before Christ, and entered into 
Canaan. 

ISTHMIAN Games; or, combats in the Isthmus of 
Athens, instituted by Sysiphus, King of Corinth, 
in honour of Neptune, fifteen years afler the rape 
of Ganymede, 1326; restored, 581 before Christ, 
held every fifth year. The reward, a chaplet of 
parsley. 

ITALY, a colony of Arcadians conducted byEvander 
there, 1243; first eruption of the Gauls into, 588; 
Cimbri andTeutones, driven out 113 before Christ. 
Several cities bought their present immunities 
of the Emperor of Germany; Lucca gave 12,000 
crowns ; Florence, Genoa, and Bologna, 6000 each, 
1286. 

JACOBITES, a party called by that name, from the 
revolution to 1746,"viz. those" who expressed their 
wishes to restore the family of James II. 

JAMAICA discovered, by Columbus, 1494; settled 
by the Spaniards, 1509 ; taken from them by the 
English, under Admiral Pen, May 7th, 1655 ; dread- 
ful hurricane, August 23d, 1722;" another, Septem- 
ber 1st, 1734; another, October, 1744; another 
dreadful one, August 10th, 1751 ; again, with an 
earthquake, when Savannah le Mar was over- 
flowed by the sea, and destroyed, October 2, 1780 ; 
another, that did great damage, and killed 17C 
persons, July 30, 1784. 

JAMES I. King of. Scotland, succeeded his father 



06 



ALPHABETICAL CHRONOLOGY. 



John, 1423; his father being at war with the 
English, he was taken by them, and remained a 
prisoner till 1424, when he was released, (on pay- 
ing £40,000, and consenting to marry Joanna, 
grand-daughter to Edward III.) by John, Duke of 
Bedford, regent, during the minority of Henry VI. 
to whom he paid homage for his crown ; murdered 
in his bed by assassins, by order of his uncle, the 
Earl of Athoel, February 19th, 1437, whom he 
had punished for maladministration during his 
imprisonment. He was succeeded by his son 
James II. 

JAMES II. King of Scotland, son of James I. suc- 
ceeded his father 1437, being then 7 years old; 
killed at the siege of Roxburgh, by the bursting of 
a cannon, 1460, aged 29, and was succeeded by his 
son James III. 

JAMES III. King of Scotland, son of James II. aged 
7 years, succeeded his father, 1460 : seduced by 
astrology, to which he was addicted, he arrested 
his two brothers, John and Alexander, caused John 
to be assassinated ; Alexander escaped, raised an 
arm}' against him, and took him prisoner, but gene- 
rous'lv set him at liberty; his subjects however 
rebelled against him for his tyranny, and he fell by 
them in battle, 1488 ; he was succeeded by his son 
James IV. 

JAMES IV. of Scotland, son of James III. aged 16, 
succeeded his father, 1488 ; married Margaret, 
daughter of Henry VII. of England, December, 
1503 ; subdued his rebellious subjects, but after- 
wards assisting Louis XII. of France, against 
Henry VIII. of England, he was killed at the 
battle of Floddon-neld, 1531, aged 41, and suc- 
ceeded by his son James V. James IV. always 
wore a chain round his body, in penance for his 
father's murder. 

JAMES V. of Scotland, son of James IV. succeeded 
his father, 1531, then only 18 months old, his 
mother Margaret being regent ; when of age, he 
assisted Francis I. of "France, against Charles V. 
and married Francis's eldest dauqhter, 1535 ; 
buried his queen, 1537, and married Mary of Lor- 
raine, daughter of Claude, Duke of Guise, and 
widow of Louis d'Orleans, by whom he had only 
one child, Mary, born 8 days before his death, 
which happened December 13th, 1542, he was suc- 
ceeded by this daughter. 

JAMES VI. of Scotland, and I. of England, sirnamed 
Stuart, son of Mary, Queen of Scots (grand- 
daughter of Margaret, Henry VHIth's sister), by 
Lord Darnley, born at Edinburgh, June 19th, 1566 ; 
crowned King of Scotland, on his mother's being 
deposed, the Earl of Murray regent, July 29th, 
1566; took the reins of government, 1578; went 
to Norway October 22d, and married Ann, Princess 
of Denmark, November 24th, 15S9 ; returned to 
Scotland, May 1st, 1590 ; seized by the Earl of 
Bothwell, 1593; was near being murdered by 



Gowrie, and his brother, at Perth, August 5th, 
lf'00 ; succeeded Elizabeth on the throne of Eng- 
land, March 24th, 1603; arrived in London, May 
7th following; conspired against, in favour of 
Arabella Stuart, his second cousin, July following ; 
styled himself King of Great Britain, 1606; created 
his son Henry Prince of Wales, May, 1610 ; created 
ninety baronets to raise money, May 1611 ; created 
his son Charles Prince of Wales on the death of his 
son Henry, November, 1616 ; went into Scotland, 
March 4tb, 1617 ; returned September following ; 
lost his queen in a dropsy, March 1st, 1619, aged 
45 ; tore a protestation out of the journals of the 
House of Commons, December 11th, 1621 ; died of 
an ague at Theobald's, March 27th, 1625 ; and was 
succeeded by his second son, Charles I. ; Henry, 
Prince of Wales. 

JAMES II. brother of Charles II. born October 30th, 
1633; entered into the Spanish service, 1658; 
married Ann Hyde, the lord chancellor's daughter, 
September 3d, 1660; made lord high admiral, 
1664; lost his wife, March 31st, 1671, aged 30; 
married the Princess of Modena, November 21st, 
1673 ; a bill passed the House of Commons to ex- 
clude him from the succession, 1680 ; in going to 
Scotland by sea, the vessel struck upon a sand- 
bank, he, with a few, escaped in the long-boat, 
150 perished, 1682 ; succeeded Charles II. on the 
throne, February 6th, 1685; crowned April 23d, 
following ; received the Pope's Nuncio, 16S7 ; fled, 
on the Prince of Orange's being invited over, De- 
cember 12th, 1683; seized at Feversham, and 
brought back to Whitehall, December 16th; left 
England, by order of Prince William, December 
23d, 1688 ; and was succeeded by his daughter 
Mary and William III. her husband ; and landed 
with an army at Kinsale in Ireland, March 22d, 
1689 ; returned to France, June, 1690 ; died at St. 
Germain's, August 9th, 1701. 

JAMES'S Palace (St.), built, 1530. 

JAMES (The) from Limerick, foundered at sea 25th 
April, 1834, with emigrants on board ; 265 perished^ 
and 10 only were saved. 

JANE SEYMOUR, Henry VHIth's third wife, died 
in child-bed with Edward VI. October, 1537. 

JANISSARIES (Military order of), established 
among the Turks, 1362. 

JANSENISTS, a sect, followers of Cornelius Jan- 
senius, Bishop of Ypres, who broached a particular 
doctrine respecting grace and free-will. It made 
no noise in the world till after the death of its 
author, 1638. 

JAPAN (Empire of), founded by Jerotimo, 1188 ; 
governed by kings 660 before Christ; first disco- 
vered by the Portuguese, 1549; Christianity pre- 
scribed there, 1586. 

JEFFERIES (Miss), hanged for poisoning her uncle, 
March, 1752. 

* JEFFREYS (George Lord), died in 1703. 



* Lord George JefFrej-s, Baron Wem, commonly known by the name of Judge Jeffreys, was the son of John 
Jeffreys, Esq. of Acton, in Denbighshire, where he was born towards the beginning of the 17th century. 
He was educated at the free-school of Shrewsbury, whence he was removed to that of Westminster ; and 
being subsequently entered at the Middle Temple, he applied himself very assiduously to the law. His 
father's family being large, his allowance was very scanty, but his industry and ingenuity supplied all 
deficiencies; and by attending an assize at Kingston during the plague, when few barristers could be met 
with, he was allowed to plead, although not formally admitted, and continued to practise unrestrained 
until he attained the highest employments in the law. Soon after commencing his professional career, he was 
introduced by an alderman of his own name, and probably a relation, among the citizens of London ; who 
soon after chose him their recorder ; and to this advancement, and the influence it procured him, may be 
attributed his introduction at court, and appointment of solicitor to the Duke of York. A willing instru- 
ment of all sorts of measures, his farther promotion, at such a period, was rapid, and he was appointed 
successively a Welch judge and chief justice of Chester, and created a baronet. When parliament began 
to prosecute the abhorrers, he resigned the recordership, and was appointed chief justice of the King's 
Bench. On the accession of James II. he was one of the great advisers and promoters of all the oppres- 
sive and arbitrary measures of that misguided reign ; and for his sanguinary and inhuman proceedings against 
the miserable adherents of Monmouth— atrocities which will consign haa name to everlasting ignominy— 



ALPHABETICAL CHRONOLOGY. 



G7 



JEH03HAPHAT overcame the Philistines 896 be- 
fore Christ. 

JERICHO (Walls of), fell, 1 (64. 

* JERNINGHAM (Edward), died Nov. 17th, 1812. 

JEROBOAM set up two golden calves at Dan and 
Bethel, to prevent his subjects going to worship at 
Jerusalem, 976 before Christ. 

JERSEY, Guernsey, Sarke, and Alderney, were 
appendages of the duchy of Normandy, and united 
to the crown of England, by the first princes of 
the Norman line. * 

JERUSALEM Chamber, Westminster, supposed by 
Walpole to be derived from a room, which Henry 
III. when building the abbey, ordered to be called 
the Antioch chamber, being a treasury for receiving 
the sums levied by the Jews, for carrying on the 
war with France. 



JERUSALEM (Temple of), built 1094; city ttfko. 
by Jehoash, 835; by Nebuchadnezzar, after a 
siege of eighteen months, June 9th, 578, f>rty 
years after Jeremiah's prophecy, Ezek. iv. 6 ; the 
second temple began, 534; finished under Darius, 
March 10th, 515; the inhabitants butchered b) 
Jason, 170 years before Christ ; destroyed by Titus, 
August 31st, 70; an aitempt to build it by Julian, 
363; pillaged by the Persians, and 90,000* inhabi- 
tants killed, G13; taken by the Saracens, 037; 
converted into a mosque, 643 ; taken by Godfrey 
of Bologne, who was there elected king of it, July 
5th, 1100; finally conquered by Saladin, 11^7 ; now 
subject to the Turks. The Latin patriarchs of, 
ended, 1291. 

j JERVIS (John), Earl of St. Vincent, died March 
15th, 1823. 



was rewarded by the vindictive and cold-hearted James with the post of lord high chancellor. What can 
be said in favour of this dispicable adherent, should not, however, be omitted ; and it is acknowledged that 
he usually showed himself an able and impartial judge where political purposes were not to be answered. 
His deportment on the bench was, however, in the highest degree discreditable at all times, and even when 
his indignation was properly excitsd, he indulged in scurrility and abuse of the most degrading description, 
a practice in which he indulged even to fury against the celebrated Richard Baxter, and all prosecuted 
parties whose politics or opinions were disagreeable to the court. To this abusive habit he possibly owed 
the unhappy termination of his disgraceful existence. On the arrival of the Prince of Orange, when all 
was in confusion, the conscious chancellor, who had disguised himself as a seaman, in order to get on board 
a ship unknown, was detected in a low public-house in Wapping by an attorney, whom he had signally 
rated in open court. The latter making his discovery known, he was immediately seized by the populace, 
' and carried before the lord mayor, who sent him to the lords in council, by whom he was committed to the 
j Tower, where he died April 18th, 1689, of intemperance and a broken heart. Pennant records a remarkable 
\ instance of insult endured by this fallen instrument during his imprisonment. He received, as he thought, 
I a present of a barrel of Colchester oysters, and expressed a great satisfaction that he was still remembered 
! with kindness by somebody, but on opening the barrel, instead of the expected contents, appeared a haiter. 
j Jeffre3's, whose name has become a received appellation in England for iniquitous judges, left one son, who 
inherited both his title and intemperate habits. He is said to have been the author of some pieces in the 
State poems, and of "An Argument in the case of Monopolies," 1689. He died in 1703, and left an only daughter 
\ by Charlotte, daughter and heiress of the Earl of Pembroke, who married the Earl of Pomfret, and after his 
' death presented the noble collection of the Pomfret marbles to the university of Oxford. The deep impression 
left by the cruelties of Jeffreys in the west of England is strikingly exhibited, by a fact mentioned by 
Granger, that the amiable Countess of Pomfret was insulted on the western road, simply as being the grand- 
daughter of the execrated Jeffrej's. — Life of George Lord Jeffreys. Life of the Lord Keeper North. Gran- 
ger. Pennant's London. 

* Edward Jerningham an ingenious poet and dramatic writer, descended from an ancient Roman Catholic 
family in Norfolk, and brother of Sir William Jerningham, bart. He was born in 1727, and when young 
was sent to the English college at Douay, in Flanders, whence he was removed to Paris. His education 
being completed, he returned to England, where he became a member of the established church. One of 
his earliest productions was a poem in favour of the Magdalen institution, which was followed by " The 
Deserter," 1769; "The Funeral of Arabert, Monk of La Trappe," 1771; " Faldoni and Teresa," 1773; 
" The Swedish Curate;" " The Fall of Mexico," 1775 ; " Honoria, or the Day of All Souls," 1782 ; " The 
Rise and Progress of Scandinavian Poetry," 1784; " Enthusiasm," 17S9 ; &c. His play, called " Margaret 
of Anjou," was acted in 1777 ; " The Siege of Berwick," a tragedy, in 1794 ; and " The Welch Heiress," a 
comedy, in 1795. A collection of his poetical and dramatic works appeared in 4 vols. 8vo. 1806. He also 
published in the latter part of his life, " An Essay on the mild Tenour of Christianity," and other religious 
tracts. His death took place November 17, 1812. The private character of Mr. Jerningham was extremely 
amiable, and he is spoken of with great respect and esteem by Lord Byron, in the notes to his English Bards 
and Scotch Reviewers. — Gent. Mag. Watt's liibl. Brit. 

t Juhn Jervis, Earl of St. Vincent, a gallant and distinguished naval commander, descended of an ancient 
and respectable family in Staffordshire. He was the second and youngest son of Swynfen Jervis, Esq. 
auditor of Greenwich hospital, and was born at Meaford-hall, January 9th, 1734 (old style). At the age 
of fourteen, he was rated a midshipman on board the Gloucester, of fifty guns, on the Jamaica station, and in 
1755 served as lieutenant under Sir C. Saunders, in the expedition against Quebec. Soon after being made 
commander, he was appointed first to the Experiment and afterwards to the Albany sloop. In 1760 he 
obtained the rank of post-captain, and commanded the Foudroyant, in the action between Admiral Keppel 
and the French fleet, in July, 1778. In 1782, being then under the orders of Admiral Barrington, he engaged 
and took the Pegase, of seventy-four guns and 700 men ; in which exploit he received a severe wound in the 



<ss 



ALPHABETICAL CHRONOLOGY. 



JESTERS were retained in courts from Henry VIII. 
to Queen Anne ; Jester's court abolished in 
France by Louis XIV. in Germany, 1719. 

JESUITS (Society of), established by Ignatius 
Loyola, 1536; expelled France, 1594; recalled, 
1605; expelled England, 1604; Venice, 1606; 
from Paraguay, 1733 ; France, 1764 ; from Portu- 
gal, December 3d, for attempting to assassinate 
the King on the 3d of September, 1759; from 
Bohemia and Denmark, 1766 ; Spain, Genoa, and 
Venice, April 2d, 1767 ; Naples, Malta, and 
Parma, 1768; society suppressed by the Pope, 
August 25, 1773. 

JESUS CHRIST was born, Monday, December 25th, 
in the year of the world, 4005 ; in that of Rome, 
752, four years before the common aera; his first 
ministry in 30 ; baptized by John, 30 ; celebrated 
his last passover, and instituted the sacrament in 
its stead, Thursday, April 2d ; crucified, April 3d, 
at three in the afternoon ; rose April 5th ; ascended 
Thursday, May 14th ; in all 33 ; or in 29, allowing 
his birth to have happened four years before the 
common sera. 

JESUS College, Oxford, founded by Queen Eli- 
zabeth, 1571. (Nineteen fellows). 

JESUS College, Cambridge, founded by the Bishop 
of Ely, 1496. (Sixteen fellows). 

JEWELS. Agnes Sorel was the first woman that 
wore any, 1434. 

JEWS, carried into Assyria, by Salmanazer, 720 
before Christ. The seventy years captivity of 
them, began 606 before Christ ; ended 536 before 
Christ. The captivity of 100,000 by Ptolemy, 320 
before Christ. Twelve thousand cut to pieces by 
Pompey in the temple of Jerusalem, during the 
time of the sacrifice, 62 before Christ. Banished 
from Rome, 19. Those about Cerene, headed by 
one Andrse, murdered near 200,000 Greeks and 
Romans ; they eat their entrails, and covered 
themselves with the skins of those whom they 
assassinated, 115. Five hundred and eighty thou- 
sand of them destroyed by the Romans, 135, and 
almost all banished from Judea. Banished from 
Spain and France, 616. The first known in Eng- 
land were invited trver by William I., 1067. Twelve 
thousand slain in Germany, by those of the Cru- 
sade, 1096. Thinking to invoke the divine clemen- 
cy, at the solemnization of the passover at Paris, 
they sacrificed a young lad of 12 years old, the son 
of a rich tradesman, by first whipping his flesh 
from his bones, and then crucifying him ; for which 
cruelty the criminals were executed, and the rest 
were banished the kingdom, 1180. Erom this cir- 
cumstance the Jews have been ever since held in 



detestation. Massacred, September 3d, 1189, at 
the coronation of Richard I. Seven were con- 
demned to pay the king 20,000 marks, or suffer 
perpetual imprisonment, for circumcising a Chris- 
tian child at Norwich, and attempting to crucify 
him, 1235. One hundred and two were apprehend- 
ed for crucifying a child in Lincoln, eighteen of 
whom were hanged, the rest heavily fined, 1255. 
Seven hundred were slain in London, because a 
Jew would have forced a Christian to pay him 
more than two shillings per week for the loan 
of twenty, 1262. Every Jew who lent money upon 
usury, was commanded to wear a plate upon his 
breast, signifying that he was an usurer, or to 
quit the realm, 1274. Two hundred and sixty- 
seven were hanged and quartered for clipping, 
1277. The same year, the Jews crucified a child 
at Northampton, for which fifty were drawn at 
horses tails and hanged. All the Jews synagogues 
were ordered to be destroyed, 1282. All the Jews 
in England were apprehended in one day, their 
goods and chatties confiscated to the king, and they, 
to the number of 15,060, banished the realm, 
having only sustenance money allowed, 1287 ; they 
remained banished 364 years, till Oliver Cromwell 
restored them. A general massacre of them at 
Verdun, by the peasants, who, from a pretended 
prophecy, conceived the Holy Land was to be 
recovered from the Infidels by them ; 500 of these 
Jews took shelter in a castle, and defended them- 
selves to the last extremity ; when for the want 
of other weapons, they threw their children at 
the enemy, and then killed each other, 1317. Dri- 
ven out of Germany, 1392; out of France, 1394. 
Out of Spain, to the number of 150,000, 1492 ; 
they retired to Africa, Portugal, and France. It 
was against them that the inquisition was there 
first established. A massacre of them at Lisbon, 
1506 ; 2000 were destroyed. There was not a Jew 
in this island from 1610, to 1624. Act passed hero 
to naturalize them, 1753 ; repealed, on the petition 
of all the cities in England, 1754. Four executed 
for murdering Mrs. Hutchins's servant, December 
9th, 1771. 

JOAN (Pope), was said to be a maid who had con- 
cealed her sex in men's clothes, and was promoted 
to the papal dignity in 856, after Leo IV., that she 
reigned two years and five months, and was suc- 
ceeded by Benedict III. ; but as several historians 
have not mentioned her, it is conjectured to be a 
fable to depict the effeminate manners of Benedict 
III. 

* JOAN of Arc, burnt alive by the English for 
witchcraft, 1431. 



! head from a splinter, and afterwards obtained the red ribband as a reward for his gallant conduct. In 1794, 

■ having accepted the command of a squadron equipped for the West Indies, he reduced Martinique, 

] Guadaloupe, and St. Lucie, for which services he received the thanks of Parliament, and the freedom of 

j the City of London in a gold box. On the 14th of February, 1797, being then in the command of the 

1 Mediter ranean fleet of fifteen sail, he engaged and defeated twenty -seven ships of the line belonging to 

i Spain, the smallest carrying seventy-four guns, and seven of them mounting from 112 to 130 each. On this 

occasion he was raised to the English peerage, by the titles of Baron Jervis and Earl of St. Vincent, from 

: the scene of his glory. To this was added a pension of £3,000 a year, for the better maintenance of his 

! dignity, and a gold medal from the king. In 1799, he was created admiral ; and in 1801 became first lord 

of the admiralty, vice Earl Spencer ; in which capacity he undertook and executed many salutary reforms 

in naval expenditure, but resigned his post in 1804. In May, 1814, he was appointed a general of marines, 

and July 19, 1821, admiral of the fleet. Lord St. Vincent was a man of a strong and acute mind, resolute 

and unbending in regard to discipline and necessary retrenchment and reform, and also of high gallantry 

! and transcendant genius in his profession, with the leading members of which he was deservedly popular 

j He died in his eighty-ninth year, and though buried privately in the family vault at Stone, a monument 

; was voted by the House of Commons to be erected to his memory in St. Paul's cathedral. This national 

tribute, consisting of a single statue, arid bearing a strong resemblance to the gallant and able individual 

! whose services it is designed to commemorate, was opened to public tiew in September, 1826. — Jinn. Biog. 

* Joan of Arc, commonly called the Maid of Orleans, one of the most remarkable heroines in history, was 
the daughter of persons of low rank, in the village of Domremi, near Vaucouleurs, on the borders of Lorraine, 
where she was born in 1412: She quitted her parents at an early age, and became servant at a small inn, 



ALPHABETICAL CHRONOLOGY. 



69 



T OHN, fourth son of Henry II. born at Oxford, 1 166 ; 
married his cousin Avisa, daughter of the Earl of 
Gloucester, 1189; aimed at the crown during h'3 
brother Richard's confinement, 1193; excluded 
from the succession, 1194 ; pardoned by his brother 
Richard I. 1195; and appointed by him his succes- 
sor, 1199 in exclusion of Arthur, son of his next 
brother Geoffery ; crowned May 27th, 1199; di- 
vorced Avisa, on a plea of being too near of kin and 
married Isabella, daughter of the Count of Ango- 
selme, contracted to the Comte de la Marcne, 
whom, on the death of John, she married, 1200 ; 
crowned again with his queen, 1200, and again at 
Canterbury, 1201 ; went to Paris soon after, be- 
sieged Mirabel, vanquished his nephew Arthur, 
took him prisoner, August 2d, 1203, and caused 
him to be murdered, then about twenty years old ; 
cited to Paris, to answer for the crime, but did not 
attend, of course he was deprived of his dominions 
in France ; crowned again in England, the same 
year ; the kingdom put under an interdict, for his 
opposing the Pope's nomination to the see of Can- 
terbury, 1208; excommunicated for non-submis- 
sion, lli09; landed with an army in Ireland, June 
8th, 1210, and quelled the revolt; deposed by the 
Pope, 1212, and the King of France employed to put 
the sentence in execution; submitted and sur- 
rendered his crown to the Pope's legate, May 25th, 



1213, was absolved July 20th, following, 
the crown again to the Pope, and tlie interdict waa 
taken off, 1214; compelled to sign Magna Charter, 
at Runny Mead, 1215 ; the barons offered the crown 
to Louis, the King of France's son, who accepted it, 
1215; Louis landed in England with a large army, 
1216; John retired with his crown, Sue, from Lynn 
to Lincolnshire, and lost all his treasure and bag- 
gage as he passed through the marshes ; sickened 
at this, and died of a fever at Newark-castle, Oct. 
28th, 1216; was buried in Worcester-cathedral, and 
succeeded by Henry III. his son, by his first wife. 

JOHN of Gaunt's house, near Lincoln, built 13'J7. 

JOHN'S (St.), College, Cambridge, founded by Henry 
VHth's mother, 1508. (Fifty-nine fellows.) 

JOHN'S (St.), College, Oxford, founded by Sir 
Thomas White, 1557. (Fifty-nine fellows.) 

JOHNSON (Rev. Samuel), degraded and whipped 
from Newgate to Tyburn, for a libel on the Duke 
of York, December 1st, 1686. 

JONA Monastery, in the Hebrides, Scotland, built 
by St. Columba. In this isle is the Reilig Curan, 
or famous burying place of the ancient Scottish 
kings. 

JONGLEURS (The), in France, were those who 
sung the pieces of the Troubadours ; but the profes- 
sions were sometimes united. 

* JORDAN (Dorothea), died, July 5th, 1816. 



where she acquired a robust and hardy frame, by acting nearly in the capacity of hostler, attending to 
the horses, and riding them backwards and forwards to water. At this time, the affairs of France were 
in a deplorable state, and the city of Orleans was so closely besieged by the Duke of Bedford, that its fall 
seemed inevitable. Excited by the frequent accounts of the memorable rencounters at this siege, and 
affected with the distresses of the country, Joan was seized with a wild desire of relieving them, until her 
mind incessantly pondering on this favourite object, she fancied that she saw visions, and heard voices 
exhorting her to re-establish the throne of France, and expel the English invaders. Having communicated 
this imaginary inspiration to the governor of Vaucouleurs, he forwarded her to Charles VII. at Chinon, to 
whom, in the name of the supreme being, she offered to raise the siege of Orleans, and conduct the king to 
Rheims. The court at first pretended to hesitate, but after a committee of divines had pronounced her 
mission to be supernatural, Charles granted her request, and she was exhibited to the people on horseback. 
The English at first regarded the whole affair with derision ; but gradual^ gave way to the superstitious 
notions of the age, and became daunted with the idea of divine vengeance hanging over them. Joan entered 
the city of Orleans, at the head of a convoy, arrayed in military garb, and being received as a celestial 
messenger by the commandant Dunois, she actually obliged the English to raise the siege, after furiously 
driving them from their intrenchments. The march of Charles to Rheims followed, and such was the im- 
pression produced on the population, that although proceeding through what had been deemed an enemy's 
country, every place opened its gates to him, and the ceremony of his inauguration took place as predicted. 
As a mark of gratitude for this service, the king had a medal struck in honour of Joan, and all her family was 
ennobled, in both the male and female line, of which the former became extinct so late as 1760. The town 
of Domremi, her native place, was also exempted from taxes for ever. After the coronation of Charles, Joan 
desired to return to the course of life which became her sex ; but Dunois, who thought she might still prove 
serviceable, induced her to throw herself into the town of Compeigne, then besieged by the Duke of Bur- 
gundy, and the Earls of Arundel and Suffolk. Here after performing prodigies of valour, she was taken 
prisoner in a sally, and no efforts being made by the French court to deliver her, she was cruelly condemned 
by the English, under the pretence of witchcraft, to be burnt alive, which sentence she endured with great 
courage in 1431, in the 19th year of her age. Such are the outlines of this history as generally delivered ; but 
many romantic circumstances are probably overcharged. It has even been doubted whether she was really 
put to death, some plausible evidence having been brought forward to prove that she was saved by a trick, on 
the day of execution, and that she afterwards appeared, and was married to a gentleman of Amboise, a story 
far more improbable than the facts which it is intended to supersede. — Histories of England and France. 
Southcy's Joan of Arc. 

* Dorothea Jordan, an English actress of great eminence in various departments of the drama. Her father. 
Captain Bland, of a respectable Irish family, eloped with her mother, who was a native of Wales, by wh an 
he had a numerous offspring. The subject of this article adopted the theatric 1 profession for the support 
of herself and her mother, and made her first appearance at Dublin, in the cT ^racter of Phebe, in "As you 
Like it ;" but her talents first attracted particular attention in the walk of tragedy. Being ill-treated by 
Mr. Daly, the Dublin manager, she left Ireland, and obtained an engagement at the theatre of York. There 
she assumed the name of Mrs. Jordan, by which, though never married, she was subsequently known. In 
this situation she continued three years, with a great increase of her professional reputation, which at 



70 ALPHABETICAL CHRONOLOGY. 



JOSEPH sold, 1728; tempted by Potiphar's wife, JULIAN year commenced January 1st, forty-five 
1718 ; governor of Eg}'pt, 1715 ; sent for his father | years before Christ. It was invented by Joseph 
Jacob, 1706; bought all the lands of Egypt, and] Scaliger, and has been adopted by chronologers. 



let them out at a iifth part of their produce, 1702 ; 
died in Egypt, 1635 before Christ, aged 110. 

JOSEPH and Mary, with Jesus, returned to Naza- 
reth, in the third year before the common aera. 

* JOSEPHUS (Flavius), an eminent Jewish his- 
rian, born 37 A. C. 

JOSHUA (Book of), written 1415 before Christ; 
contains a period of about twenty years. 

JUAN Fernandes, discovered by the English in the 
year 1709. 

JUBILEE among the Christians at the end of every 
century, instituted by Pope Boniface VIII., 1300 ; 
this was celebrated afterwards every fifty years, by 
order of Clement VI. ; Urban VI. reduced it to 
every thirty-third year; and Paul II. to every 
twenty-five years, at which period it is now fixed. 
One was held in England, 1376, being the fiftieth 
year of Edward III. reign. Cloths of gold and sil- 
ver were then worn. 

JUDAH and Israel (The kingdoms of), divided 795 
before Christ. 

JUDGES appointed, 1176; for life 1762; sent to 
India, 1773. 

JUGURTHA (War with), 111 before Christ, 



comprehending all time. It reaches 706 years be- 
yond the creation, and all different a?.ras and com- 
putations may be referred and adjusted to it. 

JULIUS AGRICOLA, a Roman general, totally 
subdued Britain, 78. 

JULIUS CiESAR, Emperor of Rome, born July 10th, 
100 ; invaded Britain, landing at Deal, August 2Gth, 
55; left it September 20th following; returned, 
May, 55; left it September following; killed in 
the senate-house, March 15th, 44 before Christ, 
after having fought fifty battles, slain above 
1,192,000 men, and taken by assault 1000 towns. 

JUPITER'S moons first discovered by Galileo, 
January 7th, 1610. 

JURY. Trial by twelve judges introduced first into 
Denmark, by Regnerus, who began to reign 820 ; 
the institution borrowed here by Ethelred, and 
juries established as at present, 979; the custom of 
keeping them from food till after their verdict, took 
its rise from the fear of bribery, it being customary 
for the plaintiff and the defendant to feast them. 

JUSTICES of peace first instituted, 1344; their 
power enlarged and settled as at present, 1590. 
Rotation bill passed, 1792, 



length led to her removal to the metropolis, where she speedily became a favourite with the public. She 
made her first appearance before a London audience as Peggy, in the Country Girl ; and in that character, 
in Nell, in the Devil to Pay, and others of a similar cast, she displayed unrivalled excellence. Such, how- 
ever, was her versatility of talent, that she appeared to almost equal advantage as a tragic actress, where 
the tender, rather than the violent and lofty feelings of the mind, were to be pourtrayed. Her long theatrical 
career was terminated by her retirement to France, where she resided in obscurity, and at length died 
without a relative or friend near her, to sooth the hours of sickness, or bestow on her remains the decent rites 
of sepulture. Circumstances so strangely contrasted with those of the former life, and long and well-known 
connection of this admirable actress with a branch of the royal family, increased the regret which was felt 
at the loss of an individual, distinguished alike by the peculiar benevolence of her disposition, and the splen- 
dour of her talents ; and even whose failings had resulted from situations and circumstances which went 
far to mitigate the moral censure which they incurred.— Gent. Mag. Thesp. Diet. 

* Flavius Josephus was born at Jerusalem, A. C. 37, when Caligular was emperor. His father, Matta- 
thias, was descended from the ancient high priests of the Jews, and by his mother's side he was of the royal 
•ineage of the Asmoneans, or Maccabees. He was educated in the knowledge of the Jewish law, and at the 
age of sixteen was induced to join the Essenes, but afterwards became a strict and zealous member of the 
sect of Pharisees. At the age of twenty-six he visited Rome, and by means of an introduction to Poppaa 

' afterwards the wife of Nero, procured the release of some priests whom Felix had sent prisoners to that 
capital. On his return to Judea, he was made governor of the two Galilees, in which capacity he bravely 
defended Jotapha against Vespasian. He was however taken prisoner, but his life was spared at the inter- 
cession of Titus, who became his patron, and whom he accompanied to the siege of Jerusalem. He was 
sent to his countrymen with offers of peace, but was treated with great contumely as a deserter. At the 
capture of the city, he was enabled to deliver his brother and several of his friends without ransom. He 
accompanied Titus back to Rome, where he was rewarded with the freedom of that city, and received a 
pension, and other marks of favour, from Vespasian and his son, as a mark of gratitude, to whom he assumed 
their family name of Flavius. He employed his leisure in drawing up those works which have perpetuated 

| his name. These are, his " History of the Jewish War, in Seven Books ; " his " Jewish Antiquities, in Twenty 
Books;'' two books against Apion, of Alexandria, a great adversary of his nation ; a "Discourse on the 
Martyrdom of Maccabees ; " and a " Treatise on his own Life." All these are written in Greek, and his 
style is by Photius held to be easy, pure, and even eloquent. Few works are more interesting than his 
account of the Jewish war, of the incidents of which he was a spectator. In respect to his fidelity, different 
opinions prevail : in his Jewish Antiquities, his accounts frequently vary from those of Scripture, and gene- 
rally in circumstances which he thinks will shock the prejudices of his Gentile readers. He is also led by his 
zeal for the honour of his nation to much exaggeration, and affects to believe that all knowledge and wisdom 
originated in Judea ; but upon the whole, however, his works are much esteemed. They have oeen frequently 
published with Latin versions, but the best editions are those of Hudson, Oxford, 1720, 2 vols, folio ; and 
Havercamp, Amsterdam, 1727, 2 vols, folio. They have been translated into English by L'Estrange and 
Whiston, the latter of whom doubts the authenticity of, and rejects the discourse on the Maccabees. Josephus 
lived beyond the thirteenth year of the reign of Domitian ; but the exact date of his death is uncertain. — 
Life prefixed to Works. Lardner. Cave. 



ALPHABETICAL CHRONOLOGY. 



71 



JUSTICE in Eyre (similar to thj justices of assize) 
instituted, according to Camden, 1181; but they 
appear to be of older date. 

JUSTICIARY Court, Scotland, established, 1672. 

JUSTS. There were royal ones in Smithiield, be- 
tween the Earl of Iiainault. and certain Hano- 
verians, challengers, and the Earl of Somerset, and 
■an equal number of Englishmen, defendants, 1408 ; 
the victory was on the Englishmen's side. 

KALMUCKS, a nation of Tartary, now subject to 
Russia; they and the Mongouls were one and 
the same people. 

KAMSCHATKA discovered by the Russians, 1739. 

KARA-KITAI, a barbarous nation, the ancient 
inhabitants of Leaoting, who in the 10th century 



made themselves masters of many of the northern 

Crovinces of China. They founded the dynasty oi 
eao, the descendants of whom held the government 
till 1114, when the Nutschen, another barbarous 
nation, beyond Korea, subdued the Kitans, and 
founded the dynasty of Kin. The princes of the 
Leao family fled and founded a new empire, called 
themselves by way of distinction Kara, or black 
Kitans. China is called Katai by the Russians, 
Tartars, &c. to this day. 

KEITHS (The), overpowered the clan Guns, and 
slew them in the chapel of St. Tayre, near Sinclair 
Castle, Scotland, 1478. 

* KELLY (Michael), died October 15th, 1826. 

t KEMBLE (John Philip), died 1822. 



* Michael Kelly, the son of a wine merchant of Dublin, of the same name, who for many years acted as 
master of the ceremonies at the castle. The subject of this article was born in the year 1762, and at a very 
early age gave proofs of a strong genius for music, which his father encouraging, placed him under the best 
masters which the Irish metropolis could furnish. Rauzzini being at this time engaged in Dublin, gave him 
lessons in singing, and prevailed on his friends to send him to Naples, where he arrived in his sixteenth 
year, and was much patronized by Sir William Hamilton, the British minister at that court, studying under 
Fineroli, at the conservatory La Madona della Loretto. He also received lessons from Apnli, the first 
singing master of his day, who procured him an advantageous engagement at Leghorn. He subsequently 
performed with success at most of the Italian theatres, in quality of primo tenore ; and travelling into 
Germany, was one of theoriginal singers in the " Nozze di Figaro " of Mozart, with which celebrated com. 
poser he contracted a close intimacy during his stay at Vienna, where he had accepted an engagement in 
the service of the emperor Joseph. By this monarch he was much carressed, till having at length obtained 
permission for a years absence, in order to visit his friends in Ireland, he never returned to the Continent, 
but settled in London. Here he made his first appearance at Drury-lane theatre in April 1787, as Lionel, 
in the opera of " Lionel aad Clarissa," and retained his situation as first singer at that theatre, the musical 
performances of which he also directed till his final retirement from the stage. In 1797, he furnished the 
music to " A Friend in Need," " The Castle Spectre," &c, which in the succeeding year he followed up 
by the most popular of all his compositions, the airs, marches, &c, in Colman's musical romance of "Blue- 
beard." From this period till 1819 he continued to write, and in the course of the intervening years, set 
upwards of sixty pieces, most of which were successful. For some time previous to his decease, he had 
been partially deprived of the use of his limbs by a paralytic affection ; his faculties and memory were 
however spared him to the last. Of the latter an evidence exists in his "Reminiscences," an amusing 
work, in 2 volumes, 8vo., which appeared a few months previously to his decease, replete with anecdotes of 
his contemporaries and familiars. His death took place at Ramsgate on the 15th October, 1826.— Biog. 
Diet, of Mus. Kelly's Reminiscences. 

t John Philip Kemble, one of the most eminent tragedians of the British stage Since the days of Garrick. 
He was the eldest son of Roger Kemble, manager of a company of comedians at Prescot in Lancashire, in 
which county he was born February 1757, and received the rudiments of education at the Roman Catholic 
seminary of Sedgeley park, Staffordshire. With the view of qualifying him for one of the learned profes- 
sions, he was afterwards placed by his father at the college of Douay, where he early distinguished himself 
by his proficiency in elocution. On his return to England, having completed his academical pursuits, he 
entered immediately upon the profession of an actor, for which he had long exhibited a decided predilection, 
performing at Liverpool, York, Edinburgh, and other provincial towns of inferior note. At this period 
of his life he produced a tragedy on the story of Belisarius, which was acted at Liverpool, besides altering and 
adapting to the stage several of the works of the early English dramatists. He also printed about the same 
time, a volume of " Fugi tive Pieces," in verse, with the appearance of which he was, however, so dissatisfied, 
that on the very day after their publication, he bought up and destroyed every copy he could recover. One 
which escaped his hands has since been sold by Mr. King, the auctioneer, for £3 5s. Mr. Kemble appeared 
for the first time in London on the Drury-lane boards, September 30th, 1783, in the part of Hamlet, and was 
received with great applause ; it was not, however, till the secession of Smith from the stage in 1788, that 
he took that decided lead in tragedy which he ever after maintained. In 1787, he married Mrs. Brereton, 
daughter of Mr. Hopkins, the prompter of Drury-lane theatre. On the secession of Mr King, Mr. Kemble 
succeeded to the management of Drury-lane theatre, which he enjoyed with only a short interruption till 
1801, during which period the drama was much indebted to him for various and considerable improvements. 
He also used the influence which his situation gave him in restoring to the stage several old plays of merit, as 
well as in bringing forward many new productions, some of which were considerably altered and improved 
by himself. Amongst these are said to be, " Deaf and Dumb," "The Stranger," *f Siege of Belgrade," &c. 
In 1794, he brought out a musical entertainment of his own, founded on the incidents of a French novel, and 
entitled " Lodoiska," which had a great run at the time, and has since been revived with benefit to the 



72 



ALPHABETICAL CHRONOLOGY. 



KEN (Thomas), Bishop of Bath, theologian and 
poet of some celebrity, was born in 1647 ; died 1711, 

KENELWORTH Castle, built, 1120; priory (Au- 
qustines) built, 1122. 

KEN MURE (Lord), executed for rebelling, Feb- 
ruary 24th, 1716. 

KENRED succeeded his uncle Ethelred, as thir- 
teenth king of Britain, 704 ; turned monk, 708, 
and was succeeded by his cousin Ceolred, son of 
Ethelred, last king but one. 

RENRICK succeeded his father Cerdic, as fourth 
king of Britain ; crowned king of the West-Saxons, 
534 ; died 560, and was succeeded in the monarchy 
by his eldest son Ceaulin. 



KENT (Earl of), brother to Edward II. beheaded 
March 19th, 1330, for conspiring against Edward 

KENULF, King of Mercia, succeeded Egfrid, as 
eighteenth king of Britain, 798; died 819; buried 
at Winchcombe, and succeeded by Egbert, King 

of ^V"gSS6X» 

* KENYON "(Lord Lloyd), died, 1802. 

t KEPPEL (Lord), died, 1786 

KET, the tanner, hanged at Norwich, for rebelling, 

1549. 
KITT'S Cotty-house, Kent, erected over the grave 

of Catigern, 445. 
KEW Bridge built, 1759. 



theatre. In 1802 he visited the Continent, and having passed twelve months at Paris and Madrid, returned 
to London, when he purchased a sixth share of Covent-garden theatre, and became manager of that establish- 
ment. Here he continued his career with great success, till the destruction of the theatre by fire in 1809. In 
the autumn of the same year, the present edifice being constructed, opened with an increase of prices, which, 
together with certain obnoxious arrangements in regard to the private boxes, created for a series of nights the 
disturbances known by the name of the O. P. riots, and gave rise to a contest between the management and 
the public, in which the former was at length worsted. Mr. Kemble took his farewell of the stage on the 23d 
of July, 1817, on which occasion he was complimented with a public dinner, and other honourable tokens 
of esteem ; and shortly after retired to the Continent, where he died at Lausanne in Switzerland, February 
26th, 1823, of a paralytic attack, after a few hours' illness. As an actor, Kemble was of the school which 
qualifies Spontaneous conception and feeling with profound consideration, measured dignity, and learned 
precision. His merits were therefore differently appreciated by the admirers of the drama, according to 
their various theories, in respect to impulsive or reflective personation. By all, however, he was regarded 
as a highly gifted actor, and the impression which he made in characters more immediately adapted to his 
style of excellence, such as Cato, Coriolanus, Hamlet, John, Jaques, Penruddock, &c, will last as long 
as the recollection of them. His management both of Drury-lane and Covent-garden theatres, but espe- 
cially of the latter, was also marked by the exhibition of much refined and accurate taste, in the rectifi- 
cation of scenic decoration, and the adoption of appropriate costume, adding thereby both to the splendour 
and illusion of the drama. The learning, elegant manners, and accomplishments of Mr. Kemble, intro- 
duced him into the best company in reference both to rank and talent, by whom he was at once courted 
and esteemed; and taken altogether, he may be regarded as a conspicuous instance of the compatibility of 
his profession with dignified self-estimation and general respect. George Stephen Kemble, brother of the 
foregoing, an able actor. He was born May 3d, 1758, at Kingstown, in Herefordshire ; his mother, herself 
an actress, having played that very night the part of Anne Bullen, in the play of Henry VIII., was put to 
bed just at the time when, as queen, she was supposed in the drama to have given birth to the Princess 
Elizabeth. He was originally destined for the medical profession, and apprenticed to a surgeon at Coventry, 
but soon quitted it for the stage, and after going through the usual ordeal of the provinces, appeared at 
Covent-garden, September 24th, 1783. He afterwards became successively manager of the theatres of 
Edinburgh, Glasgow, Liverpool, and Newcastle, and acting-manager at Drury-lane. On the stage he was 
chiefly remarkable for playing Falstaff, it is said without stuffing. His last appearance on the boards was 
in the part of Sir Christopher Curry, May 20th, 1822, a fortnight before his death. — Ann. Biog. Boaden'a 
Life of Kemble. 

* Lord Lloyd Kenyon, an eminent English lawyer, the son of Lloyd Kenyon, Esq., of Gredington, in 
Flintshire, where he was born in 1733. After having been articled clerk to an attorney in the country, he 
became a student at Lincoln's Inn, and commenced barrister in 1761. He practised first in the Court of 
Chancery, and then in that of the King's Bench, where he distinguished himself by his defence of Lord 
George Gordon, on his indictment for treason in 1780. He was made Attorney-General in 1782, then a 
Welsh judge ; and, in 1784, was promoted to the office of Master of the Rolls. He succeeded Lord Mans- 
field, as Chief Justice of the Court of King's Bench, in 1788, when he was raised to the peerage — Brydges'i 
Edit, of Collins' s Peerage. 

t Augustus Keppel, a celebrated English admiral, the second son of William Earl of Albemarle. He 
entered the sea service at an early age, and accompanied Admiral Anson round the world. Having by his 
professional zeal and ability gradually reached distinction in the service, in 1778 he was appointed to the 
command of the channel fleet. On the 12th of July in that year, he fell in with the French fleet under 
Count d'Orvilliers ofFUshant, when an engagement ensued, which, although partial, was very warm while 
it lasted. A short delay becoming necessary to repair damages, when that labour was accomplished, the 
admiral made signal for his van and rear divisions to assume their proper stations. This order was obeyed 
with great alacrity by Sir Robert Harland, who led the van ; but Sir Hugh Palliser, commanding the rear, 
took no notice of the signal, and refused to join his commander until night prevented a renewal of the 
battle. The conduct of the rear admiral being fiercely attacked in the public papers, he demanded of his 



ALPHABETICAL CHRONOLOGY. 



7* 



KILDARE Cathedral, Ireland, beaten down, 1691. 

KILDARE (Earl Fitzgerald), and his five uncles, 
executed in London, for attempting to raise a re- 
bellion in Ireland, Feb. 3d, 1537. 

KILKENNY (The Statute of) passed, 1364. 

* KILLIGREW (Sir William), died 1693. 

KILMARNOCK and Balmerino (Lords) beheaded 
on Tower-hill, August, 1746, for taking part in the 
rebellion of 1745. 



KING (The influence of the) in parliament abridged, 

1782. 
KINGDOMS (Origin of) by Nimrod. 
KING'S College, Cambridge, founded by Henrv VI., 

1441. (Fifty-eight fellows.) One Cloos was the 

architect of the chapel, which cost £14,000, as 

much now as £140,000. 
KING'S Evil was supposed to be cured by a touch 

of the Kings of England; the first who touched fot 



commander-in-chief a formal disavowal of the charges brought .against him. The latter, although he had 
made no complaint himself, indignantly refused; on which Admiral Palliser immediately exhibited articles 
of accusation against him, although he had a second time sailed with him, and had not before uttered a 
syllable to his prejudice. The Lords of the Admiralty immediately fixed a day for the trial of Admiral 
Keppel, who was honourably acquitted, and received the thanks of both Houses of Parliament for his ser- 
vices. Palliser was next tried, and reprimanded; but the public indignation was so great, that he was 
obliged to resign his seat in the House of Commons, and to vacate several offices which he held under 
government. In 1782, Admiral Keppel was raised to a peerage, under the title of Viscount Keppel Baron 
Elden, and was at two different periods appointed First Lord of the Admiralty. He was regarded as 
very able in his profession, and a man of great integrity and humanity.— Collins's Peerage. 

* Killigrew. There were three brothers of this name, equally distinguished by their loyalty, wit, and 
talents, who flourished under the two Charleses. They were the sons of Sir Robert Killigrew, a knight of 
a good family. William, the eldest, was born in 1605, at Hanworth, Middlesex, and after going through 
the usual course of a university education at St. John's College, Oxford, made the tour of Europe. On his 
return to England, he obtained a place at court, as one of the gentlemen ushers of the privy chamber to 
Charles I., with the government of Pendennis-castle. During the civil wars he suffered materially both in 
purse and person, in consequence of his obstinate adherence to the royal cause ; in recompense for which 
he received, after the restoration, the honour of knighthood ; and on the marriage of Charles II., obtained 
the post of Vice-chamberlain. This situation he enjoyed more than two and twenty years, employing his 
leisure hours in the cultivation of a taste for the drama and general literature. He composed four plays, 
"Selindra," "The Siege of Urban," "Ormasdes," and "Pandora," Oxford, folio, 1666. These pieces, 
though now forgotten, were popular in their day, and received the approbation of the poet Waller in 
particular. His other writings are, " Midnight and Daily Thoughts," and the " Artless Midnight Thoughts 
of a Gentleman at Court," 8vo., two essays, written in the decline of life, on the instability of human hap- 
piness. Thomas, the second, was born 1611, and died before his elder brother, in 1682. He was a page to 
Charles I., and on the decline of the king's party, accompanied the Prince of Wales into exile. During 
this his forced absence from England, he visited France, Italy, and Spain ; and after the restoration, was 
appointed by the new king, with whom he was a great favourite, one of his grooms of the bedchamber. A 
lively vein of pleasantry, combined with a certain oddity both of person and manner, appear to have placed 
him high in the good graces of Charles, who would frequently allow him free access to his person, when 
characters of the first rank and dignity in the state were refused it, till Killigrew at length became almost 
the inseparable companion of his monarch's more familiar hours. He wrote eleven pieces for the stage, 
which have been collected and printed in one volume folio, 1664; but we look in vain in them for traces 
of that facetiousness and whim, which, together with the encouragement he received from royalty, pro- 
cured him the appellation of " King Charles's jester." He lies buried in Westminster-abbey. Henry, the 
youngest of the three, was one year younger than his brother Thomas, whom he survived about six years. 
He was educated for the church, at Christ-church, Oxford, and acted for a while as chaplain to the 
cavaliers. In 1642, he graduated as doctor in divinity, and obtained a stall at Westminster. From this 
piece of preferment the parliamentarian party ejected him during the Commonwealth, when he, in common 
with the rest of his family, underwent considerable deprivations ; but on the re-establishment of monarchy, 
he was fortunate enough to obtain, in addition to the restoration of his prebend, the living of Wheat- 
hamstead, Herts, and the mastership of the Savoy. He appears in his youth to have possessed the same 
bent towards the drama which marked the other two, and even wrote a tragedy when only seventeen years 
old, under the title of " The Conspiracy." In 1652, he published a corrected version of this piece, changing 
the name to that of " Pallantus and Eudora." These are extant, besides several sermons of his com- 
position. The females of this family boast also several names distinguished in the annals of literature. 
Dame Catherine Killigrew, wife of Sir Henry, a descendant of the same stock, knighted for his diplomatic 
services, was celebrated as one of the most accomplished scholars of her day. She was the daughter of Sir 
Anthony Cooke, of Giddy-hall, Essex, born about the j'ear 1530, and to a familiar acquaintance with the 
classical as well as some of the Oriental languages, united considerable poetic talent. Her death took 
place in 1600. Anne Killigrew, daughter of the divine mentioned in a former part of this article, was born 
in 1660. She gave strong indications of genius at an early age, and became equally eminent in the sister 
arts of poetry and painting, as well as distinguished for exemplary piety and unblemished virtue amidst the 
seductions of a licentious court. She was one of the maids of honour to the Duchess of York, of whom, as 



74 



ALPHABETICAL CHRONOLOGY. 



i! was Edward the .Confessor, 1053; his sanctity 
procured belief, and his successors continued it as 
part of their grandeur. It was dropped by George I. 

KING'S Lynn, Norfolk, bailiffs first made mayors, 
1204. J 

KING'S Speech (The first) delivered, 1107, by 
Henry I. 

KINGS (Books of contain the history of the King's 
of Israel and Judah, from the beginning of So- 
lomon's reign, down to the Babylonish captivity, 
a space of near 600 years. 

KINGSTON (Duchess of) tried for bigamy, and 
convicted, April 22d, 1776. 

KiNGSTON-ON-TLiAMES chartered by King 
John. 

KIN LOSS Abbey, Scotland, founded 1150. 

KINSALE Fort, Ireland, erected in the reign of 
Charles II. 

KIRKBY and Wade, sea-captains, shot at Ply- 
month for desertion, A mil 14th, 1703. 

KIRKHAM Priory lAug'ustines), Yorkshire, built 
1122. 

K1RKSTALL Abbey (Cistercians), Yorkshire, built 
1147. 

KIRKSTEAD Abbey (Cistercians), Lincolnshire, 
built 1139. 

KISSING the Pope's foot took its rise from the 
custom of kneeling to sovereigns, introduced by 
Dioclesian ; thence also the custom of a vassal's 
kneeling to his lord in homage. Kissing the 
hands of great men was a Grecian custom. 

KIT-CAT Club, a society of noblemen and gentle- 
men, about thirty in number, established 1703, 
for the purpose of promoting the Protestant suc- 
cession in the House of Hanover ; the club took 
its name from one Christopher Kat, a pastry-cook, 
who lived near the tavern where they met in 
King-street, Westminster, and who served them. 



KNEE ordered to be bent at the name of Jesus, 

1275. 

* KNELLER (Sir Godfrey), died 1723. 

KNIGHTHOOD (derived from ancient chivalry, 
which took place on the Continent, when in a 
state of anarchy, for the defence of the women), a 
military institution of the Romans, who after their 
union with the Sabines. created three centuries of 
knights, about 750 B.C.; first instituted in Eng- 
| land, 510; during the heptarchy, it was conferred 
by the priest.?- at the altar, after confession and 
consecration of the sword. The first knight made 
by the sovereign was Athelstan, by Alfred, 900, 
the custom of ecclesiastics conferring this honour 
was suppressed, 1100; all persons possessing an 
annual income of ten pounds, were obliged to be 
knighted, or pay a fine, 38 Hen. III., 1254. In 
France it was an association to protect the women 
from the violence of marauders, and was instituted 
about 1050 ; the ceremony of dubbing knights arose 
from the adoption of arms anciently practised in 
Germany, which was a present of arms from a 
prince by way of reward, and the adopted son was 
to defend the father on all occasions.^ 

KNIGHTS Banneret (Title of) first given by Conan, 
who commanded the Roman legions in England, 
383. 

KNIGHTS Templars, a religious and military order 
instituted, 1119; they came to England early in 
Stephen's reign, and settled at the Temple in 
London under Henry II., and at other places ; all 
of them arrested in France in one day ; they were 
charged with great crimes and great riches"; 59 of 
them burnt alive at Paris,Oct.l3th, 1307 ; they were 
all seized in England the same year ; their order 
destro) r ed by Philip of France at the council at 
Vienna, 1311, and their wealth given to the Knights 
Hospitallers ; abolished throughout Europe, 1312. 



well as of her husband, afterwards James II., she executed portraits. She fell a victim to the small-pox in 
the summer of 1685, and has not only been characterised by Wood as " A grace for beauty, and amuse for 
wit," but has also been celebrated by the greatest of her literary contemporaries, John Dryden. Several 
historical paintings of hers are in existence, and a quarto volume of her poems appeared the year after her 
decease. The ode written by Drj'den on this lady, is peculiarly admired by Dr. Johnson. She was buried 
in the Savoy chapel, where is a very neat monument with a Latin inscription, commemorating her beaut)', 
accomplishments, and virtues. Praised as she has been, Wood asserts, that she was even superior to the 
commendations so freely bestowed on her. — Biog. Dram. Ballad's Learned Ladies. 

* Sir Godfrey Kneller, Bart., an eminent portrait painter, was born at Lubeck about 1648. His father, 
who was surveyor-general of the mines to Count Mansfelt, designed him for a military life, and he was sent 
to Leyden to study mathematics and fortification. Subsequently, perceiving his decided bent for painting, 
hi wisely acquiesced, and placed him under Bol and Rembrandt at Amsterdam. He visited Italy in 1672, 
where he became a disciple of Carlo Maratti and Bernini, and painted several historical pieces and portraits 
both at Rome and Venice. He did not, however, remain long in Italy, and on his return he was induced 
to visit England, in company with his brother John Zachary Kneller, in 1674. They were recommended to 
a Hamburgh merchant, for whom Godfrey painted a much admired family picture, which being seen by the 
Duke of York, the latter introduced the painter to Charles II., by whom he was much patronised. He 
was equally favoured by James II. and William III., for the latter of whom he painted the beauties at 
Hampton-court, and several of the portraits in the gallery of admirals. He also took the portrait of the 
Czar Peter for the same sovereign, who, in 1692, -knighted and made him gentleman of the privy chamber. 
Queen Anne continued him in the same office, and George I. made him a baronet. He continued to 
practise his art to an advanced age, and had reached his seventy-htih year at his death. His interment 
took place in Westminster-abbey, under a splendid monument erected by Rysbrach, on which appears an 
epitaph by Pope. Kneller, as an artist, is accused of sacrificing his just reputation to lucre, on many 
occasions his negligence being extreme. The airs of his heads are extremely graceful, and his colouring is 
lively, true, and harmonious; his drawing correct, and his disposition judicious. On the other hand, he 
displays a singular paucity of imagination in his pictures ; even in his portraits, the heads alone merit much 
attention, the attitudes, action, and drapery being insipid, unvarying, and ungraceful. Wealth was his 
leading object, and that he attained, spending however with great freedom. He was extravagantly vain 
possessed u fund of humour, and a lively talent at repartee, many pleasant specimens of which have been 
duly recorded. About seventy-five of his heads have been engraved .— Walpole's Artec. D' A'ge-nvitlc 
ViesdePeint. Brit. Biog. 



ALPHABETICAL CHRONOLOGY. 7-> 



KNIGHTS and Citizens obliged tc reside at tie 

places they represented, 1415. 
KNIGHTS of the round table, instituted at Windsor, 

1314. 
KNITTING introduced about 1550. 



KNIVES first made in England, 15G3. This wiu 

the first branch of cutlery made here. 
KNOWN-MEN, a name given to the Lollards, by 

Smith, Bishop of Lincoln, 1500. 
* KNOX (John), died November 24th, 1572. 



* John Knox, the chief instrument and promoter of the reformation in Scotland. He was descended 
from an ancient and honourable family, and born at Gifford in East Lothian, in 1505. He received his 
primary education at the grammar-school of Haddington, whence he was removed to the university of St. 
Andrew's, where he received the degree of M. A. much before the usual age. Having embraced the 
ecclesiastical profession, he began as usual with the study of scholastic divinity, in which he so much 
distinguished himself, that he was admitted into priest's orders before the time appointed by the canons. 
He soon became weary of the subtle theology of the schools, and resolved to apply himself to that which was 
more plain and pactical. This alteration of opinion led him to attend the sermons of Thoman Guillaume or 
Williams, a friar of eminence, who was so bold as to preach against the pope's authority ; and he was still 
more impressed by the instructions of the celebrated George Wishart, so that he quickly relinquished all 
thoughts of officiating in the church of Rome, and became tutor to the sons of the lairds of Long Niddrie and 
Orrnistoun, who had embraced the reformed doctrines. Here he contrived to preach not only to his pupils, 
but to the people of the neighbourhood, until interrupted by Cardinal Beaton, Archbishop of St. Andrew's, 
who obliged him to abscond, and he thought of retiring to Germany. The persuasion of the fathers of his 
pupils, and the assassination of Beaton by the Leslies, encouraged him to remain; and he took shelter under 
the protection of the latter in the castle of St. Andrew's, where he instructed his scholars; and notwith- 
standing the opposition of the sub -prior and clergy of St. Andrew's, he preached the principles of the 
reformation with extraordinary courage and boldness. This continued until the castle of St. Andrew's 
surrendered to the French in July 1547, when he was carried with the garrison into France, and remained 
a prisoner on board the gallies until the latter end of 1549. Being then set at liberty, he passed over to I 
England, and arriving in London, was licensed either by Cranmer or the protector Somerset, and appointed 
preacher, first at Bei-wick, and afterwards at Newcastle. In 1552 he was appointed chaplain to Edward 
| VI., and preached before the king and council at Westminster, who recommended Cranmer to give him 
j the living of Allhallowo in London, which he declined, not choosing to conform to the English liturgy as it 
i then stood. It is even said that he refused a bishopric, regarding all prelacy as savouring of the kingdom o! 
j antichrist. He however continued his practice as an itinerary preacher, until the accession of Mary in 
! 1554, when he quitted England, and sought refuge at Geneva, where he had not long resided, before he was 
; invited by the English congregation of refugees, then at Frankfort, to become their minister. He unwillingly 
accepted this invitation, at the request of John Calvin, and continued his services until embroiled in dispute 
j with Dr. Cox, afterwards Bishop of Ely, who strenuously contended for the liturgy of King Edward. 
■ Knox, in his usual style of bold vituperation, having, in a treatise published in England, called th« 
! Emperor of Germany as great an enemy to Christ as Nero, his opponents accused him to the senate of 
j treason, both against the emperor and Queen Mary, on which he received private notice of his danger, and 
j again retired to Geneva, whence, after a residence of a few months, he ventured in 1555 to pay a visit to his 
1 native countrj'. Finding the professors of the Protestant religion greatly increased in number, and 
j formed into a society under the inspection of regular teachers, he finally joined them, and produced so great 
' an effect by his exertions both in Edinburgh and other places, that the Roman Catholic clergy, alarmed at 
his progress, summoned him to appear before them in the church of the black friars in that metropolis, on 
the 15th of May, 1536. This summons he purposed to obey, resting on the support of a formidable party of 
nobles and gentry, which so alarmed his opponents, that they dropped the prosecution. Thus encouraged, 
j he continued preaching with additional energy and boldness, and was even induced to write to the queen 
; regent, Mary of Lorraine, a letter, in which he earnestly exhorted her to listen to the Protestant doctrines. 
While thus occupied, he was strongly invited to pay a visit to the English congregation at Geneva, and he 
accordingly departed for that .place in July, 1556. He was no sooner gone, than the bishops summoned him to 
appear before them, and as that was impossible, they passed sentence of death against him as a heretic, and 
burnt him in effigy at the cross at Edinburgh. Against this sentence he drew up an energetic appeal, 
which was printed at Geneva in 15b8, previously to which, he was invited to return to Scotland, and had 
actually reached Dieppe on his way, when he received other letters recommending delay, which epistles he 
answered by such strong remonstrance? against timidity and backsliding, that those to whom he addressed 
them entered into a solemn or.d or covenant, dated December 3d, 1557, " that they would follow forth their 
purpose, and commit themselves and whatever God had given them into his hands, rather than suffer 
idolatry to reign and the subjects to be defrauded of the only food of their souls." Knox in the mean time 
had returned to Geneva, where he published his treatise entitled, "The First Blast of the Trumpet against 
the monstrous Regiment of Women," chiefly aimed at the cruel government of Queen Mary of England, 
and at the attempt of the queen regent of Scotland to rule without a parliament. A " Second Blast" was 
to have followed, but the accesssion of Queen Elizabeth to the throne of England, who was expected to be 
friendly to the Protestant cause, prevented it. In April 1559, he would have visited England, but was 
i prevented b" the resentment felt by Elizabeth at his late treatise; he therefore proceeded directly to 



76 ALI HABETICAL CHRONOLOGY. 



KNOX (William), Secretary of Stale in the I KNUTZEN (Matthias), a formal professor of 
American Department previous to the indepen- Atheism of the 17th century. 
dence of the United States, died 1810. at the age KNUTZEN (Martin), a professor of philosophy at 
of 78. j Konigsberg, in Prussia, born in the year 1713, 

* KNOX (Vicesimus), died September 6th, 1821. | and died in 1751. 



Scotland, where he found a persecution of the Protestants just ready to commence at Stirling. "With hi s 
usual intrepidity he hurried to the scene of action to share the danger, and mounting a pulpit, by a 
vehement harangue against idolatry, he inflamed the people with extreme rage. The indiscretion of a 
priest, who, immediately on the conclusion of this discourse, was seen preparing to celebrate mass, and to 
decorate the altar for that purpose, precipitated his hearers into direct violence, and a general attack was 
made on the churches of the city, in which the altars were overturned, the pictures destroyed, and the 
images broken into pieces. The people next proceeded to the monasteries, which massy fabrics they almost 
levelled to the ground, and acted with a degree of energy and fury which nothing could for the moment 
resist. As these riotous proceedings were censured both by the reformed preachers, and by the leaders of the 
same party, historians have agreed to regard them as an unconcerted outrage, and a mere accidental eruption 
of popular fury. From this time Knox continued to promote the reformation by every means in his power ; 
and by his correspondence with the secretary Cecil, was chiefly instrumental in establishing the negociation 
between "The Congregation " and the English, which terminated in the march of an English army into 
Scotland. Being joined by almost all the great men of the latter country, these forces soon obliged the 
French troops, who had been the principal support of the tyranny of the regent, to quit the kingdom, and 
the parliament was restored to its former independence. Of that body, the majority had embraced 
Protestant opinions, and no opportunity was omitted of assailing the ancient religion, until at length the 
Presbyterian plan, recommended by Knox and his brethren, was finally sanctioned ; the old ecclesiastical 
courts being abolished, and the exercise of religious worship, according to the rites of the Romish Church, 
prohibited. In August 1561, the unfortunate Mary, then widow of Francis II. King of France, arrived in 
Scotland to reign in her own right. She immediately set up a mass in the royal chapel, which being much 
frequented, excited the zeal of Knox, who was equally intolerant with the leaders of the conquered party, 
and in the face of an order of privy council, allowing the private mass, he openly declared from the pulpit, 
" that one mass was more frightful to him than ten thousand armed enemies, landed in any part of the 
realm." This freedom gave great offence, and the queen had long and angry conferences with him on that 
and other occasions, in which he never paid the slightest homage, either to sex or quality. He preached 
with equal openness against the marriage of Mary with a papist ; and Darnley, after his union, being in- 
duced to hear him, he observed in the course of his sermon, that " God set over them, for their offences and 
ingratitude, boys and women." The share taken by this ardent and intrepid minister in the ensuing 
unhappy transactions is subject rather for history than biography. In the year 1567, he preached a sermon 
at the coronation of James VI., when Mary had been dethroned, and Murray appointed regent. In 1572 
he was greatly offended with a convention of ministers at Leith for admitting the titles of archbishop and 
bishop to remain during the king's minority, although he approved of the regulations adopted in reference to 
their elections. At this time his constitution was quite broken ; and he received a great additional shock by 
the dreadful news of the atrocious massacre of St. Bartholomew. He had however strength enough to preach 
against it, which he desired the French Ambassador might be acquainted with ; but soon after took to his 
bed, and died on the 24th of November, 1572. He was interred at Edinburgh, several lords attending, and 
particularly the Earl of Morton, that day chosen regent, who, as soon as he was laid in the grave, thus 
exclaimed, " There lies he who never feared the face of man, who hath been often threatened with dag and 
dagger, but yet both ended his days in peace and honour ; for he had God's providence watching over him 
in an especial manner when his life was sought." The character of this eminent reformer has been sketched 
with great candour and impartiality by Dr. Robertson, in his history of Scotland, who, in observing upon the 
severity of his deportment, impetuosity of temper, and zealous intolerance, justly observes, that the qualities 
which now render him less amiable, fitted him to advance the reformation among a fierce people, and 
enabled him to encounter dangers, and surmount opposition, to which a more gentle spirit would have 
yielded. This is a truth which can be rejected neither by warm admirers on the one hand, nor by those 
who imbued with the tolerant notions of a more enlightened era, are shocked at the absence of moderation on 
all sides. That John Knox was a man of exalted principles, great intellectual energy, undaunted intre- 
pidity, and exemplary piety and morality, will be freely admitted by the impartial of every class. He wao 
twice married, and had two sons by his first wife, who were educated at St. John's College, Cambridge, of 
which they became fellows. His writings, in addition to those already mentioned, are "A faithful Admo- 
nition to the Professors of the Gospel of Christ in the Kingdom of England," 1554 ; " A letter to Queen 
Mary, Regent of Scotland;" "A steady Exhortation to England for the speedy embracing of Christ's 
Gospel." After his death appeared his " History of the Reformation of Religion within the Realm of 
Scotland," at the end of the fourth edition of which, Edinburgh, 1732, folio, are appended all his other 
works.— M' Cries Life of Knox, ltobertsoifs Hist, of Soot. 

* Vicesimus Knox, DD., an eminent divine, author of a variety of works both in theology and polite 
literature. He was born December 8th, 1752, and educated at Merchant Tailors' school, whence he pro- 

U 



ALPHABETICAL CHRONOLOGY. 



\ KOEMPSER, a German physician, historian, and crandyon, tearing the same name, was born about 
botanist, died 1726. I the year 1709, and was the author of an account of 



KORAN (The), translated into Latin, 1143 

KORTHOLT (Christian). There were two learned 

theologians of this name; the elder a native of 

Burg, in the Island of F^rmei-en, was born in 

January, 1633, and died in the spring of 1694. The 



the British Antiquarian Society, and an edition of 
the Letters of Leibnitz ; he also wrote several 
devotional tracts in his capacity of Professor in 
the University ofGottingen, where he died in 1751. 
KOSCIUSKO (Thaddeus), died October 16th, 1817. 



ceeded in due course upon a fellowship to St. John's-college, Oxford. On the death of his father he was 
chosen his successor in the head-mastership of Tunbridge grammar-school, over which he presided thirty- 
three years, till, retiring in 1812, he was himself in turn succeeded by his son. He held the livings of 
Riemwell and Ramsden Crays in Essex, and the chapelry of Shipbourne, in Kent. His works, many of 
which have been translated into various European languages, are, "Essays Moral and Literary," 3 vols. 
8vo. and 12mo. ; "Liberal Education," 2 vols, ditto; "Winter Evenings," 3 vols, ditto ; "Personal No- 
bility, or Letters to a Young Nobleman," 1 vol. 12nio; "Christian Philosophy," 2 vols. 12mo; Considera- 
tions on the Nature and Etficacyof the Lord's Supper," 1 vol. 8vo. ; and a pamphlet "On the National 
Importance of Classical Education;" with a variety of sermons on different occasions. He also published 
for the use of his school, expurgated editions of Horace and Juvenal, and a series of selections from the 
works of the best English authors, generally known as " Elegant Extracts," and " Elegant Epistles." On 
the commencement of the war consequent on the breaking out of the French revolution, several pamphlets 
in opposition to the belligerent councils which prevailed, were generally attributed to him, as well as a 
translation of Erasmus's "Bellum dulce inexpertis," printed with the signature " Antipolemus." He is 
also regarded as the author of a searching tract, entitled, "The Spirit of Despotism," published anony- 
mously in 1794, and since reprinted. Dr. Knox wrote the Latin language with great purity and elegance, 
both in prose and verse, pa3 - ing the greatest attention ts the harmony and rhyme of his sentences. His 
death took place at Tunbridge. — Ann. Biog. 

* Thaddeus Kosciusko, a celebrated Polish patriot. He was of noble descent, but his family being by no 
means wealthy, he was educated in the military school at Warsaw, where he made a great progress in the 
study of mathematics and drawing. He was, in consequence of his proficiency, nominated one of four i 
students sent at the expense of the establishment to improve their knowledge in France. On his return to | 
Poland, he had a commission given him ; but being refused promotion, he determined to go to America, ' 
where war was then carrying on between Great Britain and her colonies. There he became adjutant to ' 
General Washington, and acquired by his talents and bravery the esteem of those with whom he served,' 
and he was also rewarded with the cross of the Cincinnati. After the conclusion of the war, he lived in I 
retirement in his native country till 1789, when he was made a major-general in the army by the diet, in J 
which the management of public affairs was vested. He was afterwards employed as a general of division : 
under the younger Poniatowski, when he displayed great zeal, skill, and courage, in opposition to the at- 1 
tempts of the Russians against the independence of Poland. Finding his efforts for freedom paralysed by ! 
the weakness or treachery of others, he gave in his resignation, and was afterwards forced to become an 
exile from his country. He had retreated to Leipzic in 1793, when the Polish army and the people in 
gentral, impatient under the yoke of Russia, were ready for insurrection. All eyes were turned towards 
Kosciusko, whom they chose for their leader, and messengers were sent to him from Warsaw to acquaint 
him with the schemes and wishes of his compatriots. In compliance with the invitation, he proceeded 
towards the frontiers of Poland ; but apprehensive of compromising the safety of those with whom he acted, 
he was about to defer his enterprise, and set off for Italy. He was, however, persuaded to return, and 
arriving at Cracow at the very time when the Polish garrison had expelled the troops of Russia, he was 
chosen, on the 24th of March, 1794, generalissimo, with all the power of a Roman dictator ; and he imme. 
mediately published an act, authorising insurrection against the foreign authorities, and established a new 
government. He then proceeded to support Colonel Madalinski, who was pursued by the Russians ; and 
having joined that officer, they attacked and defeated the enemy on the 4th of April, with inferior numbers. 
His army now increased to nine thousand men, the insurrection extended to "Warsaw, and in a few days the 
Russians were driven from that palatinate. Kosciusko united his forces with those of General Grochowski, 
and found himself at the head of an army fifteen thousand strong. He obtained some advantage over the 
Russians on the 8th of June, at Szezekociny; but the King of Prussia arriving to the assistance of the 
enemy, Kosciusko suffered a defeat, and was exposed to great personal danger. From this period he waged 
a disadvantageous warfare against his too powerful opponents till the 4th of October, when he was com- 
pletely defeated, and taken prisoner, at the battle of Maniejowice. He was sent to Russia, and confined in 
a fortress near St. Petersburg, till the accession of Paul I., who through real or affected admiration of the 
character of Kosciusko, set him at liberty. In May, 1797, he took his departure for the American United 
States, where he was honourably received by the government and people. He returned to Europe the fol- 
lowing year, and settled in France, where he passed a great part of the remainder of his life. Buonaparte 
in vain endeavoured to engage him in his ambitious schemes for the subjection of Poland, and even made use 
of the name of Kosciusko in his proclamations ; but the wary and disinterested patriot comprehended the 
nature of his designs, and rejected his overtures. He died at Soleure, in Switzerland. — D\cl . des H. M. 
du 18me S. Biog. Nouv. des Conlemp, 



T8 



ALPHABETICAL CHRONOLOGY. 



• ROTZEBUE (Augustus Frederick Ferdinand 

Von), murdered, March 25th, 1819. 
KRUDENER (Baroness Valeria de), a religious 

enthusiast, born at Riga, in 1765, and died at 

Karasubassar, December 25th, 1824. 
KRUNITZ (John George), a German physician and 

natural philosopher, born at Berlin, and died in 

the year 17%. 
KRUSEMARK (Baron de), a Prussian general and 

statesman, died at Vienna, 1821. 
KRUSINSKI (Judas Thaddeus), a Polish Jesuit, 

born 1677, and died 1774. 
KUTUZOW, or Koutousoff (Michael Lavrionovitch 

Gole Mitcheff, prince of) a famous Russian general, 

and minister of state, born in 1745, and died at 

Breslau, in Silesia, April 16th, 1813. 
KYNASTON (Sir Francis), an English knight, one 

of the esquires of the body to King Charles I., born 

at Otley, in Shropshire, 1587. 
KYRLE (John), surnamed by Pope "The Man of 

Ross," an English gentleman, who possessed an 

estate of £500 per year at Ross, in Herefordshire, 

where he died in 1754, at the age of ninety. 



LACTEALS (The) discovered by chance hi o\v>\<. 

ins a dog, by Astllius, July 23d, 1.622; in birds, 

fish, &c, b}' Mr. Hews. in, surgeon of London, 1770: 
LADIES first introduced at Court by the Quee,i 

of Louis XII., about 1500; much later in England. 
LADRONE and Philippine Islands, the first European 

discoverer of them was Ferdinand Magellus, )520 
LAITY and Clergy (Distinction of) established 

before 150. 
LAKENHEATH, Norfolk, infinite damage done 

there by a land-flood, 1667. 
LAMB (Dr.) murdered in the streets of London, 

1628. 
LAMBERT burnt in Smithfield, 1538. 
LAMBETH Palace built, 1184 ; college and chapel 

founded by Hubert, Archbishop of Canterbury, 

about 1196. 



LANCASTER Castle, built by Edward III. ; town 
incorporated by King John ; priory founded, 118S. 

LANCASTER (Plantagenet, Earl of) grandson to 
Henry III., beheaded, March 1322, for conspiring 
against the Spencers, favourites of his first cousin, 
Edward II. 



* Augustus Frederick Ferdinand Von Kotzebue was born May 3d, 1761, at Weimar, in Germany, where 
his father was a counsellor of legation. He is said to have manifested a talent for poetry when on y six 
years old. His education was commenced at the gymnasium of his native place, and completed at the 
academies of Duisbourg and Jena. He was destined for the profession of law, but he wished to become a 
man of letters ; and there was scarcely any branch of literature which did not in some degree engage his 
attention. At the age of twenty he was invited to St. Petersburg, by the Prussian ambassador, who was 
the friend of his father, and who procured him the office of secretary to M. de Bauer, general of engineers. 
On his death, Kotzebue was nominated by the czarina a counsellor, and placed in a judicial situation at 
Revel, where, in 1783, he became assessor of the primary tribunal, and at length president of the govern- 
ment, which post he occupied ten years, with the rank of lieutenant-colonel in the army. Having received 
his dismission, he retired to an estate which he possessed at some distance from Narva, and consecrated his 
leisure to the cultivation of dramatic literature. He had previously produced some pieces for the theatre 
at St. Petersburg, which had contributed to procure him the favour of the empress. In 1792, he was called 
to the direction of the theatre at Vienna, whither he proceeded ; but after a short time he relinquished his 
new situation, and went to Weimar. He had resided there three years, when the intreaties of his wife, 
who was a native of Russia, induced him to return hither ; but he had scarcely arrived on the frontiers of 
the empire, when he was arrested by order of Paul I., who suspected him to be the author of some revo- 
lutionary pamphlets, in which he was personally attacked. Kotzebue was transported to Kurgau, in 
Siberia ; and he published an account of his journey, his residence there, his attempts to escape, and various 
other adventures, in a very amusing, but apparently not very authentic work, entitled, " The most remark- 
able Year of my Life." He was, however, soon recalled, and, as he states, well received by the emperor, 
who confided to his direction the theatre of St. Petersburg. This situation he wished to resign, but could not 
obtain permission to do so till after the death of Paul I. In April, 1801, Kotzebue set off for Weimar, where 
he arrived soon after. Some disputes which he had with Goethe and the two Schlegels induced him to 
remove to Paris, where he experienced the most gratifying attentions from the French literati ; and it is not 
at all to his credit that he repaid their kindness by the publication of a calumnious work, which he called, 
" My recollections of Paris." He treated the Italians with equal illiberality in his " Recollections of Rome 
and of Naples." About the end of 1803, he commenced, in conjunction with M. Merakel, a journal, entitled 
" Der Freymiithige," — " The Sincere," in which Napoleon Buonaparte was attacked with virulence. Till 
1813, Kotzebue continued to be employed on literature and politics ; and to his pen are ascribed many pro- 
clamations and diplomatic papers issued by the cabinet of St. Petersburg.' He attended the czar in the 
campaign of 1813, as politicai secretary to the army; and he was afterwards nominated consul-general of 
Russia at Konigsberg, whence he was called, in 1816, to St. Petersburg, to be attached to the office of 
foreign affairs. In 1817, the Emperor Alexander authorised him to return to his own country, and 
appointed him his literary correspondent in Germany, with an allowance of 15,000 roubles, and a com- 
mission to give an account of the state of public opinion among the people. The manner in which he 
executed this employment caused his destruction. His calumnious accusations against the students of the 
German universities having rendered him the general object of their detestation, one of them, a young 
enthusiast named Sandt, went to Manheim, where Kotzebue resided, and killed him in his own house, by 
stabbing him with a poignard. Kotzebue is known in England as a dramatist, in consequence of some of 
his plays having been translated for the British stage. His "Misanthropy and Repentance," the English 
version of which has received the unmeaning title of "The Stranger," may be considered as a fair specimen 
of his talents. He affixed his name to more than three hundred dramas ; but many of them were merely 
retouched by him, having been purchased of their authors, and others are translations.— Bio$. C r ni». Bwg. 
Now. den Contcmp. 



ALPHABETICAL CHRONOLOGY. 



LANCASTER (Duchy Court of), London, erected 
1370 ; made a county Palatine, 1376. 

LANCASTERIAN Family (The first king of) was 
Henry IV. 

LAND let in general for Is. an acre throughout 
England, 1544. Rental of England, including 
land, houses, and mines, was computed at six 
millions, about 1600 ; twelve years' purchase was 
then the value of land. About 1690, the rental 
amounted to fourteen millions, and land was 
worth eighteen years' purchase. It rose to thirty- 
five years' purchase in 1778, but fell, in 1779, to 
twenty-four years ; in 1782, to twenty years. 

LLANDAFF Bishopric, founded about 490; ca- 
thedral built, 982 ; chancellorship and precentor- 
ship erected about 1200. 

LAND-TAX collected very early in tenths, fifteenths, 
scutages, &,c, 891, but settled as it now stands, 
1692 ; established on places, 1760 ; land-tax, in 
1733, was only Is. in the pound. 

LANERCOSTPriory, of the Augustine order, Cum- 
berland, founded 1169. 

LANARK Castle, Scotland, founded by Robert 
Bruce, 1314. 

LANGUAGES. The first spoken on the earth was He- 
brew, of which the Chaldee and Syriac are dialects. 
The original European ones were 13, Greek, Latin, 
Dutch, Sclavonian spoken in the East, Welsh, 
Biscayan spoken in Spain, Irish, Albanian in the 
mountains of Epirus, Tartarian, the old Illyrian, 
the Jazygian remaining yet in Liburnia, the Chausin 
in the north of Hungar}', and the Finnic in East 
Friesland. Arabic is the mother tongue of Africa. 



From the Latin sprung the Italian, French, and 
Spanish, and from the Spanish the Portuguese. 
The Turkish is a dialect to the Tartarian, with a 
mixture of others. From the High Dutch, or 
Teutonic, sprung the Danish, Swedish, Norwegian, 
English, Scotch, Hungarian, Buhemian, Polonian, 
&c. French is allowed to proceed from the 
ancient British or Welsh. 

LANGUARD Fort, Essex, built by James I. 

LANGUEDOC (Vhe Parliament of) erected by 
Charles VII., 1441 ; (the canal of) began and 
finished under Louis XIV. 

• LANSDOWNE (Marquis of), born about 1737 ; 
died 1805. 

LANTERNS, the invention of King Alfred, 890. 

LANTPHEY Court, Pembrokeshire, built before 
1335. 

LA RAMIE, hanged at Paris, for personating the 
son of Charles IX., 1596. 

LAPLAND converted to Christianity, 1160. 

LATHE (The), for turning, is very ancient; accord- 
ing to Diodorus Siculus, it was first used by a 
grandson of Daedalus. Pliny says it was invented 
by Theodore the Samian. 

t LATIMER, Bishop of Worcester, burnt at Oxford 
for heresy, in Queen Mary's time, 1555, aged 85. 

LATIN ceased to be spoken in Italy, about 581; in 
France, in the 9th century ; abolished in processes 
at law, 1731. 

LATINS (The) reduced to the subjection of the 
Romans, 339 before Christ. 

LATIUM (City of), now Romania, built by Latinus, 
king of the Latins, 904 before Christ. 



* William Petty, Marquis of Lansdowne, was descended from Sir W. Petty, and was born in 1737. He 
succeeded to the Irish title of Earl of Shelburne, on the death of his father, in 1761 ; and, in 1763, he obtained 

| the office of president of the board of trade, which he resigned to join the train of opposition led by Mr. Pitt 
(Lord Chatham) with whom he returned to office in 1766. When a change of ministry took place in 1768, 

I he was again displaced, and he continued to be a parliamentary antagonist of ministers till 1782, when he was 
nominated secretary of state for the foreign department. On the death of the premier, the Marquis of 
Rockingham, he was succeeded by Lord Shelburne ; but he was soon obliged to give way to the coalition 
between Lord North and Mr. Fox. In 1784 he became an English peer, by the titles of Marquis of Lans- 
downe and Earl of Wycombe. He now employed himself in the cultivation of science and literature at 
Bow- wood, his seat in Wiltshire ; and he collected a valuable library, the MSS. belonging to which were, 
after his death, purchased for the British Museum. Lord Lansdowne was twice married. By his first wife* 
the daughter of Earl Granville, who died in 1771, he had a son, who succeeded him, and died without issue. 
By his second wife, Lady Louisa Fitzpatrick, he became the father of the present Marquis. The subject of 

| this article was one among the numerous conjectured authors of " Junius's Letters." — British Peerage. 

t Hugh Latimer, an eminent English prelate and reformer in the sixteenth century/ He was the son of a 
j respectable yeoman at Thurcaston, in Leicestershire, where he was born about the year 1470. He re- 
! ceived his early education at a country school, whence he was removed to Cambridge in his fourteenth 
; year. He was brought up a zealous Romanist, but becoming acquainted with Thomas Bilney, at Cambridge, 
he gradually changed his opinions, and being of an ardent and sincere temper, became equally zealous in 
promulgating the doctrines of the reformation. He first became openly obnoxious to the enemies of inno- 
vation, by a series of discourses, in which he dwelt upon the uncertainty of tradition, the vanity of works 
of supererogation, and the pride and usurpation of the Roman hierarchy. These sermons were warmly 
attacked by Buckenham, prior of the Black Friars at Cambridge, whose reasoning was assailed with great 
humour and acuteness by Latimer, who much advanced the Protestant party at Cambridge, of which him- 
self and Bilney became the leaders. At length the Bishop of Ely interdicted his preaching within the 
jurisdiction of the university, which order was defeated by the good offices of Dr. Barnes, prior of th« 
Augustines, who, being friendly to the reformation, boldly licensed Latimer to preach in his chapel, which 
was exempt from episcopal interference. At length the progress of the new opinions was represented to 
Cardinal Wolsey, who, at the importunity of Archbishop Warham, created a court of bishops and deacons 
to put the laws in execution against heretics. Before this court Bilney and Latimer were summoned, 
and the former, who was deemed the principal, being induced to recant, the whole were set at liberty; 
and such was the favour extended tc Latimer, that he was licensed by the Bishop of London to preach 
throughout England. The remorse of Bilney is well known, and the manner in which he disclaimed his 
abjuration and sought the stake, which martyrdom he finally endured at Norwich. The fate of his friend 
by no means intimidated Latimer, who had even the courage to write a letter of remonstrance to Henry VIII., 
on the evil of prohibiting the use the Bible in English. Although this epistle produced no effect, Henry, 



SO 



ALPHABETICAL CHRONOLOGY. 



LAUNCESTON Castle, Cornwall, built by the 
Romans ; town built abcut 900 ; incorporated 1555. 

LAUREL (The common) with the horse-chesnut, 
first brought into the low countries from Con- 
stantinople, as a present from the Imperial am- 



bassador to Clusius the botanist, who called it 
Lauro-Cerasus, 1576; it was before called the 
da-teofTrebisond. 

LAW (bid ward), Lord Ellenborough, died De- 
cember 13th, 1818. 



who loved openness, took it in good part, and presented the writer to the living of West Kington, in 
Wiltshire. The ascendancy of Anne Boleyn and rise of Thomas Cromwell, proved still more favourable 
to Latimer; and after encountering much anno3ance from the opposing party cf divines, headed by 
Warham, Stokesley, and others, from which he was delivered by the king himself, he was, in 1535, ap- 
pointed Bishop of Worcester. Of the plain dealing of Latimer, the following circumstance is a proof. It 
was then the custom for bishops to make presents on new-year's-day to the king, and among the rest, 
Latimer waited at court with his gift, which, instead of a purse of gold, was a New Testament, having the 
leaf turned down to this passage ; " Whoremongers and adulterers God will judge." Henry was not, how- 
ever, offended ; and when the sturdy prelate was, some time after, called before him to answer for some 
passages in a sermon which he had preached at court, he defended himself so honestly that he was dis- 
missed with a smile. The fall of Anne Boleyn and Cromwell prepared the way for^reat reverses, and the 
six articles being carried in parliament, Latimer resigned his bishopric, rather than hold any office in a 
ihurch which enforced such terms of communion, and retired into the country. Here he remained in 
privacy, until obliged to repair to London for medical advice, in consequence of a hurt received from the 
falling of a tree. There he was discovered by the emissaries of Gardiner, and imprisoned for the remainder 
of Henry's reign. On the accession of Edward, he was released, and became highly popular at court by his 
preaching, during the whole of that short reign ; but never could be induced to resume his episcopal func- 
tions. Having got rid of all intreaty on this subject, he took up his abode with Archbishop Cranmer at 
Lambeth, where his chief employment was to hear complaints and procure redress for the poor. Soon 
after Mary ascended the throne, and in pursuance of the measures taken to re-establish the opinions of the 
church of Rome, Latimer was cited to appear before the council, in doing which an opportunity was 
afforded him to quit the kingdom. He, however, prepared himself with alacrity to obey the citation, and 
as he passed through Smithfield, the courageous old man exclaimed, "This place has long groaned for me." 
About the same time Cranmer and Bishop Ridley were also committed to the Tower.which became so 
crowded, that the three prelates were confined in the same room. From the Tower they were conveyed to 
Oxford, and confined in the common prison, with every circumstance of degradation, preparatory to a mock 
disputation, in which Latimer behaved with his usual intrepidity and simplicity, refusing to deliver any 
thing more than a free confession of his opinions. The three prelates, although fully condemned, remained 
in prison sixteen months, chiefly because the statutes under which they had been tried had been formally 
repealed. In 1555, however, new and more sanguinary laws having been enacted in support of the Romish 
religion, a commission was issued by Cardinal Pole, the pope's legate, to try Latimer and Ridley for heresy. 
Much pains were taken during this second trial to induce them to sign articles of subscription, which they 
steadfastly refused, and were in consequence delivered over to the secular arm, and condemned to the 
flames. This sentence was put in execution about a fortnight after their condemnation, on the 16th of 
October, 1555. At the place of execution, having thrown off the old gown which was wrapped about him, 
Latimer appeared in a shroud prepared for the purpose, and with his fellow sufferer was fastened to the 
stake with an iron chain. A faggot, ready kindled, was then placed at Ridley's feet, to whom Latimer 
exclaimed, " Be of good comfort, master Ridley, and play the man. We shall this day light such a 
candle by God's grace in England, as I trust shall never be put out." He then recommended his soul to 
God, and with firmness and cpmposure expired amidst the flames. The character of Bishop Latimer is 
sufficiently obvious from the tenor of his whole life. His talents as a preacher, although adapted for 
popularity in his own times, in which his simplicity, familiarity, and gibing drollery were highly estimated, 
will not bear a critical examination in the present day. " His manner of preaching," says Gilpin, " was, 
however, highly affecting, as he spoke immediately from the heart ; and no man was less influenced, jy 
sinister motives, or durst with more freedom reprove vice, however dignified by worldly distinctions." A 
collection of the sermons of Bishop Latimer was first printed in 1570, and they have since been frequently 
republished. Several of his letters appear in Fox's Acts and Monuments.— Gilpin's Life of Latimer.— 
Biog. Brit. 

* Edward Law, Lord Ellenborough, fourth son of Edmund Law. He was born at Great Salkeld, in 
Cumberland, in 1749, and was educated at the University of Cambridge. He obtained a prize medal, given 
by the Chancellor in 1771 ; and after taking his first degree, became a student of the law at Lincoln's-inn. 
Having been called to the bar, he travelled the northern circuit ; but he established his reputation as a 
barrister at the trial of Mr. Hastings, for whom he was leading council. He was raised to the office of 
attorney-general in 1801 ; and the following year he succeeded to the station of chief justice, on the death 
of Lord Ken3'on, when he was made a baron. In 1806 he became, not without much constitutional objec- 
tion, a member of the short-lived cabinet of Mr. Fox and Lord Grenville. He held his post of chief justice 
till 1818, when he resigned it, and died the same year, leaving a high character for legal abilities, somewhat 
blemished by warmth of temper.— Ann. Biog. 



ALPHABETICAL CHRONOLOGY. 



81 



LAW Burrows, in Scotland, an ancient security to 
keep the peace. 

LAWS.— The most ancient Atticklaws, from whence 
the Roman were afterwards taken, owe tfvir 
origin to the laws of Moses ; a tribunal of justice 
first established in the kingdom of Argos, by 
Phoroneus, son of Inachus, 1808 B.C. The first 
regular system was established at Athens, by 
Draco; this was afterwards abolished, and a new 
one given by Solon. Roman law collected by 
Theodosius the younger, 438 ; the code completed 
under Justinian, about 633; the Saxon code by 
Ina, 709 ; Alfred's body of laws made, 890 , those 
of Edward the Confessor composed, 1005 ; re- 
stored to England by Henry I., 1100 ; the Pandect 
of Justinian found in the ruins of Almalphi, 1137 ; 
laws digested by Glanville, 1181. 

LAWYERS excluded parliament in the reign of 
Henry IV. 

LAYER (Counsellor) hanged for enlisting men into 
the Pretender's service, March 17, 1723. 

LAZARO (Order of St.) instituted, 1119; confirmed, 
1255. 

LAZARUS raised from the dead, 33 ; died December 
17th, 63. 

LE MOTTE (Monsieur), the French spy, hanged at 
Tyburn, July 27th, 1781. 

LEADENHALL built as a store-house for the poor, 
1446. 

LEAGUE between the Emperor, Pope, and Ve- 
netians, against the French, October 4 th, 1511; 
between the Emperor and Henry VIII. against 
Francis I., 1521; between the Pope, Emperor, 
Venetians, &c, against Francis I., 1523 ; between 
Henry VIII. and Charles V. against Francis I., 
1643 ; between the Pope and the Emperor against 
the Protestants, 1546; between the Pope and 



France, against the Spaniards, December lDth» 
1555; of the beggars (for so were tlv; Protestants 
called) to oppose the inquisition in Flanders, 1500 ; 
between Spain, Venice, and the Pope, against the 
Turks, 1570; of the Huguenots, or French Protes- 
tants in France, which occasioned a civil war, 
1576; between France and England, 16Q3; be- 
tween the Protestant Princes against the Emperor, 
1626; between Spain and Denmark against 
Sweden, 1637 ; in Scotland, against episcopacy, 
1638; between Denmark and Holland, 164!) ; be- 
tween Venice and Poland, against the Turks, 
1684; of Ausburgh against France, June 11th, 
1686 ; between Denmark, Poland, and Russia, 
against Sweden, 1099; between France, Spain, 
and Portugal, against England, Holland, and 
Germany, 1701; between the French and the 
American rebels, October 30th, 1778; between 
France and Holland against England, 1784. 

LEAR, King of Britain, began to reign in 900. He 
built the city of Leicester, where he was buried, 
840 B.C., leaving his youngest daughter, Cordelia, 
queen, who, after reigning five years, being taken 
prisoner by her sister, slew herself. 

LEATHER, a duty first laid on it, 1339. 

LECTISTERNIUM (Feast of) instituted at Rome, 
399 years B.C. 

LEDBURY Hospital, Hereford, founded, 1232 ; re- 
founded by Queen Elizabeth, 1580. 

LE DESPENCER (Barony of) created, 1231. 

* LEE (Nathaniel), a dramatic poet, died, 1691 
or 1692, aged 33. 

LEEDS Castle, founded about 857 ; built 1071 ; re- 
built in the eleventh century; chartered by 
Charles I. ; anew by Charles II. 

t LEE LEWES (Charles), an eminent comic actor, 
died June 24th, 1803. 



• Nathaniel Lee, a dramatic poet, was the son of Dr. Lee, rector of Hatfield, Hertfordshire. He was 
educated at Westminster school under Dr. Busby, whence he was removed to Trinity-college, Cambridge, 
in 1668, and took the degree of B.A. the same year; but not succeeding to a fellowship, he quitted the 
university, and came to London, misled, it is said, by the promises of Villiers, Duke of Buckingham. In 
the metropolis, neglected by his patron, he turned his attention to the drama, and in 1675 produced his 
tragedy of "Nero," and from that time to 1681, produced a tragedy yearly. He also tried his abilities as 
an actor, but although a most pathetic and impressive reader of his own compositions, he failed in the other 
requisites of a performer, and gave up the attempt. The warmth of his feelings, added probably to an 
hereditary taint of insanity, fostered by dissipated and irregular habits, produced, in 1684, a crisis of that 
malady, which rendered his confinement necessary, and he was taken intoBethlem hospital. He remained 
in that receptacle of misery until 1688, when he was discharged, sufficiently cured to write two more 
tragedies, the " Princess of Cleves," and the " Massacre of Paris," which appeared in 1689 and 1690. He 
was still, however, liable to fits of frenzy, and was so reduced in circumstances, as to depend for sub- 
sistence on a weekly allowance of ten shillings from the theatre. He died in 1691 or 1692, in consequence of 
some injury received in a drunken night frolic, and was buried at St. Clement Danes. He is the author of 
eleven plays, all of which were acted with applause, and dedicated to the leading noble patrons of the day. 
| Addison regards the genius of Lee as peculiarly adapted fortragedj', but his natural fire and pathos was 
i buried in a torrent of words, and clouded by a tendancy to turgid and bombastic eloquence. He never- 
' theless possessed a high vein of poetry, and is thought to have represented the passion of love with peculiar 
force and tenderness. Two of his pieces, "Theodosius, or the Force of Love," and the " Rival Queens," 
' have kept possession of the stage. Besides his own eleven tragedies, he wrote " OZdipus and the Duke of 
Guise," in conjunction with Dryden.— Biog. Dram. Spence's Ancc. 

I t Charles Lee Lewes, an eminent comic actor, who was the son of a hosier in Bond-street, and was 
' employed as a letter-carrier by the post office. He at length joined a company of strolling players, and 
after the usual vicissitudes of an itinerant life, he obtained an engagement at Covent-garden. He first 
appeared as a harlequin, but afterwards attempted higher characters ; and on the death of Woodward, in 
1776, he became one of the principal comedians of the company. In 1783, he left Covent-garden for Drury- 
j lane, where, however, his stay was of short duration. He then travelled, and delivered G. A. Stevens's 
l lecture on heads ; after which he went to the East Indies, and on his return visited Scotland, and in 1792 
' and 1793 was at Dublin, where he was a favourite performer. The latter pan of his life was spent in em- 
i barrassed circumstances, and it was terminated on the 24th of June, 1803, on the morning of which day he 
• was found dead in his bed. He was buried at Pentonville, near London. In 1805 was published an 
amusing miscellany, entitled " Memoirs of C. Lee Lewes," 4 vols. 12mo. written by himself. — Thesp. Die. 
I Bioy. Utiv- M 



82 



ALPHABETICAL CHRONOLOGY. 



LEES Priorv, Essex, built, 130G. 

LEFEBVRE (Joseph Francis), Duke of Dantzic, 
was born in 1753, in Alsace; entered the army in 
early life, and was first a sergeant at the beginning 
of the revolution; he became a general in 1794; 
distinguished himself greatly in all the campaigns 
down to 1S14, particularly at Jena, Eylau, 
Wagram, and Dantzic, and died at Paris on the 
14th of December, 1S20. 



LEIBURN Castle, Kent, built about 1190, 
LEICESTER, built by Lear ; abbey (Augustines), 

built, 1143; town incorporated by King John: 

walls demolished, 1662. 
* LELAND (John), antiquary, died, 1552. 
t LELAND (Dr. John), the historian, died, Jan. 16th. 

1766. 
TLELY (Sir Peter), historical and portrait painter, 

died, 1680. 



* John Leland, a noted English antiquary, born in London about the end of the reign of Henry VII. He 
was educated at St. Paul's school, and Christ's-college, Cambridge, whence he removed to- Oxford, and 
then to Paris for farther improvement. Returning home he took holy orders, and obtained a rectory in the 
marches of Calais. Henry VIII. made him his chaplain and librarian, and gave him the singular title of 
royal antiquary. In 1533, he was empowered, by a commission under the great seal, to search for objects 
of antiquity in the archives and libraries of all cathedrals, abbeys, priories, &c. ; in consequence of which, 
he spent six years in travelling over the kingdom, visiting the remains of ancient buildings and monuments, 
and collecting materials for the illustration of the history and archaeology of England and Wales. At the 
dissolution of monasteries, he endeavoured to prevent the destruction of MSS., by proposing their being 
conveyed to the king's library ; but his recommendation was neglected. Several benefices were conferred 
on him, among which were a canonry at King's-college, now Christ-church, Oxford ; and a prebend at Salis- 
bury. He retired to his house in London, to arrange and methodize the stores of intelligence which he had col- 
lected ; but the fatigue arising from intense study, or some other cause, rendered him insane, and he died 
about two years after. Leland published several elegant Latin poems, and some archseological tracts ; and 
he composed a work, entitled, " Commentarii de Scriptoribus Britannicis," published at Oxford, in 2 vols. 
8vo. in 1709 ; but the great bulk of his collections, after passing through various hands, was placed in the 
Bodleian library, in an indigested state. Camden, Burton, and other antiquaries availed themselves of his 
labours, and at length Hearne printed a considerable part of his papers, forming " The Itinerary of John 
Leland," 9 vols. 8vo. ; and"Lelandi Antiquarii de Rebus Britannicis Commentaria," 6 vols. 8vo.— Biog. 
Brit. Be.rkenhout. Aikin. 

t John Leland, a learned English dissenting divine, was born at Wigan, in Lancashire, in 1691. "When- 
very young, his family removed to Dublin, where he was privately educated for the ministry, and in 1716 he 
became joint pastor of a dissenting congregation in tha capital, with Mr. Weld. In 1733, he first com- 
menced author, by publishing an answer to " Christianity as old as the Creation;" and he engaged in a 
controversy with Dr. Morgan, against whom he wrote " The Divine Authority of the Old and New Testa- 
ment asserted." To this work he subsequently added a second volume. These publications produced him 
much attention, both from the friends of the establishment and the dissenters, and in 1739 he was favoured 
with the degree of DD. by the university of Aberdeen. In 1742, he published a reply to the celebrated 
pamphlet, entitled, " Christianity not founded on Argument;" and, in 1753, appeared his "Reflections on 
the late Lord Boiingbroke's Letters on the Study and Use of History." He next engaged in a summary 
review of the most noted books which had been published against revealed religion, which, in 1754, he 
committed to the press, under the title of " A View of the principal Deistical Writers that have appeared 
in England in the last and present Century," 8vo. To this work he also added a second volume, in which 
a more particular attention is paid to the works of Hume and Bolingbroke ; and as his reflections on Lord 
Boiingbroke's letters bore a close affinity to his labours in his " View," he was induced to include it with 
other matter in a third volume, in a new edition of the whole. He next completed, in two volumes, 4to, a 
a work, entitled, " The Advantage and Necessity of the Christian Revelation," which has since been 
reprinted in two volumes, 8vo. Dr. Leland died in his seventy-fifth year, highly respected for his learning 
and abilities. After his death his sermons were published in 4 vols. 8vo. Dr. Leland's " View of the 
Deistical Writers," was republished, in 1798, by Dr. W. L. Brown, of "the Marischal-college, Aberdeen, 
who added thereto, " A View of the present Times, in relation to Religion and Morals, and other important 
Subjects."— Weld's Preface to Funeral Sermon. British Biog. vol. x. 

I Sir Peter Lely, a celebrated portrait painter, was born at Soest, in Westphalia, in 1617. His father, 
whose family name was Vander Vaas, a native of Holland, was a captain in the garrison of that town, but 
having acquired the nick-name of Captain le Lys or Lely, his son obtained it as a proper name. He was 
first instructed by Peter Grebber, at Haerlem, and having attained considerable skill, attracted by the 
encouragement afforded to the arts by Charles I., he came over to England in 1641, and commenced portrait 
painter. He finished portraits both of that monarch and of Cromwell ; but it was not until the restoration 
that he rose to the height of his fame and prosperity. He fell in with the voluptuous taste of the new court, 
in his representation of the beauties who adorned it, and by the delicacy and grace of his pencil, became 
the favourite lady's painter. He has transmitted the features of most of the beauties of the court of 
Charles II.; and is particularly admired for the grace and air of his heads, and the elegant disposal of his 
fancy draperies; but fell short of his model, Vandyke, in taste and expression. He was in great favour 
with Charles II., who made him his principal painter, and honoured him with knighthood. He married an 
English lady of beauty and family, and acquired considerable wealth, part of which he expended in 3ol- 



ALPHABETICAL CHRONOLOGY. 






I 

I LENT (The fast of), instituted 140 ; first established 

here in Kent, bv Ercombert, C40. 
"LET US PRAY," a form used by the Heathen 

Greeks, prior to their worship at sacrifice. 
LEOMINSTER, Herefordshire, chartered by Queen 

Mary. 
LESBOS (The isle of) began to be peopled about 

1045 B.C. 
LESKARD, Cornwall, incorporated, 1580. 
LOSTWITI1IEL, Cornwall, incorporated by the 

33d Edward I. 
LETTERS invented by Memnon the Egyptian, 

1822; first brought by Cadmus from Phoenicia to 

Greece, and afterwards introduced among the 

savages of Europe, about 1500 B.C. ; carried by the 

Europeans to America about 1500. 
; LETTERS of Slanes are a discharge in old Scots 

law given to a murderer, by the relations of the 
! person murdered, on paying a certain fine. 

■ LEVANT Trade commenced, 1511; soon dwindled, 
I but revived, 1610. 

■ LEVEL (The Carpenter's) invented by Theodore the 

Samian, in the time of the Greeks. 

LEVELLERS in London restrained, 1643. 

LLEWELLIN, the last prince of the Welsh, de- 
I feated and slain by the English, and his head put 
on the Tower of London, 1284. 

LAWES Priory (CI uniac monks) founded, and castle 
i built, 1078; archdeaconry erected, 1180. 

LIBRARY, first public one founded at Athens, by 
Hipparchus, 526 B.C. ; first private library, the 
property of Aristotle, 334 B.C. ; first large one 
at Rome, built by Theophrastus ; Alexandrian, 
founded 283, consisting of 400,000 valuable books, 
burnt 47 B.C. ; again, consisting of 700,000 volumes, 
1 642 ; the Vatican at Rome, founded 1446. 

LICENCES first enjoined to dealers in exciseable 
goods, 1784. 

LICINIAN Law proposed in Rome, 376, passed 
367, B.C. 

LIE (The great affront of giving the), arose from the 
word •* Thou liest," in the oath taken by the de- 
fendant injudicial combats before engaging, when 
charged with any crime by the plaintiff; and 
Francis I. of France, to make current his giving 
the lie to the Emperor, first stamped it with 
infamy, by saying in a solemn assembly, that" he 
was no honest man that would bear the lie." 

LIEGE (Revolution of), 1789. 



LIGHT and Colours (Theory of), given by Si 
Isaac Newton, 1666. 

LIGHTHOUSES were first raised, 1757. 

LIGHTNING &c. so dreadful as to throw down 
several churches, February, 1222. It thundered 
fifteen days together, with rain and floods that 
destroyed the fruits of the earth, 1233. As the 
king and queen were talking together in their 
bedchamber, a flash of lightning passed by them, 
and killed two of their servants who were waiting 
on them, but did them no hurt, 1285. Destroyed 
many men and beasts, and burnt many houses, &c., 
1360. St. Paul s steeple, and that of Waltham- 
cross, were fired by lightning, Candlemas-dav , 
1443. 

LIGHTS in churches first introduced in day- 
time, about 50. The original institution was at 
the religious assemblies of Christians to avoid the 
scandal occasioned by their meeting in the dark, 
at night, during the times of persecution. 

LIGHTS of the Zodiac, first observed by an English- 
man, 1649. 

LILLO (George), dramatic writer, born 1693 ; died 
September 2d, 1778. 

LIMA founded by Pizarro, 1535. 

LINCLUDEN Abbey, Scotland, founded in the 
reign of Malcolm IV., who died 1165. 

LINCOLN'S Inn-square inclosed with rails, 1737. 

LINCOLN, once a Roman colony; castle built by 
the Romans; cathedral built, 1070; bishopric 
formed by uniting Sidnachester and Dorchester, 
1086; deanery, archdeaconry, chancellorship, and 
precentorship erected, 1092 ; sub-deanery, ditto, 
1140; city burnt, 1123; Newport-gate a Roman 
building. 

LINCOLN College, Oxford, founded by the Bishop 
of Lincoln, 1427 (Twelve fellows). 

LINCOLN'S Inn, London, the palace of the Bishop 
of Chichester, about 1226; converted into an inn 
about 1310. 

LINDISFARNE Monastery, Northumberland, 
founded before 651; present one built, 1104. It 
was formerly a bishop's see, till removed to 
Chester. 

LINDESAY (Sir James) executed for murdering 
Roger de Kirkpatrick at Carlaverock-castle, June, 
1357. 

* LINLEY (Thomas) an eminent musician, died, 
1795. 



lecting a gallery of pictures, which sold at his death for £26,000. He was seized, in 1680, with an apopletic j 

fit, while painting tho Duchess of Somerset, and died at the age of sixty-three. The " Beauties " at j 

Windsor-castle, by the pencil of Lely, are much admired.— Walpole's Ancc. Biog. Brit. Bryan's Diet. I ' 
of Paint, and Eng. 



* Thomas Linley. There were two distinguished English musicians of this name, father and 6on. 
The elder Linley received his musical education under Chillcott, the organist of the abbey church at Bath, 
and completed it under Signor Paradies, an eminent composer of Venice. In the city already mentioned 
he continued to reside for many years, conducting the oratorios and concerts performed there ; and to his 
taste and exertions, while acting in that situation, may be mainly attributed the renewed popularity of 
the works of Handel. As his family grew up around him, several of its members displayed great musical 
talent, especially his two eldest daughters, one of whom became the object of a most romantic attachment to, 
and subsequently married, the celebrated Richard Brinsley Sheridan, whose duels with Captain Mathews 
respecting her, excited so great a sensation in their day. The second, Mary, was afterwards Mrs. Tickell. 
On Sheridan's completing the purchase of Drury lane theatre, his father-in-law became joint-patentee with 
him, and coming to London, took an active part in the management of the concern, the musical depart- 
ment of which he conducted for many years. During this period, he composed the airs to numerous 
operas and minor musical pieces, having previously, in conjunction with his son, Thomas, arranged those of 
the " Duenna" for Coven^garden. The untimely death of this son, the eldest of his boys, who, after 
displaying extraordinary powers as a musician during the whole of his short, but brilliant career, was 
unfortunately drowned at the age of twenty-two, was a severe blow to his father. The melancholy 
circumstance alluded to, took place on the 7th of August, 1778, while on a visit with his sisters at Grims- 
thorpe in Lincolnshire, the seat of the Duke of Ancaster. In company with three other young men of his 
own age, he had embarked on board a pleasure-boat in the canal, which being, through some mismanage* 
ment, overs? t, Linley, though an excellent swimmer, sank in his endeavours to reach the shore, while th« 



84 



ALI'IIABMTICAL CHRONOLOGY. 



LINEN first made in England, by Flemish weavers, 
1253. Diodorus Siculus relates that very line cloth 
was made in Malta, before 21 ; till 1253, woollen 
shirts were worn, as now by the mountaineers in 
Males; linen weavers (a company of), from 'the 
Netherlands, established in London, 1386 ; staining 
of linen first known here, 1597; linen trade, Ireland, 
began by Lord Wentworth, 1634 ; British linen 
company erected, 1746; fine linen made in Ire- 
land from netties, 1755. 

LISBON (Portugal) made a free port by John II. 
custom-house burnt, May 31st, 1766. 

LITANIES first used in churches, 443 ; the first in 
England, 1343. 

LITCHFIELD bishopric founded by Oswy, King of 
Mercia, 656 ; united with Coventry, 1086 ; pre- 
centorship erected,1130 ; treasurership and deanery, 
ditto, 1140; chancellorship, ditto, 1222; cathe- 
dral built, 667 ; rebuilt, 1148. 

LITERARY property (Statute in favour of), passed, 
1710; adjudged not perpetual, 1774. 

LITERATURE was so little known from the 9th to 
almost the 14th century, that few men of eminence 
in the church and state could either read or write. 



* LITHGOW (William), a Scottish traveller died, 

1640. 
t LITTLETON (Sir Thomas), died, 1481. 
LITURGY first read in Scotland, July 23d, 1637. 
LIVERIES originated in our British ancestors 

clothing their vassals in uniform, to distinguish 

families; as they painted arms and symbols in 

their clothes and armour for the same purpose. 
LIVERPOOL Castle built, and town chartered by 

King John. 
LIVERPOOL (Lord) born, 1770; died December 

4th, 1828. 
LIVONIA' converted to Christianity, 1186; ceded to 

Poland, 1561. 
LLANSTEPHEN Castle, Carmarthenshire, built, 

1138. 
LOADSTONE, its attractive virtues, according to 

Pliny, were known to the ancients ; but its incli- ' 

nation to the poles was not then discovered; it ! 

was however known before 1180. 
T LOCKE (John), an eminent philosopher, died ! 

October 28th, 1704. 
LOCUSTS (Swarms of) settled on the ground about ! 

London, and consumed the vegetables, 1748. 



' others s^ved themselves by clinging to the keel. A brain-fever seized his father on the communication of 
; the intelligence, from which, though he slowly recovered to a certain extent, yet he never again attained 
| his former health. He survived the defeat of his fondest hopes, however, till the year 1795, when he died 
1 in Southampton-street, Covent-garden. His remains were conveyed to "Wells cathedral for interment, 
j where they were deposited in the same vault with his daughters, Mrs. Sheridan and Mrs. Tickell, both of 
' whom had also preceded him to the grave. There are few compositions in English music which surpass 
J those of Linley in simplicity of construction, combined with pathos, spirit, and originality. His celebrated 
1 madrigal to Cowley's words — " Let me careless and unthoughtful lying," still annually performed at the 
| ancient concerts, is especially considered a fine specimen of that species of composition. A handsome 
| monument has been erected near the place of their burial, to the memory of himself and daughters, by a 
' surviving member of the family.— Blog. Diet, of Mus. 

* William Lithgow, a Scottish traveller, who in the early part of the 17th century proceeded on foot 

' through various countries in Europe, Asia, and America, over a distance, according to his own asseverations, 

of more than thirty-six thousand miles. In the course of these pedestrian excursions, he met with many 

strange adventures, and underwent many hardships, the most serious of which was his falling, during his 

journey through Spain, into the hands of the inquisition at Malaga. On this occasion he underwent the 

' torture, both ordinary and extraordinary ; and though he afterwards succeeded in reaching England, he 

j was so much crippled by the injuries he had received, as to be forced to be carried to court in a litter, 

; when he went there for the purpose of presenting his book to James 1. A squabble with the ambassador 

i Gondemar afterwards caused him nearly a year's confinement in the Marshalsea prison. The original 

! account of his wanderings is now difficult to be met with, as is also his account of the siege of Breda ; 

but the leading incidents of the former are to be found in the Phoenix Britannicus. — Granger. 

t Thomas Littleton or Lyttleton, a celebrated English judge and law authority. He was the eldest son 
of Thomas Westcote, of the county of Devon, Esq., by Elizabeth, daughter and sole heir of Thomas 
Littleton of Frankley in Worcestershire, in compliance with whose will the eldest son of the marriage took 
; the surname and arms of Littleton. He was born at the beginning of the 15th century at Frankley, and 
having been educated at one of the universities, he was removed to the Inner Temple, where he studied the 
law, and became very eminent in his profession. He first distinguished himself by his learned lectures on 
the statute of Westminster, "De donis conditionalibus," and was afterwards made, by Henry VI. judge of 
the Marshalsea court, and king's serjeant. In 1455 he went the northern circuit as judge of assize, and was 
continued in the same post by Edward IV. who also, in 1466, appointed him one of the judges of the 
common pleas. In 1475 he was created, among others, a knight of the bath, and continued to enjoy the 
esteem of his sovereign and the nation until his death, at an advanced age, in 1481. The memory of Judge 
Littleton is preserved by his work on "Tenures," which has passed through a very great number of 
editions ; those from 1539 to 1639 alone amounting to twenty-four. This work is esteemed the principal 
authority for the law of real property in this kingdom, while the " Commentary " of Sir E. Coke is deemed 
the repository of all his learning on the subjects therein treated. Of this work a republication took place 
in 1788, enriched with the annotations of Sir M. Hale and Lord Chancellor Nottingham, and greatly 
improved by the learning and industry of Mr. Hargrave and Mr. Butler. — Biog. Brit. Reeve's Hist, of 
English Law. 

I John Locke, one of the most eminent philosophers and valuable writers of his age and country, was 
born at Wrington in Somersetshire, on the 29th of August, 1632. His father, who had been bred to the law, 
acted in the capacity of steward, or court keeper to Colonel Alexander Popham, by whose interest, on the ' 



ALPHABETICAL CHRONOLOGY. 85 



breaking out of the civil war, he became a captain In the service of pari lament; Themibject of this ait/r|e 
was sent at a proper age to Westminster school, whence he was elected in 1651 tu Christ-church College, 
Oxford. Here he much distinguished himself for his application and prolific. icy ; and having tak'-n the 
degree of 13. A. in 1(555, and of M.A. in 1058, he applied himself to the study of physic. In the yeai 168 I, 
he accepted of an offer to go abroad, in the capacity of a secretary to Sir William Swan, appointed envoy 
from Charles II. to the elector of Brandenburg, and other German princes; but he returned in the course 
of a year, and resumed his studies with renewed ardour. In 1666 he was introduced to Lord Ashley, 
afterwards the celebrated political Karl of Shaftesbury, to whom he became essentially serviceable in his 
medical capacity ; and who was led to form so high an opinion of his general powers, that he prevailed 
upon him to take up his residence in his house, and urged him to apply his studies to politics and philosophy. 
By his acquaintance with this nobleman, Mr. Locke was introduced to the Duke of Buckingham, the Earl 
of Halifax, and others of the most eminent persons of their day. In 1668, at the request of the Earl and 
Countess of Northumberland, he accompanied them in a tour to France ; and, on his return, was employed by 
Lord Ashley, then Chancellor of the Exchequer, in drawing up the fundamental constitutions of the American 
state of Carolina. He also inspected the education of that nobleman's son, and was much consulted 
on the marriage of the latter, the eldest son, by which was the celebrated author of " The Characteristics, ' 
In 1670 he began to form the plan of his essay on the human understanding ; and about the same time was 
made a fellow of the royal society. In 1672 Lord Ashley, having been created Earl of Shaftesbury, and 
raised to the dignity of chancellor, he appointed Mr. Locke to the office of secretary of presentations, which 
however, he lost the following year, when the earl was obliged to resign the seals. Being still president of 
the board of trade, that nobl man then made Mr. Locke secretary to the same ; but the commission being 
dissolved in 1674, he lost that appointment also. In the following year he graduated as a bachelor of 
pin sic, and being apprehensive of a consumption, travelled into France, and resided some time at Montpelier. 
In 1679 he returned to England, at the request of the Earl of Shaftesbury, then again restored to power ; 
and in 1682, when that nobleman was obliged to retire to Holland, he accompanied him in his exile. 
On the death of his patron in that country, aware how much he was disliked by the predominant arbitary 
faction at home, he chose to remain abroad ; and was in consequence accused of being the author of certain 
tracts against the English government ; and, although these were afterwards discovered to be the work of 
^another person, he was arbitrarily ejected from his studentship of Christ-church, by the king's command. 
Thus assailed, he continued abroad, nobly refusing to accept a pardon, which the celebrated William Penn 
undertook to procure for him, expressing himself like the chancellor L'Hospital, in similar circumstances, 
ignorant of the crimes of which he had been declared guilty. In 1685, when Monmouth undertook his 
ill-concerted enterprize, the English envoy at the Hague demanded the person of Mr. Locke, and several 
others, which demand obliged him to conceal himself for nearly a year ; but in 1686 he again appeared in 
public, and formed a literary society at Amsterdam, in conjunction with Limborch, Le Clerc, and others. 
During the time of his concealment, he also wrote his first "Letter concerning Toleration," which was 
printed at Gouda, in 1689, under the title of " Epistola de Tolerantia," and was rapidly translated into 
Dutch, French, and English. At the revolution, this eminent person returned to England in the fleet 
which conveyed the Princess of Orange, and being deemed a sufferer for the principles on which it was 
established, he was made a commissioner of appeals, and was soon after gratified by the establishment of 
toleration by law. In 1690 he published his celebrated "Essay concerning Human Understanding," 
which was instantly attacked by various writers among the oracles of learning, most of whose names are now 
forgotten. It was even proposed, at a meeting of the heads of houses of the university of Oxford, to formally 
censure and discourage it ; but nothing was finally resolved upon, but that each master should endeavour to 
prevent its being read in his college. Neither this, however, nor any other opposition availed ; the reputa- 
tion, both of the work and of the author, increased throughout Europe ; and besides being translated into 
French and Latin, it had reached a fourth English edition in 1700. In 1690, Mr. Locke published his 
second " Letter on Toleration ; " and in the same year appeared his two " Treatises on Government," in oppo- 
sition to the principles of Sir Robert Filmer, and of the whole passive obedient school. He next wrote a 
pamphlet, entitled, " Some Considerations of the Consequences of lowering the Interest and Value of Money, " 
1691, 8vo., which was followed by other smaller pieces on the same subject. In 1692, he published a third 
" Letter on Toleration ; " and the following year his " Thoughts concerning Education." In 1695 he was 
(made a commissioner of trade and plantations, and in the same year published his " Reasonableness of 
Christianity, as delivered in the Scriptures;" which being warmly attacked by Dr. Edwards, in his 
" Socinianism Unmasked," Mr. Locke followed with a first and second "Vindication," in which he 
defended himself with great mastery. The use made by Toland, and other latitudinarian writers, cf th> 
premises laid down in the " Essay on the Human Understanding, " at length produced an opponent in the ce- 
lebrated Bishop Stillingfleet, who, in his " Defence of the Doctrines of the Trinity," censured some passage- 
in Mr. Locke's essay ; and a controversy arose, in which the great reading and proficiency in ecclesiastic;!' 
antiquities of the prelate, necessarily yielded in an argumentative contest to the reasoning powers of ti>- 
philosopher. With>his publications in this controversy, which were distinguished by peculiar mildness an 
urbanity, Mr. Locke retired from the press, and his asthmatic complaint increasing, with the rertitudi 
which distinguished the whole of his conduct, he resigned his post of commissioner of trade and plantations 



8fi 



ALPHABETICAL CHRONOLOGY. 



LOGARITHMS, fur the use of seamen, invented by 
baron Napier, a Scotchman, 1614. 

LOGWOOD cultivated in Carolina, 1732. 

LOLLARDS (a term of reproach equal to that of 
fanatics) were those who dissented from the 
church of England, before she renounced popery. 
They sprung From William Lollard, who began to 
propagate his opinions, 1315, and was burnt at 
Cologne, 1351 ; and after his death the disciples of 
Wickliffe were called Lollards; prescribed by 
parliament, 1400; greatty multiplied in England, 
1109; many Lollards executed about 1414. 

LOMBARDY (Kingdom of) began, 573. The 
Lombards were a detachment of Alcmans from 
Brandenburg invited into Italy by Justinian, to 
serve against the Goths. As a reward for their 
services, the emperor gave them part of Upper 
Pannonia, now a part of Lower Austria, 548; 
from whence they passed into Italy, and their 
chief was proclaimed king by his army at Milan, 
570; besieged Rome, 595. This kingdom made 
considerable conquests till 771, when Desiderius, 
their last king, was taken by Charlemagne, and 
their territories annexed to the German empire ; 
some of the Lombards afterwards inhabited Italy, 
formed themselves into societies, and companies of 
them settled in every kingdom ; they became the 
carriers and bankers of Europe ; one of these com- 
panies settled in Lombard -street, London. 

LONDON first founded by Brute, a lineal descen- 
dant of iEneas, 1150 B.C. and called Troynovant ; 
afterwards called Lundain from Llan Dian, the 
temple of Diana ; it was called Caer Lud, in the 
reign of King Lud, Augusta, in Julias Caesar's time, 



and founded by the Romans, 49; it went by ths 
name of Londonceaster in the time of the Sax ,ns, 
and Camera Regia in that of William the Con- 
queror; made a bishopric in 653, though others 
say it was in the time of Constantine the Great, for 
that the Bishop of London was at the council of 
Aries in 314 ; deanery erected before the conquest ; 
archdeaconry before 1136; chancellorship, 1150, 
treasurership, 1160; precentorship, 1203; city 
repaired by Alfred, 885 ; burnt to the ground 
about 912 ; "nearly destroyed by lire, 1077 ; charter 
first granted 1079; burnt again, 1130; the chief 
magistrate in William I time was called Port- 
reeve, a title first given in the time of the Saxons. 
654; Richard I. ordained two bailiffs, but King 
John changed them into a mayor ; obtained their 
first free charter for electing their own magistrates. 
1208; common hunt lirst appointed 1226; alder- 
men first appointed 1 242 ; most of the houses were 
thatched, 1246; John Norman, the first mayor 
sworn at Westminster, 1250; juses built with 
wood, 1300; no mace carried before the mayor till 
1338 ; privileges of the city taken away, but 
restored on submission, 1386 ; aldermen elected 
annually, till 1394; charter declared forfeited, 
1683; taken away, 1688; given.again, 1689, lord- 
mayor not a freeman of one of the twelve compa- 
nies, 1742; gates taken down, 1760; common 
council ordered to wear blue silk gowns at court, 
September 14th, 1761 ; discontinued the practice, 
1775 ; streets new paved and signs removed, 1764 ; 
Newgate taken down, 1776 ; city remonstrated on 
the king's paying no attention to their petition for 
a redress of grievances, and was censured, 1770. 



although King William was very unwilling to receive it, observing, that he could not in conscience hold a 
situation to which a considerable salary was attached; without performing the duties of it. From this time 
he lived wholly in retirement, where he applied himself to the study of Scripture ; while the sufferings 
incidental to his disorders were materially alleviated by the kind attentions and agreeable conversation of 
Lady Masham, who was the daughter of the leader Dr. Cudworth, and for many years his intimate friend. 
Mr. Locke existed nearly two years in a very declining state, and at length expired in a manner correspon- 
dent with his great piety, equanimity, and rectitude, on the 28th of October, 1704. He was buried at 
Oates, where there is a neat monument erected to his memory, with a modest Latin inscription indited by 
himself. The moral, social, and political character of this eminent and valuable man, is sufficiently 
illustrated by the foregoing brief account ot his life and labours, and the effect of his writings upon the 
opinfms, and even fortunes of mankind, will form the most forcible eulogium on his mental superiority. Of his 
" Essay on the Human Understanding," it maybe said, that no book of the metaphysical class has ever been 
more generally read ; or, looking to its overthrow of the doctrine of innate ideas, none has produced greater 
consequences. In the opinion of Dr. Reed, he gave the first example in the English language of writing on 
abstract subjects with simplicity and perspicuity. No author has more successfully pointed out the danger 
of ambiguous words, and of having distinct notions on subjects of judgment and reasoning; while his 
observations on the various powers of the human understanding, on the use and abuse of words, and on the 
extent and limits of human knowledge, are drawn from an attentive reflection on the operations of his own 
mind, the only source of genuine knowledge on those subjects. Several topics, no doubt, are introduced 
into this celebrated production, which do not strictly belong to it, and some of its opinions have been justly 
controverted. In some instances, too, its author is verbose, and wanting in his characteristic perspicuity ; 
but with all these exceptions, and even amidst the improvements in metaphysical studies, to which this 
work itself was mainly conduced, it will ever prove a valuable guide in the acquirement of the science of 
the human mind. His next great work, his " Two Treatises on Government," although necessarily opposed 
by the theorists of divine right and passive obedience, and by writers of jacobitical tendencies, essentially 
espouses the principles which, by placing the House of Brunswick on the throne of Great Britain, may be 
deemed the constitutional doctrine of the country ; and, as such, it as been ably and unanswerably defended. 
Besides the works already mentioned, Mr. Locke left several MSS. behind him, from which his executors, 
Sir Peter King and Mr. Anthony Collins, published in 1706, his paraphrase and notes upon St. Paul's 
Epistles to the Galatians, Corinthians, Romans, and Ephesians, with an essay prefixed for the under- 
standing of St. Paul's Epistles, by a reference to St. Paul himself. In 1706 the same parties published, 
"Posthumous Works of Mr. Locke," Svo., comprising a treatise "On the Conduct of the Under- 
standing;" "An Examination of Malebranche's Opinion of seeing all Things in God," &c.f but all 
his works have been collected together, and frequently printed in three volumes folio and four volumes 
quarto.— Biog. Brit. Life prefixed to Works. Towersh Vindication. Enfield's Hist, of Philos. Aikin's 
G. liiog. 



ALPHABETICAL CHRONOLOGY. 



*7 



LONDON-BRIDGE built of timber, In the reign of 
Ethelred between 993 and 1016 ; built new with 
timber, 11(35 ; finished with stone, after thirty-three 
years labour, 1209 ; houses took fire at both ends, 
the people thinking to suppress it, were hemmed 
in, and leaping over into boats and barges, several 
sunk, and 300 persons were drowned, 1214 ; its 
waterworks invented and begun, 1582; a great 
fire on it, February 11th, 1632 ; houses taken down, 
1756 ; temporary bridge burnt, April 11th, 1758 ; 
toll discontinued, March 25th, 1782. 

LONDON-STONE, Cannon-street, first placed there 
by the Romans, fifteen vears B.C. 

LONDONDERRY, 210,000 acres there granted to 
the citv of London, 1610 ; town besieged, April 
20th, 1689. 

LONGBEARD, William Fitz-Osborn, a lawyer, so 
called, hanged at Tyburn, for stirring up the peo- 
ple to sedition, after 1197. This was the first 
instance of the people rising in defence of their 
liberties, independent of the barons and the clergy. 

LONGITUDE. Harrison's time-keeper invented, 
1763 ; Le Roi, of Paris, invented a watch that 
keeps time better, 1776. 

LOOM Engine (The Dutch weavers') was brought 
into use here, from Holland, about 1676. 



LORD High Steward, the first appointed for a cor- 
ronation, was Thomas, second son of Henry IV. ; 
the first for a trial of a peer, was Edward, Earl of 
Devon, on the arraignment of John, Earl of Hun- 
tingdon, in the same reign. 

LORD Lieutenants of counties instituted, July 24th, 
1549. 

LORD Mayor's Show, London, the first, 1453. 

LORD Steward of the Household, so called since 
1540 ; before, he was styled Grand Master of the 
Household. 

LORRAINE, given by the emperor Lotharius, to 
his second son, as an independent duchy, about 
851 ; it continued under its princes till 1670, when 
it was seized by Louis XIV. of France, and an- 
nexed to that crown, though the empty title is 
retained by another. 

LOTHIAN, Scots Marquisate, created, 1701 

LOTTERIES (Public) first established in England, 
1569. 

LOUIS XV. King of France stabbed by Damien, but 
not mortally, January 5th, 1757 ; but being at- 
tacked by the small-pox, he died unlamented on 
the 10th of May, 1774, in the 65th year of his age, 
and 60th of his reign. 

* LOUIS XVI. King of France, born August, 1754. 



* Louis XVI., King of France, grandson of Louis XV., and son of the Dauphin Louis, and Maria Josepha 
ofSaxon}'. His father, a prince of much strictness of character, carefully superintended thaeducation of his 
three sons, the youngest of whom was the late King of France, and placed them under preceptors, who paid 
a guarded attention to their morals. Their care in this respect perfectly succeeded with Louis the eldest, 
who, without displaying any brilliancy of parts, was humane, averse to flattery, simple in his tastes, and 
fond of retirement. He was married in 1770 to Maria Antoinette of Austria, daughter of the Empress 
MariaTheresa, and sister to the Emperor Joseph II., and ascended the throne in May 1774, being then in his 
! i twentieth year. His first prime minister was M. de Maurepas, who had occupied the same station in the 
late reign, but who had been exiled. By the influence of this statesman, the ancient parliaments were 
I restored, which was a popular measure, but too late and insufficient to materially ingratiate the public 
It was the lot of Louis XVI., like Charles I., to come to the crown when great changes were taking place 
in the minds of men ; and while the despotism and extravagance of the last two reigns had operated to open 
the eyes of the people to the evil of arbitrary sway, a set of able and eloquent writers rose up, who, by the 
' united powers of argument and ridicule, exposed all the weaknesses of ancient institutions, and endeavoured 
i to re-model the whole fabric of public opinion. The finances were also in a state of great derangement ; 
and although Louis himself was very moderate in his expenses, his economical plans were all thwarted by 
the profusion of his consort and the princes of the blood. A suspicion of bias on the part of the queen, in 
; favour of her own fatuity, was also prevalent, while the mixture of haughtiness and levity in her character, 
! and her imprudences of conduct, deprived her of the esteem and affection of all but the few courtiers who 
profited by her failings. The situation of France in the quarrel between Great Britain and her revolted 
colonies, unfortunately for Louis, also afforded a temptation for interference, too accordant with the standard 
policy of France, to be neglected by his then minister, the Count de Vergennes, who, supported by the 
i queen's party, prevailed against the king's opinion not to show any partiality to the colonies. The com- 
1 plaints of England at this conduct being disregarded, open war took place in 1778; and although France 
and her allies succeeded in detaching America from the British crown, that event, and the manner in which 
it was brought about, evidently hastened the revolution. Previously to affairs reaching this crisis, various 
ministries were employed, some of which had enlarged views, although little in accordance with the 
anomalous state of the country, until at length the finances were entrusted to the famous Necker, whose 
dismissal, in 1781, in consequence of the enmity which his economical plans excited in the courtiers and 
the queen, made room for the appointment of M. de Calonne. By some specious operations, this last 
minister restored an apparent prosperity for a short time, and gave free vent to the profusion of the court ; 
but the result, at no distant period, was a derangement of the finances to so alarming an extent, that it 
was necessary to lay the state of affairs before a national assembly. An inferior kind of body to the States- 
General, termed the Notables, selected by the king's nomination, from the different orders of the state, 
was collected for this purpose, to whom the enormous deficit, which had hitherto been kept secret, was 
disclosed. Extensive taxation was proposed to make good the deficiency, which the parliament of Paris 
refusing to register, it was banished, together with the Duke of Orleans, who, under the mask of patriotism, 
was endeavouring to work the ruin of the king. After various abortive expedients, Necker was recalled, 
and the dreaded alternative of an assembly of the States-General resorted to, which critical measure took 
place in May, 1789. As it is simply intended in this article to touch upon a few points of this eventful 
crisis, which exhibit the course of events which led to the destruction of the king, it is not necessary to 
dwell upon the proceedings which terminated in the Commons declaring themselves "The National 



88 ALPHABETICAL CHRONOLOGY. 



Assembly." During these vioient contests, n»e hn.^ fluctuated between opposite counsels, until at length 
perceiving the obvious tendency of the measures pursued to the subversion of monarchical power, and being 
urged by the queen and the princes of the blood, he was induced to give orders for assembling the troops 
round the capital, and for the dismissal and exile of Necker. Paris burst into a flame on this event, 
commotions took place, in which the soldiers refused to act against the citizens ; the Bastile was attacked 
and taken, and resistance being in vain, the king recalled Necker. Schemes for a new constitution, and 
new measures of finance, were then discussed with tolerable composure, until a scarcity of provisions 
following, the people were roused into fur}', and a dreadful insurrection took place, in which a numerous 
armed mob marched to Versailles, broke into the palace, massacred some of the guards, and compelled the 
king, queen, and family to accompany them to Paris. A great emigration of the most zealous friends of 
royalty now took place, and the endeavours of these partizans to produce hostile interference from without, 
only served to hasten the destruction of the king and his queen. The National Assembly, in the mean 
time, formed a new constitution on the basis of limited monarchy, which the king solemnly swore to 
observe, but the increasing emigration of the clergy, nobles, and members of the royal family, while troops 
were collected, and openly formed into an army on the frontiers, naturally awakened public suspicion, and 
popular ferments took place both in the capital and the provinces. These suspicions Louis endeavoured to 
allay, by formally announcing to foreign courts his acceptance of the constitution; but his character for 
sincerity received an indelible stain by his attempt to escape in June, 1791. This step, when the royal 
party were stopped on the frontiers, and brought back prisoners to Paris, he endeavoured to defend, on the 
ground of the danger and insults to which himself, and still more the queen, was exposed from the Parisian 
mob ; but as his flight was at the same time evidently connected with the plans of the Emperor Leopold 
and the emigrants, the confidence of the people could never be restored. In the mean time the National 
Assembly proceeded to complete their labours, and in September 1791, presented to the king the con- 
stitutional act, which he solemnly accepted, and swore to maintain inviolable. They soon after dissolved 
themselves, and were succeeded by a legislative assembly, appointed by internal election. The schemes of in- 
terposition and conquest becoming still more and more obvious, in the following April war was declared against 
the emperor, and a decree passed tne convention, or orming a camp of twenty thousand men round Paris. 
This last measure the king, who regarded it as intended to overawe the moderate party, and strengthen the 
jacobins, refused to sanction, as he likewise did a severe decree against the refractory clergy. He also 
dismissed some of the popular ministers, who had been forced upon him ; and by all these proceedings 
excited so much discontent, that a furious populace made their way into the Tuilleries, and treated the 
king with gross personal insults. The approach of the Duke of Brunswick, preceded by an impolitic and 
threatening manifesto, in which the acceptance of the constitution by Louis was treated as an involuntary 
compliance, completed the exasperation of the people, and at length Pethion, the ma3'oi of Paris, appeared 
at the head of the sections at the bar of the National Convention, and demanded the deposition of the king. 
The determination of this point was fixed for the 10th of August, on which fatal day a numerous body of insur- 
gents attacked the Tuilleries, in the defence of which nearly the whole of the Swiss guards were massacred. 
The king and family had previously taken shelter in the hall of the National Convention, which immediately 
proceeded to declare the suspension of the royal authority, in the person of Louis XVI. and to decree the 
convocation of a National Assembly for the ensuing month. The king and his family were then imprisoned 
in the Temple, while various massacres and enormities succeeded of the most appalling description. All of 
these were, however, surpassed by the horrid murder of upwards of 1000 state prisoners, on the 2d and 
3rd of September ; among whom was the beautiful Princess of Lamballe, whose bleeding head, stuck upon 
a pike, to the eternal infamy of the perpetrators, was shown to the queen, whose intimate and favourite she 
had been. Under the influence of a spirit so baneful, the result of many generations of misgovernment, the 
final fate of the most unhappy victim of it, could not be distant. After royal tyliad been abolished in the 
new convention by acclammation, an intention was soon avowed of bringing the king to trial, in breach of 
the constitution, which declared his person inviolable. On December 1 1th, 1792, he was accordingly brought 
to the bar, to answer to the heads of accusation drawn up against him, for the crimes of tyranny and treason 
towards the nation. He defended himself with judgment and presence of mind, and received the assistance 
of three eminent advocates, who generously took upon themselves the hazard of so unpopular an act. He 
was found guilty by a small majority, and the punishment of death was decreed against him. He employed 
the short interval allowed him, in the preparations for death enjoined by his religion, to which he was 
sincerely devoted ; and on the 21st of January, 1793, was led to the scaffold, where his behaviour partook of 
the calm fortitude which had distinguished him through all the scenes of suffering, to which he had been so 
mercilessly exposed. He declared his innocence to the surrounding crowd, but was rudely interrupted by 
the noise of drums and the hands of the executioner. His body w r as thrown into a pit, filled with lime, 
and no vestige left of the place of his interment. Such was the tragical end of Louis XVI. a victim to the 
thoughtlessness and misrule of his ancestors, himself being possibly one of the most moral and best-inten- 
tioned sovereigns of France. In vigour of mind and firmness of resolution, he was certainly deficient, but 
perhaps few princes, more possessed of these characters, would have been able to extricate themselves 
with honour from the perils that surrounded him. His subservience to the queen, and the weak and 
profuse party who availed themselves of her influence, proved undoubtedly his most fatal political failing. 



ALPHABETICAL CHRONOLOGY. 



H!J 



* LOUIS XVIII. King of France, died September 
26th, 1824. 

LOUIS, son of Philip II. of France, laid claim to the 
crown of England, from the pope's nomination, 
and landed with an army in the Isle of Thanet, 
May 23d, 1216. 

LOUISBURG taken by the English, June, 1745; 
given up to the French, 1749 ; retaken July 22d, 
1758. 

LOUISIANA discovered by the French, 1633; set- 
tled by them, 17-18; ceded to England, east of the 
Mississippi, 1763. 

LOUTH Park Abbey, Lincolnshire, built, 1139. 

LOUVRE (The), at Paris, was so called from 
L'oeuvrc, the new work. 

LOV & (Rev. Christopher), beheaded, 1651, aged 33, 

LOVE-FEASTS established in the first century. 



LOW Countries, the country of the ancient Belga, 
conquered by Julius Ca;sar, 47 B.C. ; passed into 
the hands of France, 412; governed by earls, 
subject to that crown, from 864 to 1369; by 
marriage the 17 provinces came into the house of 
Austria but were yielded to Spain by Charles V. 
1556 ; seven of the provinces shook off the Spanish 
yoke, 1579; acknowledged independent by Spain, 
1648; the other ten remained with the Duke of 
Austria, to whom Philip of Spain gave them as a 
marriage portion with his daughter Elizabeth, 
1598 ; by the treaty of Vienna the seven were an- 
nexed to the German empire, 1725 ; that part now 
held by France was annexed to France, 1748; 
threw off their dependency on the empire, and 
united under the name of the Belgic states, Jan. 
1790; insurgents quelled, Nov. 1790. 



tn point of acquirement, Louis XVI. was by no means deficient ; he wrote well, and excelled in clearness 
of expression, and methodical arrangement. Of the possession of these talents, and no small extent of 
information, the instructions to the navigator Perouse, drawn up by his own hand, form an unequivocal 
proof. This unhappy monarch left a son and a daughter, the latter of whom married her cousin, then 
Dauphin of France. The unhappy son, regarded by the mockery of etiquette as Louis XVII. died miserably, 
in 1795, at the early age of eight, in the brutal custody to which, after the death of his father, he was 
committed.— Hist, of the French Rev. Memoirs 'y Bertrand de Afoleville. Memoirs by Soulaire. 

* Louis XVIII. (Stanislaus Xavier de France) second son of the Dauphin, the son of Louis XV., and 
brother of Louis XVI, born at Versailles, November 17th, 1755. As a boy he is said to have manifested a 
disposition tinctured with much timidity and reserve, but to have exhibited a far more decided turn for 
literary pursuits than either his elder or his younger brother (late Charles X.), with whom he was educated ; 
and he early acquired the character of a good classical scholar. His debut in public life was made soon after 
the accession of his elder brother to the throne, when he presented the new monarch with a pamphlet of his 
own writing, entitled " Mes Pensees ; " which, however, appears to have given but little satisfaction to 
the unfortunate prince to whom it was addressed, and who is reported, at a subsequent interview, to have 
requested the royal author to " keep henceforward his thoughts to himself." On the breaking out of the 
revolution, the Count de Provence, as he was then styled, fled from Paris to Coblentz, on the 20th June, 
1791, and then took a principal share in the organization of the sjstem of emigration. The progress of the 
republican arms afterwards compelled him to abandon this asylum for Turin, where he was received by his 
father-in-law, the King of Sardinia ; but subsequently again removed to Verona, under the name of the 
Count de Lille, a title which he retained till his accession to the French throne. In 1796 he joined the 
army of the Prince de Conde, then at Reigal, and two years afterwards was formally acknowledged King 
of France by the Emperor Paul of Russia, at whose invitation he took up his residence for awhile, in the * 
ducal castle ofMittau inCourland. The versatility of his new ally, however, soon put an end to his continu- 
ance in this abode. He received peremptory orders to quit the Russian territories in a week, and took 
refuge at Warsaw, whence the King of Prussia, on his refusing to renounce his throne in favour of 
Buonaparte, compelled him to retire, as a last resource, to England. Here he was hospitably received ; and 
Hartwell, a seat belonging to the Marquis of Buckingham, assigned for his residence, where he remained 
till the fall of Napoleon, in 1814, drew him from his retreat to reascend the throne of his ancestors. From 
this he was again driven by the return of Buonaparte from Elba, and he retired into the Netherlands, till 
the battle of Waterloo, by completely breaking the power of his opponent, restored him to his crown. He 
survived this second elevation nine years, dying in his sixty-ninth year, on the 16th of September, 1824. 
For a considerable time previously to his decease, a dry erysipelas in his legs had deprived him of the power 
of walking, while his attachments to the pleasures of the table assisted a natural tendency to corpulency, 
and aided materially to produce the cedematous state, which terminating in a paral}sis of the lower ex- 
tremities, was the more immediate cause of his dissolution. As the restored monarch of Fiance, 
Louis XVIII. acted with great temper and policy ; at least on his second return to his capital, after the 
battle of Waterloo, when it required no mean degree of skill to render the intrusion of the foreign armies, 
which made him King of France, palatable to the people over whom he was called to reign. He soon also 
adopted the ancient maxims of bis family, in regard to neighbours, as was evinced by the manner in which 
the invasion of Spain was prepared for, under the pretext of a sanitary cordon. Besides the pamphlet 
already mentioned, Louis XVIII. was the author of " Le Marriage Secret," a comedy in three acts, in 
which he is reported to have been assisted by his secretary Ducis, the imitator of Shakspeare. This piece, 
which is not devoid of merit, was brought out under the name of •• Desfaucheraire." Two operas also were 
the offspring of his pen, " Panurge," and the " Caravane du Caire," to which Gretry composed the music. 
His other writings are, an account of his journey, or rather flight to Coblentz, which M. de Talleyrand is 
said to have characterized as the »* Journey of Harlequin, who is always afraid and always hungry ;" and a 
few political articles, exhibiting no great force or talent, in the " Journal de Paris," during the year 1814. — 
Ann. Hio 9 . N 



DO ALPHABETICAL CHRONOLOGY, 



LUBECK. (City of) burnt to ashes. 1209; again, 1276. Beverley, Yorkshire, was thus privileged in the 

LUCCA, its republic founded, 300; purchased its time of the Saxons ; St. Burien's, in Cornwall, also 
independency of the emperor for 10,000 crowns. | by Athelstan, S35; Westminster, by Edward the 

f UCERA, Italy, a city of the Daunians in great Confessor; and St. Martin's-l -Grand, London, 
repute, 320 B.C. ; sacked, 603 ; restored to the 1529 ; abolished for great crimes, 1534 ; totally, 1624. 
Christians, and the cathedral built, 1300 ; pluu- LUDGERSHA LL Castle, Wilts, built before 1199. 
dered by banditti, 1590. , LUD1 ROMA NI instituted about 616. Seculares 

LUCERN, a herb first discovered, says Pliny, by j (The) first celebrated at Rome, 456; revived by 
Darius, in the Media, and encouraged by him in ; Augustus 17 years B.C. ; Florales instituted, 140, 
Greece. It was raised with success in the j B.C.; they were held every 110 years, and the 
Venetian state, 1550; found its way into Ger- j tenth and last was held 04; Apollinares fixed, 208 
many, 1578 ; and soon after to England. | B.C. 

LUCIUS, the first Christian king of Britain. He LUDLOW Castle, Salop, built soon after the 
reigned seventy-seven years, and died between 156 : conquest 

and 189; founded the first Christian church in !* LUDLOW (Edmund), born, 1602. 
London, St. Peter's, Cornhill, which was made LUL WORTH Castle, Dorset, built, 1610. 
the see of an archbishop, till removed to Canter- LUNGS (Vesicles of the) discovered by Malpighi, 
bury, in 1795 ; sanctuaries, or places privileged for j 1681. 

the safety of offenders were common in heroic j LUPERCALIA (The festival of), instituted in 
times, as early as the siege of Troy. According to Arcadia, 1326 B.C. ; was continued in February, 
Servius, they were first established at Athens, but till the reign of Pope Gelasius, who abolished it 
others say, Cadmus first established them on the i about 480. The rites of this festival were ex- 
building of Thebes, then introduced into Rome I pressive of an early state of society, before the 
by Romulus its founder, and reformed by Tiberius invention of arts and agriculture. 
Caesar; in England were first granted by King f LUTHER (Martin), the reformer, born at Eisleben 
Lucius to our churches and precincts. St. John of | in Germany, November 10th, 1484. 



* Edmund Ludlow was the eldest son of Sir Henry Ludlow, knight, and born about 1602, at Maiden 
Bradley, in the county of Wilts. Sir Henry Ludlow, who was chosen knight of the shire for Wiltshire, in 
the long parliament, having joined the opposing party, his son, who warmly adopted the same principles, 
entered into a military association, formed among the students of the law, with most of whom he sub- 
sequently entered the army in the lifeguards of the Earl of Essex. He served at Edge-hill, raised a troop of 
horse, and being made governor of Wardour-castle, held it for ten months against the king's party, until 
battered to ruins, when he was made prisoner, but soon afterwards exchanged. He was also present at the 
second battle of Newbury, and many other warm actions. When the famous self-denying ordinance took 
place, he remained out of any ostensible situation, until chosen member for Wiltshire, in the place of his 
father. At this time the machinations of Cromwell becoming visible, he was opposed by Ludlow with 
firmness and openness. W"ith a view of establishing a republic, his favourite form of government, he 
however joined the army against the parliament, when the latter voted the king's concessions a basis for 
treat}', and was also one of the unhappy Charles's judges. With a view of removing him, Cromwell 
caused him to be nominated general of horse in Ireland, where he joined the army under Ireton, and acted 
with great vigour and ability. When Cromwell was declared protector, Ludlow used all his influence 
with the army against him, on which account he was recalled, and was put under arrest at Beaumaris. 
Although he refused to enter into any engagement not to act against the government, he was at length 
allowed to come to. London, where in a conversation with Cromwell himself, he openly avowed the 
republican principles upon which he acted, and refusing all security of engagement for submission, he 
retired into Essex, where he remained until the death of the Protector. When Richard Cromwell 
succeeded, he joined the army party at Wallingford-house, and was instrumental in the restoration of the 
long parliament, in which he took his seat. Too honest for the views of the army faction, the}' contrived to 
send him again to Ireland, as commander-in-chief, where his efforts in favour of the parliament were 
thwarted by the council of officers at Dublin, who at length accused him of high treason, and he was 
compelled to return to London. The restoration was now rapidly approaching, and finding the republicans 
unable to resist it, he quitted the country, and proceeded to Geneva, whence he afterwards with many more 
fugitives of the party, took refuge at Lausanne, where Lisle was assassinated by some English royalists. 
Similar attempts were made on the lives of Ludlow and others; but his caution, and the vigilance of the 
magistracy of Berne, protected him, and he passed the remainder of his life at Veva}', with the exception 
of a brief visit to England after the revolution, from which he was driven b}' a motion in parliament for his 
apprehension, by Sir Edward Seymour, the leader of the Tory party. He closed his life in exile in 1693, 
being then in his seventy-third year. A monument is erected to his memory by his widow, who was a 
faithful and courageous partaker of all his vicissitudes, in the principal church of Vevay. — Ludlow's Mem. 
Biog. Brit. 

t Martin Luther, the famous ecclesiastical reformer, was the son of a German miner. He was educated 
at the university of Erfurt, and was intended for the legal profession, when a melancholy accident which 
he witnessed, gave him a distaste for the world, and induced him to enter into a convent of Augustine friars. 
Here he was at first distinguished by his zeal for the established faith ; and he is said to have declared that 
he would have brought the first faggot to burn Erasmus, who had written against the mass, ecclesiastical 
celibacy, and the invocation of saints. Though numerous independent circumstances concurred to the 
production of that great event, termed the reformation, yet the personal character of Luther had no slight 
influence. He was of a bold and impetuous temper, possessed an ardent imagination, natural eloquence, s 



ALPHABETICAL CHRONOLOGY. 



: J 



LYCURGUS born, 926 ; established his body of laws 
in Lacedemon, 884; died in Crete, 827 B.C. 

LYDIA, an ancient kingdom, under a long dynasty 
of kings, the last of whom was the rich Croesus, 
who was conquered by Cyrus, 514. It continued 
part of the Persian empire, until that was con- 
quered by Alexander, and about 283 it became 
part of the new kingdom of Pergamos, till Attalus 



bequeathed It to the Romans, 133 B.C. It was at. 

last taken from the eastern empire by the Turki, 

1326. 
LYME Castle, Kent, built long before 1379. 
LYME REGIS, Dorsetshire, chartered by Edward I. 
* LYNDHURST (Lord), an eminent statesman and 

lawyer of the present day. 
LYONS, France, founded by Lucius Plancus, 43 B.C. 



command of language, an unwearied pen ; and, to crown all, an obstinacy of disposition, which completely 
set opposition at defiance. Thus qualified for a polemic, accident soon called him forth to the field of con- 
troversy. Leo X., finding the papal treasury exhausted by the magnificent projects of his predecessors and 
his own profusion, found it necessary to raise money by the sale of indulgences ; and Albert, archbishop of 
Mentz and Magdebourg, farmed the produce of this ecclesiastical tax in Saxony. The Augustine friars had 
usually been employed in the office of publishing and distributing these licenses and exemptions from spiritual 
censures and inflictions, and they derived both honour and profit from the trust ; but Albert now gave the com- 
mission to the Dominicans, who appear to have executed it with extreme indiscretion, and by their scandalous 
lives and practices exposed the indulgences to contempt. Luther, as an Augustine friar, resented the affront 
put upon his order, and availing himself of the imprudence of his rivals, began to preach against their abuses in 
the sale of the indulgences, whence he proceeded to declaim against the practice of granting them, and to 
dispute the authority whence they originated. These sentiments he supported in a thesis which he published 
at Wittemberg ; and this production was publicly burnt at Frankfort, by John Tetzel, a Dominican friar, 
who was the principal agent of archbishop Albert. Luther at first treated the pope himself with respect, 
and while he maintained his opinions, he affected submission to the authority of the church. Leo summoned 
the contumacious friar to answer for his conduct at Rome, but he wisely refused to put himself so much in 
the power of his adversaries, and insisted on having his cause tried in Germany, where he was strongly pro- 
tected by the elector of Saxony and other princes. The pope at length sent Cardinal Cajetan to settle the 
controversy, before whom Luther made his appearance to defend himself at Augsburgh. Finding that he 
could obtain no terms but on entire submission to the authority of his judge, he withdrew from the place, 
under apprehension of danger, and a decree being issued against him, he appealed from the pope to a general 
council. In the mean time repeated conferences took place between the partizans of papac}', and Luther 
and his disciples, which served to exasperate both parties, and which necessarilly proved advantageous to 
the advocates for innovation. The tenets of the reformer became widely diffused, and he proceeded to 
greater lengths in his opposition to the Romish church. In 1519, occurred a memorable dispute at Leipsic, 
between Luther and Eckius a learned Catholic divine; after which the former took the decisive step of 
abolishing an established usage of the papists, by no longer withholding the sacramental cup from the laity. 
The pope then issued a bull of excommunication against Luther, as a confirmed heretic; and he displayed 
his contempt for the holy see, by burning the instrument of denunciation, in the presence of the assembled 
students and professors of Wittemberg. At the beginning of 1521, Luther showed his courage by making his 
appearance at the diet of Worms, whither he had been summoned to attend, under the protection of the 
imperial safe conduct, the violation of which his friends apprehended, and dissuaded him from trusting 
to it. He was, however, allowed to depart in safety; but as he was returning home, he was surrounded 
by a body of horsemen, and conveyed to the castle of Wartenberg. This was a friendly stratagem of 
the elector of Saxony, adopted as a precaution against the threatened vengeance of the hierarchy. 
Luther remained in his retreat nine months, employing his pen in the defence of his principles, and in 
strengthening the faith of his followers. Here it was that he wrote an answer to the treatise which our 
Henry VIII. had published against him, in which he treated the king with as little ceremony as any of his 
other antagonists. In 1524, Luther cast aside his monastic habit, and the next year he wedded Catharine 
Bora or De Bohren, a nun, who had escaped from her convent, and relinquished her vows. In 1529, the 
Emperor Charles V. assembled a diet at Spires, to concert measures against the advocates for the new 
opinions, and some severe resolutions being passed against them, a protest was signed by many of the 
persons present at the assembly, whence they acquired the distinctive appellation of Protestants. The 
schism in the church was now become incurable; and from this period Luther could contemplate with satis- 
faction the important and apparently durable effect of his extraordinary exertions, of the efficacy of 
which he could originally have entertained but a faint conception. The remainder of his life was chiefly 
spent in exhorting universities, and princes, and states, to uphold the reformation of religion, and in pub- 
lishing from time to time such writings as might aid and encourage them in the arduous undertaking. He 
died at Eisleben, February 18th, 1546, and was interred in the cathedral of Wittemberg, with a more extra- 
ordinary degree of pomp and magnificence than was ever displayed at the obsequies of any other private 
individual. — Robertson's Hist, of Charles V. Ai/cin's G. Biog. 

• JohnSingleton Copley, now Lord Lyndhurst, is the son of Mr. Copley, a native of North America, who, 
at the close of the war between England and that country, came over and settled in London as an historical 
and portrait painter, and acquired both fame and profit by several works of superior merit. His largest, 
and upon the whole his best performance, was the well-known picture of the Death of the Earl of Chatham, 



f2 



Alphabetical chronology. 



LYON'S-INN, London/established 1420. 

LYRE, a strung instrument, said to be invented by 
Mercury, about 2001; first made of a tortoise shell, 
hence its name Testudo ; improved by Terpander, 
673 B.C. ' V 

LYSONS (Samuel), an eminent writer on British 



topography and antiquities. He was born in 1763» 
at Rodmarton in Gloucestershire, of which pariah 
his father was minister. 

LYTTELTON (George, Lord), the historian, born, 
1709; died, 1773; his brother, the Bishop of Car- 
lisle, the antiquary, died, 1768. 



in which he succeeded in grouping together a greater number of noble likenesses than were ever before 
presented in any British painting. He lived to witness the first efforts of his son at the bar, and died at an 
advanced age, in the year 1815. Our present subject, Mr. Copley, finished his education at Cambridge, 
where he became a fellow of Trinity-college, which, however, as he did not choose to enter into hoTy 
orders, he retained but seven years. On leaving the University he entered the Temple, and passed with 
credit through the studies and forms preparatory to his appearance at the bar. He was called to " the 
degree of the coif," or in other words, he was made sergeant-at-law, in the Trinity term of 1813. Five 
years after he was appointed to the office of chief justice of Chester. On the first day of Hilary term, 1819 
he took his seat within the bar as one of his majesty's Serjeants. The first occasion on which Mr. Copley 
particularly distinguished himself, and attracted public notice, was on the trial of .Watson, Preston, &c, 
for high treason. Sir Charles Wetherel pleaded the cause of Watson, and Mr. Copley so ably and earnestly 
seconded his efforts, that for weeks after the trial the names of Wetherel and Copley were triumphantly 
placarded by the mob, and enthusiastically toasted in every Radical company. Before this opportunity of 
showing the strength and extent of his professional talents, Mr. Copley was little known beyond the few 
courts in which he practised, and as little encouraged among the numerous junior counsel by which they 
were attended. A writer in a Sheffield journal remarks that, not ten years ago, Mr. Copley received a 
guinea fee from a professional gentleman of that town for his opinion on an inferior case. But after the trial 
of Watson had given him such deserved celebrity, briefs began to pour in upon him from numerous quarters ; 
and it was deemed expedient that he should appear as early as possible as the organ and advocate of govern- 
ment, in the prosecution of some of the worst of the nnmberless violaters of the peace at that period. Ac- 
cordingly, he attended the special commission at Derby, for the trial of Brandreth and his companions ; in 
which, however, nothing occurred to distinguish him from either his colleagues or competitors. In the year 
1S19, Mr. Copley was appointed solicitor general, in time to involve him officially in the proceedings against 
the queen, and acquitted himself quite as well as, in such circumstances, could be expected. The strong 
tide of professional honour, on which Mr. Copley was now embarked, carried him forward with increased 
rapidity, till he reached the highest honours of his profession. Hewas created attorney-general in 1824, when 
he was re-elected for Ashburton, which he had for some time represented in parliament. At the general 
election of 1826, he sought the suffrages of the university in which he had completed his education, and, 
after an arduous struggle, was returned with Lord Palmerston for that enviable representation. In a few 
months the unexpected and lamented death of Lord Gifford made way for his 'advancement to the master- 
ship of the rolls, when he was re-elected for the university. His continuance in these high stations was, 
however, more transient than in those which preceded them. It had been generally understood that, when- 
ever the decease or retirement of Lord Eldon took place, neither of which could be at a great distance, 
Lord Gilford's elevation to the woolsack was certain ; and when the latter died, Sir John Copley's appoint- 
ment to succeed him in the custody of the rolls of Chancery, was hailed as an intimation that he would suc- 
ceed Lord Eldon in the Chancery itself. This event took place, somewhat earlier indeed than the public 
anticipated, and under rather different circumstances than Lord Eldon's known attachment to office allowed 
them to expect. Sir John Singleton Copley was raised to the dignity of the chancellorship and a peerage, 
Baron Lyndhurst, of Lyndhurst, April 24th, 1827 ; but the prospect of permanency and prosperity which I 
were indicated by his friends from this elevation, proved fallacious. On the secession of the Tory ministry, 
in 1830, his lordship resigned the seals, and was succeeded by Lord Brougham and Vaux. With 'an im- 
posing countenance, and a manly majestic form, Lord Lyndhurst possessed at the bar that insinuating tact, 
and put forth those wily and winning arts, which seldom failed to parry, and often confounded the greater 
violence and force of his competitors. Not that he was deficient in sternness or in strength : whenever he 
chose he would return blow for blow, and has sometimes cast down the fiercest enemy, by a burst of eloquence 
and a frown of indignation. But he much more often prevailed by superior urbanity, and deceived by an im- 
posing and captivating smile ; and the ease, with which the transition from one to the other was made, fre- 
quently astonished his audience, while it always secured his purpose. As a pleader, he appeared perhaps to 
the greatest advantage in his occasional conflicts with Serjeant, now Baron Vaughan. 

* Lord George Lyttelton, an elegant writer and historian, was the eldest son of Sir Thomas Lyttelton, 
Bart., of Hagley in Worcestershire. He received his classical education at Eton, whence he was removed 
to Christchurch-college, Oxon. In his nineteenth year he set out upon a tour to the Continent, and on his 
return, in 1730, was chosen member of parliament for Okehampton. Although his father was then a lord of 
the Admiralty under the administration of Sir Robert Walpole, in every important debate his own name 
appeared in the minority, and he zealously concurred in the measures of the opposition, led by Pitt and 
Pulteney. When Frederick, Prince of Wales, formed a separate court in 1737, he was appointed his 
secretary, and is supposed to have stimulated the prince to the patronage of Mallet, Thomson, and other 



ALPHABETICAL CHRONOLOGY. 



93 



MACCABEES (Government of Judea under (he), 
which continued 12G years, 1G3 B.C.; book of, 
contains the history of forty years, to 131 B.C. 

MACEDON (Kingdom of), began under Caranus, 
b 14 ; ended by the defeat of Perseus, by P. 
yEmiiius; and became a Roman province, 168 
B.C. 

• MACKLIN (Charles), an actor and dramatist of 
some celebrity for talent, and more for longevity : 



born In the county of Wcstmcath in 
1690. 



Ireland, 



t MACLAURIN (Colin), a celebrated mathema- 
tician and philosopher, born near Iuvurary, in 
Sew land, 1(08. 

MACMAIIONE (Lord), hanged for conspiring the 
massacre In Ireland, IC41 

t M AC PHERSON( James), a distinguished Scottish 
writer, bom at Inverness, in Scotland, 1738. 



men of letters. In 1741, he married Lucy, the daughter of Hugh Fortescue ; the lady on whose death, in 
child-bed, after living some years in great harmony, he wrote a monody, which was much admired. On the 
expulsion of Walpole, he was appointed one of the lords of the treasury ; but although he spoke with 
elegance and fluency, his oratory wanted force, and he never attained the rank of a political leader. In 
early life he had imbibed sceptical opinions ; but being subsequently led into a conviction of the divine 
origin of Christianity, he composed his well-known " Dissertation on the Conversion of St. Paul," first 
printed in 1747. About this time he lost his first wife, and in 1749 married a lady of family, from whom, in 
consequence of domestic strife, after a few years' residence together, he separated by muiual consent. In 
1751 , he succeeded his father in his title and ample estate, and by his elegance and taste rendered Hagley 
one of the most delightful residences in the kingdom. He successively enjoyed the posts of cofferer of the 
household and chancellor of the exchequer, which latter office, requiring talents of a very different kind, 
he resigned in less than a year to Mr. Legge. At the dissolution of this ministry he went out of employment, 
but was raised to the peerage by the title of Baron Lyttleton, of Frankley, in the county of Worcester. 
From this time he lived chiefly in literary retirement, and being easily imposed upon by the appearance 
of religious zeal unfortunately became the dupe of Bower, the author of the lives of the popes, and other 
impostors In 1760 he published his " Dialogues of the Dead," which, although deficient in vivacity and 
discrimination, were very well received. The latter years of his life were chiefly occupied in his "History 
of Henry II.," which is an able and perspicuous work, and the result of very assiduous research ; but its 
prolixity has materially impeded its popularity. This amiable nobleman died in August, 1771, in the sixty- 
fourth year of his age, leaving one son and a daughter, the former of whom succeeded him in his titles, and 
unfortunately, with great talents, became conspicuous for a conduct the exact reverse of that of his father. 
—Johnson's Lives of the Poets. Anderson's Brit. Poets. 

* Charles Macklin, whose real namet was M'Laughlin, was employed at Trinity-college, Dublin, 
as a badgeman, until his twenty-first year, when he came to England, and joined a company of 
strolling comedians, but was induced to return to his situation in Trinity-college. In 1716 he 
again repaired to England, and appeared as an actor in the theatre Lincoln's-inn fields. It was 
net, however, until 1741 that he established his fame as an actor, by his admirable performance 
of Shylock, that being indeed the only character in which he stood pre-eminent. He continued 
on the stage until 1789, which long interval was marked by the usual vicissitudes of a theatrical 
life, rendered still greater by the spirit and strong temper of the individual. By his firmness and 
resolution in supporting the rights of his theatrical brethren, they were long relieved from a species 
of capricious oppression, to which the profession of an actor is peculiarly open, from party oppo- 
sition or private enmity. During the last years of his life, his understanding became impaired, and 
in this state he died, July 11th, 1797, at the great age of 107. Macklin appears to much advantage 
in his "Man of the World," a comedy, which discovers a keen and pervading knowledge of life 
and manners, and exposes meanness, sycophancy, and political servility with considerable skill. 
His " Love a-la-mode" also possesses kindred, but more farcical merit. While his memory remained, 
Macklin was a most entertaining companion, although dictatorial, and very irascible. He is however 
said to have been, in his best days, a tender husband, a good father, and a steady friend.— Biog.Dram. 

+ Colin Maclaurin studied at Glasgow, where he took the degree of M.A., at the age of fifteen, 
and defended a thesis "On the Power of Gravitath n." A controversy, in which he engaged with 
Bishop Berkeley, led to the publication of Maclaurin's great work, his " Treatise on Fluxions," 
printed at Edinburgh, 1742, 2 vols. 4to. On the invasion of Scotland in 1745, Mr. Maclaurin was 
very active in promoting the fortification of Edinburgh against the adherents of the house of Stuart; 
and on their taking possession o! the city, he fled to York, where he was hospitably received and 
entertained by Archbishop Herring. On the march of the invaders to England, he returned home, and 
died soon after, June 14th, 1746. He was the author of a " Treatise on Algebra;" an " Account of Sir 
Isaac Newton's Philosophical Discoveries ;" " Papers in theTransact ons of the Royal Society ;" and other 
■works. — Martin's Biug. Phiios. Hulton'sMat. Diet. Chalmers' Biog. Diet. 

X James Macpherscn was distinguished in literary history for his translations or imitations of Gaelic 
poems, said to have been composed in the third century ; he studied at Aberdeen and Edinburgh. In 1758 
he published an original poem, entitled " The Highlander;" and this was followed two years after by 
M Fragments of Ancient Poetry, collected in the Highlands of Scotland, and translated from the Gaelic or 



!M ALPHABETICAL CHRONOLOGY. 

i == ~ = 

I MADAGASCAR, first seen by the Portuguese,! MAGIC Lantern, first constructed by Roger Bacon, 



1606 

MADEIRA (Islands of), discovered by the Por- 
tuguese, 1418. 
I MADRAS peopled, and Fort St. George built by 

the English, 1620. 
i MADRID built 936 years B.C. ; made the seat 

of the Spanish government, 1516. 
MAGDALEN College, Cambridge, founded by the 

Duke of Buckingham, 1516. (16 fellows). 
• MADDEN D.D., (Samuel), an Irish clergyman, 

descended from a French family, was born in 

1687. 
MAGDALEN College, Oxford, founded by the 

Bishop of Winton, 1549. (40 fellows). 



1260, others say by Kireher, 1665 
MAGISTRATES of England were elected by the 

people, under the Saxon government, as were 

originally their kings. 
MAGNA CHARTA, (a body of laws, the great : 

barrier of English liberty) granted by King John 

to England, June 19th, 1215 ; to Ireland, November 

12th, 1216. 
MAGNIFYING Glasses, round, invented by Roger 

Bacon, 1252. 
t MAHOMET was bom at Mecca, in 4rabia, in ! 

595. 
MAHOMETANISM was first embraced by the Sa- ' 

racens, who revolted from the emperor Heraclius. j 



Erse language." The curiosity of the public waa excited by these pieces, and a subscription was raised 
to enable Macpherson to visit the Highlands, and collect additional specimens of national poetry. He 
produced, as the fruit of his researches, " Fingal, an ancient Epic Poem, translated from the Gaelic," 1762, 
4to. ; "Temora," and other poems, 1763, 4to. ; and some smaller compositions, all professedly translated 
from originals by Ossian, the son of Fingal, a Gaelic prince of the third century, and his contemporaries. 
It would be impossible, within the limits of this article, to give even an outline of the warm and angry con- 
troversy concerning the authenticity of these productions, which long agitated the republic of letters, and 
has hardly yet subsided. From the evidence of the contending parties it may be concluded, that Mac- 
pherson's prose epics were founded on traditional narratives current among the Highlanders ; but the date 
of the oldest of their lays is comparatively modern ; and it is now difficult, if not impossible, to ascertain 
the precise extent of his obligations to the Gaelic bards of former ages. Mr. Macpherson went to Florida 
in 1764, as secretary to Governor Johnstone ; and he subsequently obtained, at home, the lucrative appoint- 
ment of agent to the Nabob of Arcot, in consequence of which he had a seat in the House of Commons from 
1780 to 1790. He died near Inverness, in February, 1796, and was interred in Westminster Abbey.— 
Alton's Gen. Biog. 

* Samuel Madden, D.D., received his education at Trinity-college, Dublin, and afterwards became a 
liberal benefactor to that society, by instituting, in 1731, prizes for such of the students as more especially 
distinguished themselves in the college examinations. The year following he published the first volume 
of a work calculated to excite considerable attention, under the title of " Memoirs of the Twentieth 
Century ; or Original Letters of State under George the Sixth.'' This singular book was originally 
intended to occupy six octavo volumes, and extraordinary dispatch was used in striking off a 1000 
copies of it; but the rapidity with which it was bought up by the author, equalled the diligence 
used in bringing it out. Nearly 900 of the impressions being recalled and destroyed within a week 
after its first issuing from the press. His other productions are. "Boulter's Monument," a poem of 
considerable length, printed in 1744; and a tragedy founded on the history of Themistocles. Dr. Madden, 
of whom the English lexicographer, Johnson, speaks in terms of the highest commendation, was farther 
beneficial to his country, and to the cause of science in general, by first establishing, in 1740, a society 
at Dublin for the encouragement of the arts; the plan of which has since been followed up and 
enlarged upon with great success in the British metropolis. For the furtherance of this praiseworthy 
object, he himself liberally contributed a £100 a year from his own private resources which were 
large, independently of the rectory of Drummully, and other valuable church preferment. His death 
took place on the last day of the year 1765.— NichoVs Lit.Anec. 

t Mahomet, or Mohammed was of the tribe of Koreish, and family of Hashem, illustrious among their 
countrymen, as guardians of the famous temple of the Caaba. Being left an orphan in his second year, he 
was chiefly brought up by his uncle, Abu Taleb ; and, in his twenty-fifth year, being recommended to 
Cadigha, a rich widow, as her factor, conducted himself so much to her satisfaction, that she made him her 
husband. It was in 809, and in the fortieth year of his age, that he opened the pretended mission ; and his 
first convert was his wife, to whom he communicated an interview with the angel Gabriel, declaring him 
the prophet of God. His proselytes, in the first instance, were few, but they included his faithful servant 
Seid, the ardent and courageous Ali, and the respectable Abubeker. All these were privately instructed 
in the tenets of Islamism, the fundamental doctrine of which was, " There is but one God, and Mahomet is 
bis Prophet." Its precepts were pretended to be successive communications of the Divine will, by the 
means of Gabriel ; and of these, collected and written by his disciples, were composed the celebrated 
"Koran," or "Book." In the fourth year of his mission, assembling his kindred of the race of Hash a m, 
at a banquet, he openly announced to them his prophetic errand, and asked who would be his vizier. No 
answer was returned, until the young Ali, with all the fire of enthusiasm, accepted the office. He made, 
however, but little farther progress in the first instance, and was even protected, with some difficult, 
against his enemies by the influence of his uncle. In the tenth year of his mission, he lost both Abu Taleb 
and his faithful wife Cadigha, which so exposed him to the enmity of the Koreishites, thai he fuucd it 



ALPHABETICAL CHRONOLOGY. 



95 



MAIL COACHES first established, 1784. 

MAIL (Exeter) coach attacked by a lioness that 

had eseaped from a caravan, 1816. 
MA I MING and wounding made capital, 1670. 
M^LAM discovered and brought into practice a 

lotatory steam •engine, 1820. 
MALTA taken by the English after a two years' 

siege, 1800. 
MALTA powder magazine blown up with 370 bar- 
i rels of gunpowder, many houses destroyed, and 

nearly 1,000 persons lulled, 1806. 
MAMMOTH'S bones found by Captain Vetch, on 

the west bank of the Medway, near Rochester. 
MAMMOTH skeleton discovered on the borders of 

the frozen ocean, 1799. 
MAMMOTH (A complete skeleton of) found in 

the river Lena, in Siberia, 1810. 
MAN (A) under sentence of death pardoned on 

condition of his permitting his leg to be cut off, 

and a new styptic tried upon it ; bu%he died before 

a trial could be made, 1763. 



MANBY (Captain) made a successful trial of a 
small mortar, to communicate with shipvwecked 
vessels, and save the crew by a line, 1809. 

MANHEIM (Kotzebue, the popular dramatist, as- 
sassinated at), by Sandt, a student of Wurtzberg, 

, 1819. 

MANCHESTER navigation opened, June 17th, 1761. 

MANCHESTER, the greatest flood ever known 
there, 1767. 

MANCHESTER (Disturbances at),1819 ; eight men, 
two women, and one child were killed, and 600 
wounded. 

MANICHEANS, a sect in Persia, who believe two 
deities, one good, and one bad ; arose under Manes, 
275. 

MANILLA, an island in the East Indies, taken by 
the English from the Spaniards, July 27th, 1757 ; 
again October 6th, 1762. 

* MANLEY (De la Riviere), a celebrated female 
writer, died, 1724. 

MANNO, (T.,) burnt in Smithfield for heresy, 1512. 



necessary to make a temporary retreat, and seek the protection of another uncle at Tayif. The contagious 
nature of enthusiasm was strikingly exemplified, by his success in gaining proselytes among the numerous 
pilgrims to the Caaba. About this time, his pretended journey to heaven, on his beast Al-borak, under the 
protection of the angel Gabriel, is dated. This excursion, although but obscurely hinted at in the Koran, 
is admitted by all orthodox believers, who, however, are not quite agreed as to whether it was corporeal, 
or merely spiritual. The twelfth year of his mission was signalised by the conversion of the inhabitants 
of Medina, which so exasperated his enemies at Mecca, that his assassination was determined upon. Aware 
of his danger, he fled, and with some difficulty reached Medina, an event which, under the name of the 
Hegira, or Flight, has been rendered memorable as the era whence the Mahometans commenced the 
reckoning of their lunar year ; it corresponds with the 16th of June, 622. He was received with all pos- 
sible respect at Medina, and soon after married Ayesha, the daughter of Abubeker, the first and most 
favoured of his several wives, after the death of Cadigha. His followers now rapidly increased, and feeling 
his strength, he openly declared his resolution to destroy idolatry, and propagate his religion by the sword. In 
the seventh year of the Hegira, he summoned the surrounding sovereigns, including Heraclius, the Grecian 
emperor, to embrace the new revelation. The same year was signalized by an agreement, with some cir- 
cumstances of humiliation on his own part, with the people of Mecca, which led to a solemn personal 
pilgrimage there, the fruit of which was the conversion of the subsequently noted Moslem leaders, Caled, 
Amru, and Othman. An imprudent breach of the truce by the Koreish, soon after led to the absolute con- 
quest of Mecca, and the idols of the Caaba were destroyed; but the sacred black stone was politically 
retained, having been rendered a renewed object of veneration by the prophet's holy touch. In the tenth 
year of the Hegira, he performed a valedictory pilgrimage to Mecca, on which occasion he was accompanied 
with ninety thousand fellow-pilgrims, and the ceremonial which he observed at the sacred city has served 
as a model to the pilgrimages of succeeding ages. Mahomet did not long survive his return to Medina ; 
his health had been gradually declining, in consequence of poison administered to him by a Jewess, in his 
favourite dish, a shoulder of mutton, with a view of trying his prophetic character; but a fever proved the 
immediate cause of his death. He expired in the arms of his favourite Ayesha, in the eleventh year of the 
Hegira (June 632), at the age of sixty-three ; and at the trying moment seemed to display a real faith in his 
mission, and to be comforted by the consciousness of great benefits conferred on mankind. His moral 
character may be estimated by the preceding sketch, brief as it necessarily is, and from the fact, that the 
assassination of a rival prophet in Yemen, was one of his last actions.— Prideaux's Life of Mahomet, (rib- 
bon. Mod. Univ. Hist. 

• De la Riviere Manley was the daughter of Sir Roger Manley, governor of Guernsey, a gentleman who 
suffered much for his adherence to Charles I., and who wrote Latin commentaries on the civil war, and 
published a " History of the late Wars in Denmark." His daughter received an education suitable to her 
birth ; but her parents dying early, she was left in the care of a male cousin, who baselj seduced her, by 
means of a fictitious marriage, and subsequently deserted her. She afterwards acquired the no- way respect- 
able protection of the Duchess «f Cleveland ; and when that resource was withdrawn, wrote a tragedy, en- 
titled " TheRoyal Mistress." The success of this production brought around her the men of wit and pleasure 
of the day, and she commenced the unhappy life of a woman of intrigue. At her leisure hours she composed 
her four volumes of " The New Atalantis ; " in which, under feigned names, and with much warmth and 
freedom, she relates the amours and adventures, real and supposed, of many distinguished persons of the 
day, and more especially among the connexions of the favourers of the revolution of 1688. A warrant being 
granted by the secretary of state to sieze the printer and publisher of this work, which was deemed a libel, 
she honourably stepped forward, and acknowledged herself the authoress. She was in the first instance 
committed to the custody of a messenger, but was afterwards admitted to bail. At length after repeated 



9<S 



ALPHABETICAL CHRONOLOGY. 



MANSION-HOUSE, London, founded October 23d, 
1739; inhabited 1752. 

MANSFIELD, Nottinghamshire, the shock of an 
earthquake felt at, 1817. 

MANSFIELD (A cause tried before Lord), in the 
court ot King's Bench, which had been depending 
eleven years, between Macklin the actor, and Geo. 
Colman, as manager of Covent-garden theatre. 
Lord Mansfield advised a reference, and kindly 
undertook to be the referee. The demand being 
£1000, and the dispute arising from Mr. Macklin 
having been driven from the stage by the audience, 
Lord Mansfield awarded £500, 1784, 

MANTUA was independent till 1703, when it was 
seized by the house of Austria; Order of the Re- 
deemer, instituted 1008. 

MANTUA (At a Jew's wedding, at) the floor gave 
way, and seventy persons perished, 1776. 

MANUFACTURE of plate-glass first began in 
Lancashire, 1773. 

MANY emigrants from Geneva having come to 
Ireland, his Majesty, George III., ordered £25,000 
to be paid to settle them there, 1782. 

MANY hundred men employed to fortify the Tower 
of London, 1792. 

MAPS and Globes invented by Anaximander; maps 
and sea charts first brought into England by Bar- 

. tholomew Columbus, 1489 

MARBLE (The art of staining) known before the 
year 1644. 

MARCHES in Wales, were districts in which great 
mischiefs were committed in ihe fourteenth cen- 
tury. One George Bourn, a famous Moss-trooper, 
confessed that he had murdered seven Englishmen 
and ravished forty women. 



MARCHETA (Custom of), before 1109. It was a 
fine paid by the villain to his lord, by way of 
ledemption when his daughter chanced to he de- 
bauched ; afterwards it was paid when he married 
his daughter without the loid's consent, the lord 
losing thereby part of his live stock. 

MARGARET of Anj..u, daughter of the King of 
Naples, queen to Henry VI. with her son, taken 
prisoner at the battle of Tewksbury, May 4th. 1471. 

MARGATE Roads. Loss of the Juliana East India- 
man, thirty-eight out of the forty individuals on 
board perished, 1821. 

MARGNA (Island of), settled by the French, 1612. 

M ARIGALANTE (Isle of), discovered byColumbus. 
1493; settled by the French, 1691. 

* MARIE ANTOINETTE, Queen of France, be- 
headed October 16th, 1793. 

MARINE Society-house, Bishopsgatc-street, Lon- 
don, instituted. 1775. 

MARISCHAL College, Aberdeen, founded, 1593. 

MARISE ^William), a nobleman's son, drawn, 
hanged, and quartered, for piracy, 1241 ; the first 
punishment of that kind. 

MAUL (The use of; in husbandry, was known to the 
people of this island before Pliny. 

MARLBOROUGH (Statutes of) enacted, November 
18th. 1267. 

MARLBOROUGH Estate, at Stonesfield, Oxford, 
the vestiges of a Roman villa was discovered, ltil8. 

MARLEY-HILL, Hereford, removed itself, 1573. 

t MARLOE (Christopher), a dramatic writer, killed 
by his rival, 1593. 

MARMION, Monmouthshire An oak near this place 
fell, 1813, which, by " Pennant's Tour, ' grew in 
the time of Owen Glendower. 



appearances in court, shewas discharged, and a Tory administration succeeding, she lived in high reputa- 
tion and gaiety. About this time she wrote another tragedy, entitled, " Lucius,' which she dedicated to 
Sir Richard Steele ; and a comedy called " The Lost Lover, or the Jealous Husband," which was acted 
in 1696. She was also employed in writing for Queen Anne's ministry, and when Swift relinquished "The 
Examiner," she continued it for a considerable time with great spirit, assisted by hints which that great 
writer afforded her. She died July 11th, 1724. 

* Marie Antoinette Joseph Jeanne de Lorraine, Archduchess of Austria and Queen of France, was born 
November 2d, 1755, the day on which the dieadful earthquake desolated the city of Lisbon ; and, at the 
age of fifteen, she was married to the dauphin, afterwards Louis XVI. The day of her nuptials was 
marked by a shocking accident, the deaths of a multitude of persons, in consequence of a fire in the 
Place de Louis XV., which event strongly excited the compassionate feelings of both the bride and her 
husband. She became queen in 1774; and on the 19th of December, 1778, she gave birth to her first 
child, the dauphiness. In the midst of the American war, October 22d, 1781, took place the birth of a 
dauphin, afterv ards the unfortunate Louis XVII. The queen, at the head of a splendid and dissipated 
court, was attacked by the calumnies of a party actuated by private as well as political motives, in 
endeavouring to bring the royal authority into contempt, and excite disturbances in the state. After 
various preliminary proceedings, took place the assembly of the states-general in May, 1789. The 
deputies of the Tiers-etat visited Versailles ; and it may be mentioned, as a proof of the current prejudices 
against the queen, that a report prevailed that she had been so extravagant as to have fitted up, at her 
retreat of Little Trianon, a room wholly ornamented with diamonds, and with wreathed columns, studded 
with sapphire and rubies ; and the deputies, on viewing the place, insisted on examining the smallest closets, 
and could hardly be persuaded that the room they sought for had no existence. When the fury of the 
people burst forth into open acts of blood and violence, the queen was the particular object of the 
indignation of the mob. The insurrection of the 14th of July, 1789, and the subsequent events of the 4th 
and 5th of October, afforded ample proofs that the characteristic loyalty and gallantry of the French nation 
were for the present, at least, extinguished among the lower orders. In the various trials and dangers 
to which Louis XVI. was exposed previously to his dethronement in August, 1792, Marie Antoinette 
constantly accompanied him, and deeply participated. They were, together with all the royal family 
remaining in France, imprisoned in the Temple the 13th of August ; and the trial and the execution of the 
king, were, ere long, followed by that of the unfortunate relict. She suffered by the guillotine, October 
I6th, 1793, having manifested on that awful occasion, as well as on her arraignment, a degree of courage 
and serenity of mind, which showed that she knew how to profit by the stern lessons of adversity.— Mad. 
Campari's Mem. of the private Life of the Queen, Biog. Nouv. des Cont. 

+ Christopher Marloe, an eminent English poet and dramatist of the Elizabethan age. He was educated 
at Cambridge, where he proceeded M.A. in 1587. He afterwards settled in London, and became an actor 



ALPHABETICAL CHRONOLOGY. 



• MARUION (Shakerly), a dramatic writer, born 
at Aynhne, in Northamptonshire, in 1602. 

MA Kit (Mr) and family murdered in his dwelling- 
house in RatclirFe Highway, 1811. 

MARRIAGE (The first institution of), by cere- 
mony, is ascribed to Cecrops, King of Athens, 
1556 B.C. ; celebration of it in churches first or- 
dained by Pope Innocent III., about 1200; before 
which, the only ceremony was that of a man lead- 
ing his bride home to his house; in Lent forbidden, 
::<;i; forbidden the priests, 1015; addresses of love 
to married women were customary about 1150; 
publication of banns instituted, about 1210 ; seven 
bishops deprived for being married, 1554 ; act 
passed far solemnizing it by Justices of the Peace, 
1663; Marriage Act passed, June, 1753. Amended 
in 178i. Again in 1822, which created a great 
sensation. 

MARSEILLES is said to have been a town 500 B.C. 



MA RSHALSEA, a Palace Court, eroi ted, 1630. 

MARTINEZ (An insurrection at Pernambuco, con- ' 
ducted by), who, with others, was afterward I put ' 
to death. 1817. 

MARTINICO taken by the English, together with 
St. Lucia, St. Vincent, and the Grenada fcland , 
Feb. 1762; Pierre Town burnt (700 houses) Oc- 
tober 1752. 

MARTINICO (Revolution at) in favour of Buo- ' 
naparte suppressed by the British troops, 1816. 

MARTINIQUE captured by the English, 1809. 

MARTIN'S (St.) Island taken by the French, No- 
vember 27th, 1781. 

MARY, mother of Christ, died in 45, aged 60 ; fea^t ! 
of, instituted 695 ; feast of her nativity first ob- 
served in France, 1007. 

t MARY L, Queen of England, daughter of Henry 
VIII., by Catharine of Aragon, was born in 151(1. 

I MARY II., Queen of England, was born in 1662. 



as well as a writer for the stage. Besides six tragedies of his own composition, and one written in con- 
junction with Thomas Nashe, he left a translation of "The Rape of Helen," by Coluthus ; some of Ovid's 
"Elegies;" the first book of Lucan's "Pharsalia;" and the " Hero and Leander" of Musseus, completed 
by G^nrge Chapman. The exact time of his death is not known; but, accordingtoAnthonyWood.it 
took place previously to 1593, and was owing to a wound received from the hand of a servant-man, whom 
he had attacked, on suspicion of being rivalled by him in the favours of a mistress. — Warton's Hist, of Eng. 
I\ etry. licrkenlwnt's Biog. Lit. 

* Shakerly Marmion was born of an ancient family, and educated at Wadham college, Oxford, where he 
graduated M.A. in 1624. He rapidly dissipated a handsome fortune, and afterwards went to serve in the 
Netherlands ; and on his return, in 1639, was admitted into a troop raised by Sir John Suckling for 
Charles I., but died the same year. He was the author of four comedies, called " Holland's Leaguer ;" 
"A Fair Companion ;" " The Antiquary ;" and " The Crafty Merchant;" which are deemed among the 
best of the time. He was also author of a poem, entitled " Cupid and Psyche,'' and several minor poems. — 
Biog. Dram. At hen. Oxon. 

t Queen Mary I., in her infancy was betrothed, first to the dauphin of France, afterwards to the Emperor 
Charles V., and lastly, to the Duke of Orleans, none of which matches took place. After her mother's death 
she was even declared illegitimate, but was restored to her rights, when the succession was finally settled, 
in 1544. She was bred up by her mother, in a zealous adherence to the Roman Catholic faith ; on which 
account she was treated with some rigour under Edward VI. This severity doubtless operated upon her own 
temper and practice when she herself ascended the throne in 1553, after the abortive attempt to set her 
aside in favour of Lady Jane Grey. One of her first measures was the reinstatement of the prelates who 
had been superseded in the late reign ; while Cranmer was prosecuted for high treason, and several other 
Protestant bishops imprisoned. The marriage of the queen, now of the mature age of thirty-seven, to the 
Archduke Philip, son of the Emperor Charles V., afterwards Philip II. , united as it was with a complete 
restoration of the Catholic worship, produced much discontent. Insurrections broke out under Cave, in 
Devonshire, and Wyat, in Kent, which, although suppressed, formed sufficient excuses for immuring the 
Princess Elizabeth in the Tower, and dooming the youthful and unfortunate Jane Grey and her husband, 
Guildford Dudley, to immediate execution. Philip arrived in England in 1554, when the nuptials were 
celebrated ; but the attempts of Mary to introduce him to a paramount authority in England, were by no 
means completely successful. She succeeded better in a formal reconciliation of the kingdom to the Pope, 
which was effected in great form by the legate, Cardinal Pole. The sanguinary laws against heretics were 
now revived, and the council having resolved to put them into full execution, those shocking scenes of 
cruelty followed, which have fixed upon this unhappily educated princess, the hateful epithet of bloody 
Queen Mary. By her gloomy bigotry no fewer than two hundred and seventy-seven persons were com- 
mitted to the flames, including prelates, private clergymen, laymen of all ranks, women, and even children. 
Her union with Philip II. was equally unpropitious to herself and the nation. Eleven years younger 
than the queen, he treated her with great neglect ; and to prevent the fulfilment of his threat of desertion, 
England was impolitically forced into a war with France, and the assistance of English troops facilitated 
the Spanish victory over the French at St. Quentin. This result, which was of no service to England, was 
quickly counterbalanced, at her expense, by the loss of Calais, which was taken in 1558, by the Duke of 
Guise, after it had been in English keeping for two hundred years. This disgrace sank deep into the heart 
of Mary, who was already in a declining way from a dropsical complaint, mentally preyed upon by 
anxieties of various kinds, aggravated by a consciousness of the hatred of her subjects, and the indifference 
or aversion of her husband. She terminated her short and dark-featured reign, of little more than live 
years, in November, 1558, in the fort3'-second year of her age. — Hume, ttapin. 

I Queen Mary II. This princess was the daughter of James, Duke of York, afterwards James II., by his 
wife Anne Hyde, daughter of Lord Clarendon. She was married, in 1677, to William, Prince of Orange, 



93 



ALPHABETICAL CHRONOLOGY. 



• MARY, Queen of Scots, grand-daughter of Mar- 
caret, Henry VIII. sister, only child of James V. 
of Scotland, born December 8th, 1542. 

MARVELL (Andrew), an able writer and firm 
pat lint, was born at Kingston upon Hull in 1620. 

MARYLAND settled by Lord Baltimore, 1633- 

MASCHAH to Aleppo (A caravan of 2000 persons 



travelling from), in crossing the desett, was over- 
whelmed by the sands, and not more than twenty 
escaped, 1813. 

MASKS were the invention of .-Eschjlus, the Athe- 
nian poet. 

t MASON (William), a distinguished English poet, 
was born in the county of York, 1725. 



J and when the revolution was effected, which dethroned her father, Mary was declared joint-possessor of 

I the throne with her husband, King William, on whom all the administration of the government devolved. 

I She was strongly attached to tne Protestant religion and the church of England, and was evidently led to 

! deem its preservation a paramount duty, even when opposed to the conflicting claims of filial obedience. 

During the absence of William in Ireland, in 1690, Mary managed parties at home with extreme prudence, 

j and acted with equal ability during his various visits to the continent. Mary died of the small-pox, at 

Kensington, in the year 1695, being then in her thirty-third year, to the deep affliction of her husband, and 

the general regret of the nation. — Burnet. Smollett. 

* Mary (Stuart), Queen of Scots, came to the throne on her father's death, when only eight days old. 
The regency was vested in the Earl of Arran, and Henry VIII. of England having demanded the hand of 
Mary in marriage for his son Edward, the regent's rejection of the proposal occasioned a war, in which the 
Scots were defeated at the battle of Musselburgh. At the age of six the young queen was sent by her 
mother to France, where she was educated in a convent, and appears to have been instructed in every 
branch of learning and polite accomplishment, which was fqfehionable at that period. On the 20th of April, 
1558, she was married to the dauphin, afterwards Francis II. He died about six months after his accession 
to the crown, in December, 1560, and the widowed queen returned to Scotland. Having received overtures 
of marriage from various quarters, she gratified her inclination by uniting herself with her cousin, the young 
and handsome Henry Stuart, Lord Darnley, by whom she became the mother of James VI. Darnley proved 
a profligate and ungrateful husband, and a weak and worthless man. Excited by jealousy, he caused his 
wife's secretary, David Rizzio, to be murdered in her presence, and offered her many olher indignities, 
which produced an open quarrel between them. An apparent reconciliation took place, when Darnlej', 
who had continued to reside separately from the queen, was assassinated, and the house he had inhabited 
was blown up with gunpowder, in February, 1567. This barbarous transaction was but very imperfectly 
investigated; and in the month of May following, the imprudent Mary wedded the Earl of Both well, who 
was openly accused as the murderer of the late king. Scotland soon became a scene of confusion and civil 
discord. The people rebelled against the authority of the Queen. Both well, a fugitive and an outlaw, 
took refuge in Denmark j and Mary was made a captive, treated with insult and contempt, and committed 
to custody in the castle of Loch Leven. After some months confinement she effected her escape, and, 
assisted by the few friends who still remained attached to her, she made an effort for the recovery of her 
power. She was opposed by the Earl of Murray, the natural son of James V., who had obtained the 
regency in the minority of her son. The battle of Langside insured the triumph of her enemies ; and to 
avoid falling again into their power, she fled to England, and sought the protection of Queen Elizabeth. 
That princess, after keeping her a prisoner during eighteen years, caused her unfortunate captive to be 
tried and executed for a conspiracy against her government. Mary received the news of her destined fate 
with great serenity ; wrote her will, and having prepared herself for death, by practising the ceremonies 
enjoined by the Catholic faith, she suffered decapitation on the 8th of February, 1587, in the castle of 
Fotheringhay, where she had been long confined ; and on the 1st of August, she was interred with great 
pomp, in the cathedrafof Peterborough. Her body was subsequently removed, by her son, to Henry VIL 
chapel, Westminster, where a magnificent monument was erected to her memory.— Berkenhoul's Biog. Lit. 

t William Mason was the son of a clergyman, and became a student in St. John's-college, Cambridge, 

and subsequently a fellow of Pembroke-hall, in the same university. He made his debut in the literary 

world by the publication of "Isis," a poem, in 1748, in which he satirized the Jacobitism and high church 

principles which prevailed in the University of Oxford. This piece provoked a reply from the pen of 

Thomas Warton, entitled " The Triumph of Isis." In 1752, he published his " Elfrida," a tragedy, with 

choral odes on the ancient Greek model. Having taken orders in the church, he obtained the living of 

Aston, in Yorkshire, and he was appointed one of the royal chaplains. In 1756, he published four " Odes," 

which were parodied, in a ludicrous style, by Messrs. Colman and Lloyd. In 1759 appeared his 

j " Caractacus," a drama, on a kindred plan with the former. Both these pieces were subsequently intro- 

' duced on the stage, but with little success. In 1762, Mr. Mason was made precentor of York, with a 

canonry annexed to that preferment. One of his principal works, "The English Garden," a poem, in 

four books, appeared in 1772, 1777, 1779, and 1781, 4to.; and a second edition, with a commentary and 

notes, by W. Burgh, was printed in 1785, 8vo. This work was translated into French and German. In 

j 1775, he published the poems of his friend Gray, with memoirs of his life. At the beginning of the American 

] war, Mr. Mason became so active an advocate for freedom, as to give offence at court, and he was con- 

j sequently dismissed from his chaplainship ; but alarmed by the French revolution, his zeal cooled ia the 

| latter part of his life. He died April 7th, 1797.— Aikin's G. Biog. Biog. Univ. 



ALPHABETICAL CHRONOLOGY. 



!)9 



MASQUERADES were in fashion as early as the 
reign of Edward III.; not introduced into Scot- 
land, till 1773. 

MASS (Prostration at the elevation of) ordained, 
1201. 

MASSACHUSETTS Bay Colony old charter grant- 
ed, 1627; royal patent, 1628; first settlement at 
Salem, 1629; government removed to NewEngland, 
1630; division of it into four townships, 1643 ; pre- 
sent colony established by consolidation of four 
others, 1691. 

MASSACRE at Alexandria, of many thousand 
citizens, by order of Antoninus, 213. Of Thessal- 
onica, when upwards of 7,000 persons, invited into 
the Circus, were put to the sword by order of 
Theodosius, 390. Of 35,000 persons at Constan- 
tinople, 632. Seven thousand Albigenses massa- 
cred by the inhabitants of Berry, 1183. Of the 
Jews (some few pressing into Westminster-hall, 
at Richard I. coronation, were put to death by the 
people, and a false alarm being given, that the king 
had ordered a general massacre of them, the people 
in many parts of England, from an aversion to them, 
slew all they met, in York, 500 who had taken 
shelter in the castle, killed themselves, rather 
than fall into the hands of the people), 1189. Of 
the Huguenots, or French Protestants, at Paris, by 
order of Charles IX., when 70,000 were destroyed. 
June 12th, 1418. Of the Swedish nobility, at a 
feast, by order of Christian II., 1520. Of 12,000 
Protestants at Amboise, 1560. At Paris, when 
the king led the way, and slew nearly 10,000 
Protestants, August 24th, 1572 ; one butcher 



boasted he had hewn down 150 in one night ; 25,000 
more were slain in the provinces. Of the Chris- 
tians, in Croatia, by the Turks, when 65,000 were 
slain, 1592. Of the English factory, by the Dutch, 
at Amboyna, 1623, in order to dispossess them of 
the Spice Islands. Of the Irish, at the island of 
Magee, when 40,000 English Protestants were 
killed in the rebellion under Sir Phel. O'Niel, 
October, 1641. Of the Macdonalds, at Glencoe, in 
Scotland, fur not surrendering in time, according 
to King William's proclamation, though without 
the king's knowledge, 1692. At Batavia, when 
12,000 Chinese were destroyed by the Dutch, 
October, 1740. 

* MASSILLON (John Baptist) an eminent French 
preacher, was born in 1663. 

t MASSINGER (Philip), a celebrated dramatist, 
born 1585. 

MATHEMATICIANS and Magicians expelled from 
Rome, 16. 

MATHEMATICS first taught to the Jews and Egyp- 
tians by Abraham 1950 B.C. 

MATILDA, daughter of Eustace, Count of Boulogne, 
Stephen's queen, crowned Easter-da}', 1136; died 
May 3, 1151, at Henningham-castle, Essex, and 
buried in a monastery at Favershatn. 

MATTHEWS and Lestock (Admirals) suffered the 
French and Spanish squadrons to escape from 
Toulon, February 1746. 

MATTHEWS (John), the printer, hanged for a trea- 
sonous libel, 1719. 

T MATURIN (Rev. Charles), a dramatic writer, 
died 1825. 



* John Baptist Massillon was the son of a notary at Hieres in Provence. At the age of eighteen he entered 
into the congregation of the Oratory, where his agreeable manners and address exciting the envy of some of 
his brethren, they hinted suspicions of a display of too much gallantry towards the females, and he was sent 
to one of the houses of the society at Meaux. He was afterwards appointed to teach divinity at Vienne, 
and produced so great an effect, by a funeral oration on the deceased archbishop, that his superiors were 
induced to send for him back to Paris. In that capital he quickly distinguished himself, both by the pathos 
and originality of his pulpit oratory, until at length the curiosity of the king was excited, and he was 
appointed to preach a course of Advent sermons at Versailles. His success was as conspicuous at court as 
elsewhere ; and Louis XIV., who knew how to pay a fine compliment, thus addressed him : " My father, 1 
have often had my pulpits filled with celebrated orators, with whom I have been greatly pleased ; but 
whenever I hear you, I am displeased with myself." In 1717 the regent nominated him to the vacant see of 
Clermont ; but before his departure he was appointed to preach a course of Lent sermons before Louis XV., 
which collection, ten in number, is known by the name of " Le Petit Careme," and according to D Aiembert, 
forms a model of true pulpit eloquence. In 1729 he was admitted a member of the French academy, and 
two years afterwards was presented to the abbey of Savigny. The remainder of his life he spent almost entirely 
in his diocese, gaining all hearts by his mildness, amenity and pastoral benevolence. He died in 1742, at the 
age of seventy-nine. The only genuine edition of the works of Massillon, is that published by his nephew, at 
Paris, in 1745-6, in 14 vols. 8vo. His most striking passages and beauties have been collected in a single 
volume, by the Abbe de la Porte, which selection has been since added as a last volume to the various 
editions of his works. — D'Alembert Eloge de Massillon. Nouv. Diet. Hist. 

t Philip Massinger was the son of a retainer of the Earl of Pembroke, and was born at Salisbury. He 
entered as a commoner at Alban-hall, Oxford, but quitted the university without taking a degree, 
in consequence, perhaps, of his having become a Roman Catholic. But little is known of his personal 
history, yet he appears to have been intimately connected with the wits and poets of his time, in 
conjunction with some of whom, as Fletcher, Middleton, Rowley, and Dekker, he composed some of his 
dramas. He is supposed to have resided in the neighbourhood of the theatre, Bankside, Southwark, and to 
have died there, in 1639, as he was buried in the adjacent church of St. Saviour. As a dramatist, 
Massinger is deemed more natural in his character, and poetical in his diction, than Jonson or Cartwright ; 
and some recent critics rank him next to Shakspeare.— Aikin's G. Biog. Life by Gifford. 

| Charles Maturin, an ingenious, but eccentric clergyman of the established church, curate of St. Peter's, 
Dublin, and author of several popular romances, &c, many of which, especially his " Family of Montorio," 
evince great powers of imagination, with a happy fecundity of language, but exhibit an almost equal de- 
gree of carelessness in the application of both. " Bertram," a tragedy, performed at Drury Lane Theatre, 
with Kean as the representative of the principal character, was the first production which, by its singular 
success, brought him into notice as an author. This effort is said to have produced him £1000. In a 
subsequent dramatic attempt he was not so fortunate, while having, it is to be feared, anticipated his 
resources, without contemplating the possibility of a failure, he contracted embarrassments, from which he 



100 



AU IIABmCAL CHRONOLOGY. 



MAUBREUIL (Count) tried at Paris for robbing 
the Queen of Westphalia, when it appeared that 
he had been hired by an accredited agent to as- 
sassinate Napoleon on his journey to Elba; he 
afterwards published the details in London, 1817. 

MAUDUIT (Israel), a political writer of some cele- 
brity in his day, was born 1708, at Bermondsey, in 
which parish his father was a dissenting minister. 



MATJNDAY Thursday, a ceremony instituted in 
the jubilee year of Edward III., by Pope Innocent 
VI., 1362. 

* MAUPERTUIS (Peter Louis Moreau de), a cele- 
brated French mathematician and philosopher, 
born at St. Malo, in 1G98. 

t MAURICE (Thomas), a learned oriental scholar 
and historian, died March 30th, 1824. 



was seldom entirely free till his death in the October of 1825. He published, in 1821, a poem in blank verse, 
entitled, " The Universe," which brought him more of profit than reputation ; and in 1824 appeared six of 
his " Controversial Sermons," preached at St. Peter's, during the Lent of that year. These exhibit him as a 
well read scholar, and an acute reasoner, and are perhaps the best foundation on which to rest his claims to 
the notice of posterity. — Gent. Mag. 

* Peter Louis Moreau de Maupertuis studied at the college of La Marche, in Paris, where he discovered 
a strong predilection for the mathematics. At the age of twenty he entered the army, in which he served 
four years. In 1723, he was received into the Academy of Sciences, and soon after visited England and 
Switzerland, where he became a pupil and admirer of Newton, and formed a lasting friendship with the 
celebrated John Bernouilli and his family. In 1740, he formed one of the eminent scientific party appointed 
to measure a degree of the meridian at the polar circle, and so distinguished himself on the occasion, that 
he was admitted a member of almost every academy in Europe. In 1740, he received an invitation from 
the King of Prussia to settle at Berlin ; where he did not remain long in the first instance, and on his return 
to Paris was, in 1742, chosen director of the Academy of Sciences, and the following year received into the 
French Academy. He returned to Berlin in 1744, and contracted an alliance with a young lady who was 
nearly related to M. Borck, at that time minister of state. In 1746, he was declared, by the king of Prussia, 
president of the Academy of Sciences at Berlin ; and the same monarch, soon after, bestowed upon him the 
order of Merit. Fortunate, however, as he was deemed by others, an unhappy restlessness of temper, and 
a dark, atrabilious humour, proved a source of continued disquiet; and a controversy with Koenig, which 
also subjected aim to the ludicrous and overwhelming satire of Voltaire, completed his uneasiness. He 
died at the house of his friend Bernouilli, at Basil, in 1759, in the sixty-first year of his age. His works, 
which are collected in fourSvo. volumes, published at Lyons in 1756, and reprinted in 1768, consist of " Essay 
on Cosmology;" "Discourse on the different Figures of the Stars;" " Philosophical Reflections on the 
Origin of Languages;" "Animal Physics;" "Essay on Moral Philosophy;" "System of Nature;" 
"Letters on various Subjects;" "On the Progress of the Sciences;" "Elements of Geography;" 
" Expedition to the Polar Circle ; " " Journey to Lapland, in search of an ancient Monument ; " " On the 
Comet of 1742; " " Dissertation upon Languages ; " Academical Discourses;" "Upon the Laws of Mo- 
tion ; " '' Upon the Laws of Rest; " " Agreement of the Laws of Nature, which have appeared incompa- 
tible;" "Operations for determining the Figure of the Earth," &c. Besides these works, he was the 
author of a number of interesting papers in the memoirs of the academies of Paris and Berlin. — Hutton's 
Math. Diet. 

t Thomas Maurice was a descendant of a respectable Welsh family. On the death of his father, who 
had for twenty-six years held the situation of head-master of Christ's Hospital at Hertford, Thomas, 
the eldest of six children, was admitted upon that foundation in London ; but the air not agreeing with 
the delicacy of his constitution, he was soon after removed, and went through a course of education at 
various private seminaries, the last of which was that of the celebrated Dr. Parr, then recently established 
at Stanmore-hill. At the age of nineteen he entered at St. John's, Oxford, but quitted that college in 
about a year after for University-college, where he was under the immediate tuition of Lord Stowell. 
About this period he commenced his career as an author, by the publication of a translation of the 
" CEdipus Tyrannus " of Sophocles, which gained him great credit; "The School Boy,'' "The Oxonian," 
"Netherby," and "Hagley," poems; " A Monody to the Memory of the Duchess of Northumberland," 
and a satire, entitled "Warley,'' which last appeared in 1778. On taking his degree of A.B., he was 
ordained to the curacy of Woodford, Essex; but about two years after, obtaining an unexpected bequest of 
£600., he laid it out in the purchase of the chaplaincy of the 97th regiment ; the half-pay of which he con- 
tinued to receive till the day of his decease. In 1783, he began the arduous undertaking of writing a history 
of India, from the era of Alexander's invasion, down to that period at which Mr. Orme s work commences. 
After seven years labour, he was, however, induced to defer his original intention, and to prepare for the 
press a separate work, introductory to his grand design, the first volumes of which he printed in 1791, 
under the title of " Indian Antiquities." This treatise contains, among other learned inquiries, a learned 
dissertation on the Indian theology, in which he endeavours to strengthen the doctrine of the Trinity from 
that of the Divine triads, as acknowledged by the Asiatics. In 1795, he brought out the first volume of his 
" History of Hindostan." The second followed in 1798, and the third, and final part, in 1799. At this 
period Earl Spencer presented him to the vicarage of Wormleighton, Warwickshire, and the appointment 
of assistant librarian to the British Museum, was also conferred upon him- In 1802 appeared his " Modern 
History of Hindustan," incorporating the accounts given by Arabian, Venetian, Portuguese, and British 



ALPHABETICAL CHRONOLOGY. 



101 



MAURITIUS laland, discovered by the Dutch, 1598. 
* MAURY (John Siffrein) died 1817. 
MAXENTIUS defeated by Constantine, and drowned 

in the Tiber, which occasioned a great change 

almost throughout the world, 333. 



MAXIMIAN, killed by order of Constantine, 31'J. 
MAX.TOK.E Priory, Warwickshire, built, 13 j7 

castle built, 1340. 
t MAY (Thomas) died 1650. 
I MAYER (Tobias) died 1762. 



writers, to the close of the eighteenth century. The concluding volume of this work was not published 
till 1804, in which year the author was presented, by the lord chancellor, with the living of Cudham, io i 
Kent. He died at his rooms in the British Museum, March 30th, 1824. Mr. Maurice was intimately ao 
quainted with most of the distinguished scholars of his time ; and, in addition to the labours already ' 
recorded, published, during his life-time, a great variety of miscellaneous works. 

* John Siffrein Maury, a modern French statesman and ecclesiastic, was born at Valeras, in 1746, of a 
respectable family, and having studied at Lyons, he entered into holy orders. He settled in the metropolis, j 
where he became distinguished as an eloquent preacher, and his talents were rewarded with church pre- ; 
ferment, and a place in the French academy. Previously to the Revolution he was also preacher to the 
I king, and on the occurrence of that event he was elected a deputy from the clerical order to the States- 
; general. He displayed his gratitude to his benefactors, and consecrated his eloquence to the defence of 
| the monarchy. He opposed the re-union of the three orders, and that measure being effected, he absented 
! himself for some time from Versailles, and was arrested at Peronne ; but afterwards set at liberty by com- 
mand of the legislative body. In the National Assembly he strongly advocated the rights and privileges of 
I the king and of the clergy, and endeavoured to prevent the property of the latter from being declared 
national property. On the dissolution of the Assembly he went to Rome, when the pope bestowed on him 
the title of bishop, and sent him, in 1792, as apostolic nuncio to Frankfort, to assist at the coronation of the 
Emperor of Germany. Some time after he was made Archbishop of Nicsea, and in 1794 he received a car- 
dinal's hat. When Buonaparte had established himself on the imperial throne of France, the Abbe Maury 
tendered submission to his authority, and the Archbishopric of Paris was bestowed on this eloquent church- 
man, as the reward of his obedience. On the Restoration of the royal family, he removed from his native 
country, and died at Rome in 1817. He obtained distinction by his writings, as well as by his public dis- 
courses ; and among several works which he published, his " Essai sur l'Eloquence" maybe mentioned 
as highly creditable to his talents.— Diet, des H. M. du 18me. S. Biog. Nouve. des Contemp. 

t Thomas May, a poet and historian, was the eldest son of Sir Thomas May, knight, of Mayfield in Sussex, 
where he was born about 1595. He entered a fellow-commoner at Sidney Sussex college, Cambridge, and was 
afterwards admitted a member of Gray's Inn ; but he never seems to have followed the law as a profession. 
j His father having spent nearly all the family estate, he enjoyed but a scanty inheritance, which misfortune 
he bore with great equanimity, and consoled himself by an assiduous attention to literature. He was much 
noticed by Charles I., and the more refined wits of his early courts ; and first sought distinction in the 
drama, being the author of three tragedies and two comedies, which were highly esteemed in their time. 
He also composed several po'tical translations, as Virgil's " Georgics," with annotations ; Lucan's 
" Pharsalia ;" to the latter of which he supplied a continuation of his own, both in Latin hexameters and 
in English. He likewise translated Barclay's "Icon Animorum," and had a share in the version of his 
" Argenis." Of the original poems of May, the principal are his " Reign of Henry II.," and " The Victo- 
rious Reign of E Iward III.," each in seven books. The bounty of Charles I. was not sufficient to secure 
the attachment of the poet ; for, according to Lord Clarendon, it was disgust at being denied a small pen- 
sion, which induced him, on the breaking out of the civil war, to enter into the service of Parliament, to 
which he was appointed secretary ; and the result was his well-known " History of the Parliament of 
England, which began November 3d, 1640," a work which became extremely obnoxious to the royal part}', 
who vilified both the author and his production, without measure. Granger, however, asserts, that with 
little elegance of composition, there is much more candour than the royalists were willing to allow ; and 
the opinion of Warburton is still more favourable. He afterwards made an abstract of this history, under 
the title of " A Breviary of the History of the Parliament of England," 1650, 8vo. He died a few months 
after the publication of his " Breviary,'' at the age of fifty-five, on the 13th of November, 1650 ; and his death, 
which happened suddenly, was attributed, by Andrew Marvell, to a little too much previous indulgence 
in wine. He was buried in Westminster Abbey, by the order of Parliament, which also erected a monu- 
ment to his memory. This was taken away at the Restoration, and the body of May, with undignified 
animosity, disinterred, and tumbled, with many others, into a pit, dug for that purpose, in St. Margaret's 
church-yard.— Biog. Dram. Biog. Brit. Granger. Warburton' s Letters to Hurd. 

I Tobias Mayer, an eminent astronomer and mechanician, was born at Maspach, in the Duchy of Wir- 
temberg, in 1723. He taught himself mathematics, and at a very early age he employed himself in designing 
machines and instruments, which was his father's profession. At the age of twenty-eight he was 
appointed mathematical professor at the university of Gottingen. He made many considerable discoveries 
in geometry and astronomy, and invented several useful instruments for the more exact measurement of 
angles on a plane. He died at the early age of thirty-nine, exhausted by his labours. His theory of the 
moon, and astronomical tables and precepts, were rewarded by the English Board of Longitude with 



102 



ALPHABETICAL CHRONOLOGY. 



MAY-GAMES much in fashion, 1515; s on after 
grew into disuse, owing to a riot at such a time. 

MAYORS and bailiffs of corporations were Port- 
reeves in the time of the Saxons. Limerick in Ire- 
land had a charter f.om Richard I., in 1197, to 
choose a mayor; this was eleven years prior to 
London's having a similar privilege. 



* MAYNARD, (Mr John) died 1690. 

t MAZARIN (Julius) died 16(51. 

I MAZEPPA (John) died 1709. 

MEAD, (Dr. Richard) a medical writer, bom l'H3. 

died 1754. 
MEAD, well known to the earliest Greek writers ; 

a liquor of luxury, 1642. 



££000, which were paid to his widow. He was also the author of " An Account of a Lunar Globe, con- 
structed by the Cosmographical Society of Nuremberg, from new Observations;" "A Mathematical 
Atlas;" " A new and general Method of resolving all Geometrical Problems by Geometrical Lines, &c. ' 
with many very exact maps. — JYouv. Diet. Hist. Hutton's Math. Diet. 

* Sir John Maynard, an English statesman and lawyer, born at Tavistock, in Devonshire, in the early 
part of the seventeenth century. After having studied at Exeter-college, Oxford, he entered at the 
Middle Temple, and was in due course called to the bar. He was a member of the Long Parliament, and 
was actively engaged in the prosecution of the Earl of Strafford and Archbishop Laud. He afterwards 
opposed the tyranny of Cromwell with so much firmness, that he was committed to the Tow*er. He 
attained the rank of sergeant-at-law, and after the Restoration, received the honour of knighthood; and 
might have been raised to the bench, but he declined the promotion. In the Parliamentary debates, which 
took place previously to the dethronement of James II., he warmly advocated that measure. His bon mot, 
in reply to an observation addressed to him by William III., may be mentioned as expressive of his 
character and sentiments. That prince, in allusion to Sergeant Maynard's great age, having remarked that 
he must have outlived almost all the lawyers of his time—" Ye ,'» replied Sir John, "and if your highness 
had not come over to our assistance, I should have outlived the law too." He was appointed one of the 
commissioners of the Great Seal, in 1689, and he died in the following year. — Biog. Brit. 

t Julius Mazarin, a celebrated statesman of the seventeenth century, was barn at Piscina, in the terri- 
tory of Abruzzo, in Italy, July 14th, 1602. He received his education at the Spanish university of Alcala, i 
and afterwards going to Rome, he entered into the service of Cardinal Sacchetti, with whom he went into 
Lombardy. Having been instrumental in arranging the , contested points , between the French and 
Spaniards, and thus contributed to the treaty of Quieras, he obtained the patronage of Cardinal Richelieu, I 
through whose influence, and the recommendation of Cardinal Barberini, he was sent by the pope as nuncio ' 
extraordinary to the Court of Versailles, towards the close of the reign of Louis XIII. That prince, in 1641, j 
procured him a cardinal's hat ; and on the death of Richelieu in the following year, Mazarin became prime ■ 
minister. A few months after, the king died, and the new premier, by his influence with the queen regent, ! 
Anne of Austria, in the minority of her son, Louis XIV., arrived at the possession of supreme power. At 
first his administration was popular ; but discontents arising from various causes, France became the scene 
of intestine commotions ; and the cardinal found himself obliged to give way to the power of his enemies, j 
and quit the helm of the state. He was forced to flee to save his life, as a price was set upon his head ; 
and his valuable library was confiscated and sold. But the king, shortly after coming of age, recalled ! 
Mazarin to his councils, and he soon resumed his former ascendancy. He made peace with the government 
of Spain, by which the malcontents had been supported, and he negociated a treaty of marriage between i 
the king, his master, and the Spanish infanta. Having thus secured his power, he maintained his station I 
till his death, which took place at Vincennes, March 9, 1661. Cardinal Mazarin was an able politician, 
but a profligate character, both as a statesman and an ecclesiastic. It is somewhat remarkable, that not- 
withstandi.ig his worldly sagacity, he was a believer in astrology, and the dupe of juggling impostors.—' ! 
VoUaire Siecle de Louis XIV. Moreri. 

I John Mazeppa, Hetman of the Cossacks, the hero of Lord Byron's poem, which takes its title from his 
name. He was born in the Palatinate of Podolia, of a noble, but depressed Polish family, and became- i 
oage to the king, John Casimir, in whose service he acquired a good education. Engaging in an intrigue 
with a married lady, which was discovered by her husband, Mazeppa was fastened to the back of a wild 
noise, and left to his fate. The animal having been bred in the deserts of the Ukraine, directed his course 
thither, and expiring at length with fatigue, dropped beneath his miserable rider, who was found by the- 
peasants of the country half dead. Their hospitable cares recovered him, and he took up his residence with 
them. His talents and knowledge soon raised him to eminence among a people where all power was elec- 
tive. The Hetman of the Cossacks having been deposed, in 1687, Mazeppa was substituted in his place. He' 
displayed great ability in maintaining his authority, and acquired the confidence of the Czar Peter the- 
Great, who bestowed on him the cordon of St. Andrew, and the title of privy counsellor. Created Prince- 
>f the Ukraine, he became tired of his dependence on the emperor, and entered into a secret league with- 
Jharles XII. His scheme being prematurely discovered, and his capital, Batourin, having been taken by- 
he Russians, hj was obliged to flee and join the Swedish king, who was advancing towards the Ukraine 
villi his arm) The battle of Pultowa was the result of his counsels, and after that 'disastrous engage-* 
ient, h<* to^K refuge at Bender, and died there in 170$.— JJiog. Univ. 



ALPHABETICAL CHRONOLOGY. 



103 



MEAL-TUB plot, (so called from the place where 
Bome papers concerning it were found) 1679. It 
was a sham plot to accuse Oates* of perjury and 
sodomy, and to charge some great men with con- 
spiring against the life of the king. Dangerfield 
was the principal actor ; but it came to nothing. 

MEAT ordered to be sold by weight, 1532. 

MEDIA, a province of the Assyrian empire, till 821 ; 
revolted 711 ; the first king of the Medes was Ar- 
baces, 875 ; became independent, and conquered 
Persia; but Cyrus having vanquished Darius, the 
Mede, 53f> before Christ, it was from this time 
united with the Persian empire, and shared its fate. 

MEDITERRANEAN, violent gales in the, by which 
thirty-two vessels were destroyed, 1821. 

MEGARENSIAN war, 579 before Christ. 

MELANCHOLY accident happenel at the Hay- 
market Theatre ; in descending into the pit, fifteen 
persons were killed through pressure, 17'J4. 

MELCOMB REGIS, Dorsetshire, chartered by 
James I. 



MELKOUNT ABBEY. Ireland, founded, by 0' Car- 
rol, prince of Orgial, 1112. 

MELONS, cucumbers, and many other like pro- 
ductions, were in the time of Edward III., and after- 
wards dropped, till the reign of Henry VIII. ; for 
during the wars between York and" Lancaster, 
nothing of this kind could be attended to. 

t MELVIL, Sir James, born 1530. 

MELVILLE transport, wrecked near Kinsale Bay, 
and every person perished, 1816. 

MELROSS ABBEY, Scotland, founded 1106. 

MEMORY, the art of assisting it, by getting by heart, 
invented by Simonides, at Athens, 503 before 
Christ. 

MEMPHIS, the ancient, is supposed to be the village 
of Giza, facing Cairo in Egypt; was taken by 
Cambyses, son of Cyrus the Great, and King of 
Persia. He is supposed to have been the Ahasuerus 
of Scripture. 

I MENAGE, (Gilles) born, August 15, 1613. 



* Titus Oates. This infamous character was born about 1619. He was the son of a Baptist preacher, and 
educated at Merchant Tailors' school, whence he removed to Cambridge, and afterwards took orders. In 
1677 he turned Roman Catholic, and was admitted into the society of Jesuits; but subsequently declared 
himself a Protestant, and in conjunction with one Dr. Tongue, gave information of a pretended Popish plot, 
for the destruction of the Protestant religion; and falsely accused the Catholic lords Petre, Powis, Ballasis, 
Arundel of Wardour, and other persons of quality, several of whom, including Lord Stafford, were exe- 
cuted, of being concerned in the conspiracy. Such was the heated credulity of the times, this versatile 
and unworthy character was rewarded with a pension of £1200 per annum, and lodged for safety at the 
palace of Whitehall. On the accession of James II., however, he was thrown i to prison, and indicted for 
perjury, and being convicted, was sentenced to stand in the pillory five times a-year during his life, and to 
be whipped from Aldgate to Newgate, and thence to Tyburn, the last part of which sentence was executed 
with extraordinary severity. Though the whipping was so harshly inflicted, he was enabled, by the care 
of his friends, to recover; and at the Revolution, the current of popular prejudice again setting in hiq 
favour, he was rewarded with a pension of £1010 per annum. In 169S he sought to be restored to the 
congregation of baptists, to which he had primitively belong' d; but in the course of a few months was 
excluded as a hypocrite and disorderly person. He died in 1705. Hume says, that this execrable tool of 
faction, had, in early life, been "chaplain on board the fleet, from which he was dismissed for unnatural 
practices, and it was then that he became a convert to the Catholic religion, as he boasted, with a view to 
obtain the secrets of its adherents. On all side*, the infamy of his character is allowed, and the credit 
given to a miscreant so utterly unworthy of confidence, to the destruction of several persons of respect- 
ability, and even consequence, affords a memorable demonstration of the opposing bigotry which predomi- 
nated in that most disgraceful period of English history.— Ilujne. Burnet. 

f Sir James Melvil, a statesman and historian, was born at Hall-hill, in Fifeshire, and at the age of four- 
teen, he became page to Mary, queen of Scots, then wife to the Dauphin of France. Having continued 
some time in her service, he passed into that of the Constable Montmorenci, who placed great confidence 
in him. At the end of nine years, he went upon his travels, and visited the court of the elector palatine, 
with whom he remained three years, and was employed in various negociations. On the accession of Mary 
to the throne of Scotland, Melvil followed her, and was made privy councellor and gentleman of the bed- 
chamber, and continued her confidential servant until her imprisonment in Lochleven-castle. He was sent 
to the court of Elizabeth, and maintained correspondences in England in favour of Mary's succession to the 
English crown. On the discovery of her attachment to Bothwell, he remonstrated with her 60 freely, that, 
in order to avoid the effect of her lover's anger, he absented himself from court. By Mary he was recom- 
mended to her son, James VI., who, on his accession to the throne of England, wished to have him for one 
of his ministers ; but Melvil, devoid of ambition, preferred living in retirement at his family seat of Hall- 
hill, where he remained until his death in 1606. He left an historical work in manuscript, which lay long 
unknown in the castle of Edinburgh, but which was published in 1683, under the title of " Memoirs of Sir 
James Melvil, of Hall-hill, containing an impartial Account of the most Remarkable Affairs of State during 
the last Age, not mentioned by other Historians, more particularly relating to the kingdoms of England 
and Scotland, under the reigns of Queen Elizabeth, Mary, Queen of Scots, and King James. In all which 
transactions the Author was personally and publickly •••Tcerned." This work contains many important 
facts not found elsewhere, and is written with much simplicity. His brother, also in the service of Mary, 
was most probably the Sir Andrew Melvil who was present at her death. — Metvil's Memoirs. Nicokon's 
Hist. Libr. Robertson's Hist, of Scotland. 

X Gilles Menage, a distinguished man of letters, of the seventeenth century, was born at Angers, August 
1 \>13. in which city his father was king's advocate. After finishing his early studies with great reputation, 
ne was admitted an advocate h.mself, and pursued his occupation for some time at Paris ; but disgusted 



104 ALPIIABKTICAL CHRONOLOGY. 



MENAI STRAITS, n ferry boat lost in passing, , several kings of England, and great part of the 

nobility, 1503; school, London, founded, 1568. 

MERCHANTS, an attempt was made to exclude 
them from sitting in the House of Commons, 1711. 

MERIONETH, Archdeaconry of, erected before 
1280. 

MERIONETHSHIRE, a cottage in, struck by light- 
ning, two, out of rive of the family, killed, 1819. 

MERIMOCH River, near Newbury, in New Eng- 
land, a chain bridge of 214 feet erected over, 1812. 

MERLIN, the Welsh prophet and poet, lived 477. 

MERLIN'S Cave in Richmond-gardens made, 1735. 



nearly sixty persons perished, 1781 
MENANDER,* born 312 before Christ. 
MENDICANT FRIARS, all the orders of, reduced 

to four, tv~. Dominicans, Franciscans, Carmelites, 

and the Hermits of St. Augustin, 1272. 
MENNONITES, who taught that Christ did not 

partake of the nature of his mother, arose under 

Menno, 1645. 
MERCATOR'S charts invented, 1556. 
MERCER'S CHAPEL, London, built 1187. 
MERCERON (Mr.) a magistrate of Middlesex, 

sentenced to fine and imprisonment for appro- \ MERMAID (species of the seal kind) caught in the 

priating parish money, and licensing publicans, not | Indian seas, and deposited in the Museum of Sur- 

legally qualified, 1818. geon'sHall. 



MERCHANT adventurers were first established 
Burgundy, for the discovery of unknown parts, 
1296 ; the company was afterwards translated into 
England, and confirmed by Edward III. and suc- 
ceeding kings: incorporated 1564. 

MERCHANT Taylors' Company, first called so by 
Henry VII., who was of that company, as were 



MEROVINGIANS, the first race of the French 
kings, so called, in honour of Merovee. King of 
F.ance, a great warrior, who succeeded Clodion, 
441. 

MERRY ANDREW, the character of, arose from 
Andrew Borde,| a droll physician, who used to at- 
tend markets, and harangue the people, 1547. 



with that profession, he adopted the ecclesiastical character, so far as to be able to hold some benefices, 
without cure of souls. From this time he dedicated himself solely to literary pursuits ; and being received 
into the house of Cardinal de Retz, he soon made himself known by his wit and erudition. He subse- 
quently took apartments in the cloister of Notre Dame, and held weekly assemblies of the learned, where 
a prodigious memory rendered his conversation entertaining, although pedantic. He was, however, over- 
bearing and opinionative, and passed all his life in the midst of petty hostilities. His character of Abbe 
did not render him averse to be thought a man of gallantry ; and he was a professed admirer of the cele- 
brated Mesdames La Fayette and Sevigne, although little to the injury of their reputation. Being in easy 
circumstances, he was enabled to cultivate letters in the manner most agreeable to himself, and to print 
some of his works at his own expense. He precluded himself from being chosen of the French Academy, 
by a witty satire, entitled, " Requete des Dictionnaires," directed against the Dictionary of the Academy. 
He died in Paris, at the age of seventy-nine. His principal works are " Dictionnaire Etymologique, ou 
Origines de la langue Francoise;" "Origines de la langue Italienne;" " Miscellanese," a collection of 
pieces in prose and verse ; an edition of " Diogenes Laertius," with valuable notes and corrections ; " Re- 
marques sur la langue Francoise;" " Anti-Baillet," a satirical critique on that author; "Histoire de 
Sable;" "Historia MulierumPhilosophorum;" satirical pieces against Montmaur, the Greek professor; 1 
" Poesies Latines, Italiennes, Grecques, et Francoises." After his death, a "Menagiana " was compiled,- 
from notes of his conversation, anecdotes, remarks, &c, which is one of the most lively works of the kind, 
and has been several times reprinted. — Bayle. Moreri, JNouv. Diet. Hist. 

* Menander, one of the most celebrated of the Greek comic poets, was born at Athens. His master, in 
philosophy, was Theophrastus, and he is represented as possessing every point of a dramatic writer ; 
elegance of language, force and delicacy of sentiment, and genuine humour. His attachment to the fair 
sex, and especially his mistress, Glycera, was vehement in the extreme ; and his address and manners were 
correspondently soft and luxurious. He composed 108 comedies, of which eight only gained the prize ; 
and he may be esteemed as the first, if not the principal author, of the new Grecian comedy ; which, if it 
possessed less wit and fire, was superior to the old in delicacy, regularity, and decorum. A few fragments 
only remain of the numerous pieces of Menander, from whom, however, Terence is supposed to have copied 
all his pieces, except the " Phormio " and " Hecyra ;" and consequently that author may enable us to form, 
a tolerably correct notion of the merits of his original. The admiration of this dramatist, expressed by 
Quintilian, is very great. He refers his orator to Menander, for copiousness of invention, elegance of expres- 
sion, and a general fine feeling of nature ; nor is Ovid, in more than one passage, much less complimentary. 
He was equally esteemed in his life-time ; even, according to Pliny, he refused express invitations from the 
Kings of Macedonia and Egypt. He was drowned in the harbour of the Peraeus, BC. 298, having, accord- 
ing to some accounts, thrown himself into the water, out of mortification at the prize having been unjustly 
awarded to his rival, Philemon. This catastrophe took place in his fiftieth year. The fragments and sen- 
tences of Menander were first collected by Morelle, Paris, 1553 ; but the best edition is that of Le Clerc, 
Amsterdam, 1702; to which, however, should be added the Emendations of Dr. Bentley, printed in 1713, 
under the name of " Philolentherus Lipsiensis.''— Vosii Poet. Grcec. 

t Andrew Borde was a physician and miscellaneous writer of very eccentric character. He was born at 
Pevensey, in Sussex, and educated at Oxford. He left the university without a degree, and entered a Car- 
thusian convent near London. After returning to Oxford he " travelled," as he himself says, " through, 
and round about Christendom, and out of Christendom into some parts of Africa." In 1542 he resided at 
Montpellier, where he graduated in physic. He afterwards came home, and obtained a doctor's degree at 
Oxford, and settled at his native place ; thence he removed to Winchester, and finally to London, where 



ALPHABETICAL CHRONOLOGY. 105 



MKRTIIYR TYDVIL, In Glamorganshire, serious I veazi, 1H71 ; destroyed by an carthqimke. 1603, 

disturbances at, by Workmen, on reduction off attain. Feb. 1783; suffered by a plague, 1713. 

wages. 1S16. I MESSINA, in Italy, nearly destroyed by an carth- 

MRRTON Priory, (Augustines) Surrey, founded! quake. 1784. 

1414. METAPONTUM, Italy, was in its meridian, 30C 

MERTON College, Oxford, founded by Merton, I before Christ. Pythagoras died here. 

Bishop of Rochester, 1274. (Twenty-four fellows.) METEOR appeared, and was observed in several 
MESS A LI A NS, the sect of, arose, 363. parts of England, about nine at night; it illumi- 

MESSENIAN war with the Lacedemonians, the nated the whole atmosphere. 1784. 

first, 743, lasted nineteen years; second, 685, ! METEOR appeared, 1800. about one- fourth of the 

lasted fourteen years ; it ended in the conquest of] diameter of the moon; it passed horizontally with 

the Messenians, who, rather than submit to the ! great velocity. 

Lacedemonian yoke, flew to Sicily; the third began METEOROLOGICAL Society, formed at the public 

400 before Christ j meeting at the London Coffee House, 1823. 

MESSINA in Sicily, built by the Mes?enians who METHOD of striking whales by harpoons discharged 

settled there, 667 ; took by the Syracusans, 425 be- from swivel guns, invented 1772. 

fore Christ ; torn by the factions of Merli and Mai- * METHODISM took its rise, 1734. 



he is said to have become a fellow of the college of physicians, and physician to Henry VIII. But notwithi 
standing these honours, he died in the Fleet Prison, in 1539. Bale and other Protestant writers, not only 
abuse Borde as a quack or mountebank, but also accuse him of grossly immoral conduct ; for which 
charge there appears to be no just foundation, and it may be ascribed to that spirit of religious animosity 
by which bilious Bale, as Fuller quaintly styles him, was too often actuated. Among the works of this 
writer are " A Book of the Introduction of Knowledge, the wh3'ch doth teach a Man to speak Part of 
all Manner of Language," Lond. 1542, 4to; "The Breviary of Health ;" "The Merry Tales of the Mad- 
men of Gotham;" and "A right pleasant and merry History of the Mylner of Abington, with his Wife 
and his fair Daughter, and of two poor Scholars of Cambridge." The first of these publications contains 
thirty-nine chapters, to which are prefixed wood-engravings, representing the inhabitants of different 
countries. Before that which treats of the English is a figure of a man naked, having a bundle of cloth 
under his arm, and a pair of shears in his hand. Below are some verses beginning thus— 
*• lam an Englishman, and naked I stand here, 
Musing in my mind what rayment I shall wear." 
The wit of this satirical censure is neither very clever nor very appropriate : and it is moreover said to have 
been borrowed from an old Venetian caricature of a Frenchman. — Aikin's G. liiog. Memoirs qf Medicine* 
Berkenhout's Biog Liter. 

* John Wesley, the son of an English clergyman, was born at Epworth, June 17, 1703. He received his 
school education at the Charter-house, whence he was removed to Christ-church college, Oxford. After 
taking his first degree, he was, in 1724, elected fellow of Lincoln-college ; and in 1726 he graduated M. A. 
About this time he was distinguished for his classical attainments, skill in dialectics, and no inconsiderable 
share of talent in poetry. Soon after he was elected fellow, he was appointed Greek lecturer, and took 
pupils ; and in 1725 he was ordained by Bishop Potter. For some time after his residence at Oxford he 
was only distinguished as a grave, sedate young man, but after awhile the perusal of some devotional 
tracts, and more especially Law's "Serious Call," induced him to consecrate himself more entirely to 
what he deemed the essentials of a holy life. In 1729, he associated with some friends of similar disposition, 
who met and read together the classics on week-days, and divinity on Sundays, but shortly after their 
meetings became exclusively religious. This society, consisting of fifteen members, who, by the strictness 
of their manners and deportment, were variously designated by the gayer students, but more especially 
obtained the name of Methodists, which appellation they themselves sanctioned and retained. His father 
wished him to make interest for the next presentation of his living of Epworth, but he was too much 
attached to Oxford, and the manner in which he was engaged, to listen to his advice. A mission to Georgia 
had soon after greater attractions, and in 1735 he accepted the invitation of Dr. Burton, one of the trustees 
for that newly-founded colony, to go over and preach to the Indians. He accordingly embarked the same 
year in the company of his brother Charles, two other missionaries, and several German Moravians. The 
disturbed state of the colony prevented all preaching to the Indians, and although the colonists of Savannah 
were at first attentive to the ministry of Mr. Wesley, his notions were too exclusively high church for his 
hearers. He refused the Lord's supper to dissenters, unless they would be rebaptized, insisted upon im- 
mersion in the rite of baptism, and by a variety of ascetical practices, excited an unfavourable opinion of 
his judgment. What most injured his reputation, however, was his conduct towards a young lady, whom 
it was expected he would marry, and whom he refused to admit to communion after her marriage with 
another person, without deigning to assign any reason. Legal proceedings were in consequence commenced 
against him, previous to the conclusion of which, after a consultation with his friends, he became con- 
vinced that " God called him to return to England ;" on which he gave public notice of his intention to 
depart, " shook off the dust from his feet," and left Georgia after an abode of a year and nine months. On 
his arrival from America, he discovered that he, who had been voyaging to convert others, had never been 
converted himself, and he felt, as he observed, " a want of the victorious faith of more experienced Chris- 

P 
— * ■ ■ ' ■ 



106 ALPHABETICAL CHRONOLOGY. 



(inns." This conviction appears to have been strengthened by a German Moravian missionary, with whom 
ne much communed, until at length he taught himself to expect a sudden conversion, which, by his own 
account occurred on the 24th of May, 1738, at a quarter before nine in the evening, while a person in a 
societj m Aldersgate-street was reading Luther's preface to the " Epistle to the Romans." The innate 
rationality of his character would not, however, leave him quietly to the influence of enthusiasm ; and to 
strengthen his faith and quiet some occasional misgivings, he went over to Germany, and proceeded to 
Hernhuth, the head-quarters of the united brethren, most likely with the additional view of becoming 
acquainted with the discipline and organization of the Moravians. He returned in September, 1738, when 
he commenced the systematic labours which have made him the founder of the great religious body of Me- 
thodists. He began to exhort and to preach, often three or four times a day, at the prisons and other 
places in the metropolis, and made frequent excursions into the country, where his followers became 
rapidly very numerous. His discourses were often attended with the demonstration of the effect produced 
on the hearers, such as swoonings, outcries, convulsions, and similar results of violent internal emotions and 
excitement. He soon after accepted the invitation of Whitfield, who had some time before commenced 
the practice of field-preaching, to join him at Bristol ; and in May 1739, the first stone of a Methodist 
meeting was laid in that city. Some difficulties, which arose as to the liability of the feoffees, nominated 
in the first instance, to the expenses of erection, by inducing Mr. Wesley to take it all into his own hands, 
laid the foundation of the unlimited power which he obtained over his followers, and which the present 
managing body of ministers has inherited from him. Whatever chapels were subsequently built by the 
connexion, were all either vested in him or in trustees, bound to give admission to the pulpit as he should 
direct. It is thought that his original plan was to form a union of clergymen, in order to further his scheme 
of conversion by their joint efforts; but the dislike of ministers of the establishment to join in it, reduced 
him to the necessity of appointing lay preachers, and employing them as itinerants among the different 
societies of the persuasion. At the same time he assumed, as his inalienable right, the power of nominating 
those preachers, and thus, as the societies increased, his authority received indefinite augmentation. The 
opinions of Wesley being derived from the Arminian theology, differed materially from those of Whitfield 
on the points of unconditional election, irresistible grace, and final perseverance ; in consequence of which 
a coldness grew up between them, and a lasting separation between the societies over which they presided. 
Nothing so much favoured the progress of Wesleyan Methodism as the strict and orderly discipline esta- 
blished by the founder, commencing from the small division of classes, and ending in the annual conferences 
of the numerous preachers. The whole was very wisely calculated to bind the society to each other, and 
to the great source of authority, in the first instance, Wesley exclusively, and since his death a sort of 
presbytery v termed the Conference, as arising out of the annual assemblies originally so denominated. The 
'iociety in its infant state had to contend with much popular hatred, sometimes fomented by persons in the 
upper ranks of society; but all this has gradually subsided. At the same time, as the followers of both 
Whitfield and Wesley were in the first instance, chiefly among the uneducated classes, they were little 
susceptible of being affected by the ridicule heaped upon the occasional displays of enthusiasm and fana- 
tici l .-« by tneiit leaders. In 1749 Wesley married a widow of good fortune, which was, however, all settled 
upon herself; and, as his friends foresaw, the union was an unhappy one, and terminated in a final separation, 
sn 1781. On the breaking out of the American disputes, he wrote a pamphlet on the side of government, 
entitled, " A Calm Address to the American Colonies," which produced a considerable effect, at least 
upon his own followers. When the contest terminated in separation, he took a step which appeared a 
renunciation of the principles of the episcopal church, by ordaining preachers for America, by imposition 
of hands, and consecrating a bishop for the Methodist episcopal church. By this step he deeply offended 
many of the society, and especially his brother Charles ; and it is asserted that he himself repented it, as 
likely to further that separation from the church, which after his death virtually took place. The approach 
of old age did not in the least abate the zeal and diligence of this extraordinary person, who was almost 
perpetually travelling, and whose religious services, setting aside his literary and controversial labours, 
were almost beyond calculation. Besides his numerous exhortations, he generally preached two sermons 
every day, and not unfrequently four or five, all which he was enabled to effect by very early rising, and 
the strictest punctuality. His labours were continued to within a week of his death, which took place, 
March 2, 1791, in the eighty-eighth year of his age. John Wesley had a countenance wherein mildness 
and gravity were very pleasingly blended, and which, in old age, appeared extremely venerable. In 
manners he was social, polite, and conversible, without any of the gloom and austerity that might have 
been expected. In the pulpit he was fluent, clear, and argumentative ; often amusing, but never aiming 
at or reaching, like Whitfield, the eloquence of passion. His style in writing was of a similar description, 
and he seldom appeared heated, even in controvers}'. His great mental characteristics were energy, and 
love of power, which he would never share with any one ; like many correspondent characters in the 
Catholic world, who could not have effected what they accomplished upon any other principle. In a 
similar manner he mixed up no small portion of human policy in his religious system ; in all which respects 
he has been closely followed by the governing juntos of ministers who have succeeded him, a tenacity which 
has produced one separation, and from appearances may eventually lead to more. That, independently Of 
these alloys of human weakness, his objects and purposes were to benefit the best interests of mankind, it 



ALPHABETICAL CHRONOLOGY. 107 



would be uncandid to disptue ; and he will ever be deemed a memorable person, even by those who feel 
but little interest in the fortunes of the fabric of which he has apparently laid so durable a foundation. 
The works of John Wesley, on various subjects of divinity, ecclesiastical history, sermons, biography, &c, 
amounted even in 1774, to thirty -two vols. 8vo. George Whitefield, founder of theCalvanistic Methodists, 
was born at Gloucester, where his parents kept the Bell-inn, Dec. 16, 1714. He was the youngest of six 
sons and a daughter, and his father dying in his infancy, the care of his education devolved upon his mother. 
He was sent to a grammar-school at Gloucester, where he distinguished himself by a ready memory, and 
elocution, which enabled him to figure highly at the annual visitations of the corporation. Being destined 
to assist his mother in the business of the inn, he was taken early from school, and for some time officiated 
in a blue apron, as drawer. At the age of eighteen, however, he embraced an offer of being entered as 
servitor at Pembroke-college, Oxford, where he became acquainted with the Wesleys, and joined the 
small society which procured them the name of Methodists. Here, in addition to the religious preaching, 
reading, and visits to gaols, and to the poor, he began to exhibit many of the symptoms which, under the 
Roman Catholic system, usually precede a vocation for the cloister. He describes himslf as lying wholo 
days, and even weeks, on the ground, in silent or vocal prayer, choosing the worst sort of food, and dress- 
ing in a patched gown and dirty shoes, to acquire a habit "of humility. Hearing of his devotional tenden- 
cies, Dr. Benson, Bishop of Gloucester, made him an offer of ordination at the early age of twenty-one, 
which he accepted, and was ordained a deacon in 1736. Such was his strain of preaching, that at his first 
sermon at Gloucester, a complaint was made to the bishop, that he had driven fifteen people mad, on 
which the prelate observed, that he hoped the madness would not be forgotten before the next Sunday. 
The week following he returned to Oxford, where he graduated B.A., and soon after was invited to London, 
to officiate at the chapel of the Tower. He preached also at various other places, and for some time sup- 
plied a curacy at Dummer, in Hampshire. The account sent him by the Wesleys of their progress in 
Georgia, at length excited in him a desire to assist in their pious labours, and embarked at the close of 
1737, he arrived at Savannah in the following May, where he was received with great cordiality, and 
acquired considerable influence. Observing the deplorable want of education in the colony, he projected 
an orphan-house, for which he determined to raise contributions in England, where he arrived in the be- 
ginning of 1739. Although discountenanced by many of the clergy, Bishop Benson did not scruple to 
confer on him priest's orders, and on repairing to London, the churches in which he preached were incapa- 
ble of holding the crowds who assembled to hear him. He now adopted the design of preaching in the 
open air, which he seems first to have practised at Kingswood, near Bristol among the colliers. His ardent 
and emphatic mode of address attracted several thousands of these people, as auditors, on whom his dis- 
courses produced a surprising effect, and whose vicious manners and habits he visibly improved. He 
afterwards preached in the open air in Bristol, and in Moorfields, Kennington, and other places in the 
neighbourhood of London, to vast assemblages of people, who came from all parts to hear him. In August 
1739, he again embarked for America, and made a tour through several of the provinces, where he preached 
to immense audiences, with an effect which is portrayed in a very forcible manner in the autobiography of 
Benjamin Franklin. He arrived at Savannah, in January, 1740, where he laid the foundation of the Orphan- 
house, and after making another extensive tour, returned to England, where he arrived in March the follow- 
ing year. During the absence his cause had been declining at home, and the differences between him and 
Wesley, on the doctrines of election and reprobation, lost him many followers. His circumstances were 
also embarrassed by his engagements for the Orphan-house ; but his zeal and intrepidity gradually overcame 
all difficulties, and produced the two tabernacles in Moorfields and in Tottenham-court-road. After visiting 
many parts of England, Scotland, and Wales, where, like Wesley, he married a widow, in 1744, he again 
returned to America, and remained there nearly four years, not returning until July, 1748. He was soon 
after introduced to the noble convert to methodism, the Countess of Huntingdon, who made him one of her 
chaplains, a circumstance which led to his preaching before the lords Chesterfield and Bolingbroke, who 
we're desirous to hear a preacher of whose eloquence so much was everywhere said. A visit to In-land, 
and two more voyages to America followed, and for several years his labours were unremitting. At length, 
on his seventh voyage to America, he was carried off by an asthma, at Newbury-poit, in New England, 
September 30, 1770, in the fifty-sixth year of his age. The person of Whitefield was tall and well-propor- 
tioned, and his features good, with the exception of a cast in one of his eyes. That he possessed a high 
degree of natural eloquence is indisputable, and if in the pulpit he occasionally intermixed buffoonery, it 
was not the less effective on that account. His learning and literary talents were mean, and he was a 
writer only for his own followers. That he had much enthusiasm and fanaticism in his composition is 
evident from his journal and letters ; and to what degree they were accompanied by the usual alloy of craft 
and artifice it is difficult to determine, especially as he possessed both warm friends and bitter enemies to 
misrepresent on each side of the question. He was clearly below Wesley, as to general intellect, and 
length of view; and while the one has proved himself a Protestant Loyola, the other did littlt* to perpe- 
tuate his own name, although the junction of his chapels with Lady Huntingdon's connexion has produced 
a religious party of considerable strength, which may be denominated, a scion of the low church »f Engla 
Whitefield's works, practical and controversial, have been published in six vols. 8vo.— Life by Gillies. 
Ann. Reg. 



108 ALPHABETICAL CHRONOLOGY. 



METHUSELAH, ttie longest liver, died a little 

before the flood, in 1656 of the world, aged 969. 
•METTINGHAM college and castle, Suffolk, built, 

1335. 
METZ stage coach stopt by ruffians, who murdered 

the coachman, postillion, six passengers, and a 

child, 1763. 



MEUX and Co.'s large vat, in St. Giles' brewhonsev 
burst, demolishing two houses. Three thousand 
five hundred barrels of beer were lost, and. several 
persons killed, 1814. In this vat, George IV. 
(when Prince Regent) dined ; on which occasion 
Mr. Meux was knighted. 

tMEXICO conquered by Cortes, 1521. 



* The ruins of this castle and college are two miles east from Bungay. It was built in the sixth year of 
Richard II. The yearly value of the college was £202 7s. by a d., and it is now (1836) worth £4047 9*. 2d. 
It was granted, in the thirty-third year of Henry VIII. , to Thomas Denny. The castle, now in ruins, 
appears to have been of great extent and strength, and within the walls of which, a modern farm-house 
has been erected. 

t Montezuma, was Emperor of Mexico, at the time of the Spanish invasion. In 1519, when Cortes- 
arrived on the coast of. Mexico, and expressed his intention of visiting the emperor in his capital, Monte- 
zuma sent him a rich present, but forbade his farther advance. Cortes, however, heeded not this prohibi- 
tion, and the emperor, intimidated, began vainly to negociate for the departure of the Spaniards. His 
despotic government having procured him many enemies, wh<3 willingly joined Cortes, and assisted him in 
his progress to Mexico, he was obliged to consent to the advance of the Spaniards, to whom he assigned 
quarters in the town of Cholula, where he plotted their destruction. His plot being discovered, a 
massacre of the Cholulans followed, and Cortes proceeded to the gates of the capital, before Montezuma 
was determined how to receive him. His timidity prevailed, and meeting him in great state, he con- 
ducted the Spanish leader with much respect to the quarters allotted to him. The mask, however, was 
soon romoved, and coming to open contention, Cortes seized Montezuma in the heart of his capital, and 
kept him as a hostage at the Spanish quarters. He was at first treated with respect, which was soon 
changed to insult, that was carried so far, that fetters were put on his legs, on which he burst into loud 
lamentations, which were changed to expressions of joy on their being taken off again. He was at length 
obliged to acknowledge his vassalage to the king of Spain, but he could not be brought to change his reli- 
gion, although in the custody of the Spaniards. He was constantly planning how to deliver himself and 
his countrymen, and when Cortes, with great part of his forces, was obliged to march out to oppose 
Narvaez, the Mexicans rose up, and furiously attacked the Spaniards who remained. The return of 
their commander alone saved the latter from destruction ; and hostilities were still going forward, when 
Montezuma was induced to advance to the battlements of the Spanish fortress in his royal robes, and 
attempt to pacify his subjects. His pusillanimous address only excited indignation against himself, and 
being struck on the temple with a stone, he fell to the ground. Every attention was paid to him by 
Cortes, from motives of policy, but rejecting all nourishment, he tore off his baddages, and soon after 
expired, spurning every attempt at conversion. This event took place in the summer of 1520. He left 
two sons and three daughters, who were converted to the Catholic faith. Charles V. gave a grant of lands, 
and the title of count of Montezuma to one of the sons, who was the founder of a noble family in Spain. 
A terrible and bloody contest ensued previously to the capture of the city of Mexico by Cortes, August 13, 
1521. Above 100,000 Mexicans are said to have been killed during the seige, and more than half that 
number perished by famine. The loss on the side of the Spaniards is stated to have amounted to no more 
than a hundred men ; but they were assisted by numerous bodies of the Tlascalans, many of whom must 
have been slain. Velasquez, who commanded in Cuba, hearing of the success which had attended the 
arms of Cortes, considered him as the rival of his fame and power, and sent a fleet against him, which did 
not materially impede his victorious career. In 1531 he had completed the conquest of the Mexican terri- 
tories, in the course of which undertaking, he committed ard authorized numberless acts of cruel barba- 
rity and oppression, which have left an indelible stigma on his fame. He appears naturally to have been 
a man of a disposition rather mild and humane than merciless and sanguinary ; and yet the prejudices cf 
the age, and the barbarous dictates of a superstitious priesthood, to which he submitted with all the 
tranquillity of a deluded conscience, and all the reluctance of a pood heart, led him to deeds that make 
humanity shudder. Cortes was rewarded for his services by the king of Spain with the title of marquis, 
and a grant of territorial property. Returning to Spain, he was treated, by his sovereign Charles V., with 
jess consideration than he expected. On his appearance one day at court, he pressed somewhat rudely 
through the tinsel crowd to approach the emperor, who observing the little regard he showed for cere- 
mony, exclaimed aloud: "Who is that person V — "Tell his majesty," said Cortes, "it is one who has 
conquered for him more kingdoms than his ancestors left him provinces." Cortes died in Spain, in 1554. 
aged sixty-nine. The Viscount de Flavigny, publishe ! at Paris, in 1778, a work entitled, " Correspondence 
de Fernand Cortes avec l'Empereur Charles Quint, sur la Conquete de Mexique, traduite de l'Espagnole, ; ' 
i2mo. The letters, all written by Cortes, are three in number, and they were first published in Spanish 
by the Archbishop of Toledo, who had held the see of Mexico. They are extremely curious and interesting, 
being calculated to illustrate the character of the writer, as well as the transactions in which he was 
engaged.— Cdlvigero's Hist, of Mexico. Robertson's Hist, of America. 



ALPHABETICAL CHRONOLOGY. 



109 



MICHAEL, St. Mount, monastery, Cornwall, built, 
1030. 

MICROSCOPES first used in Germany, 1621 ; solar 
ditto, 1710. 

MIDDLESEX-HOSPITAL enlarged, 1834. 

MILE, the length of it first determined, 1593, to con- 
sist of 5280 feet, or 1760 yards ; so that a square 
mile contains 640 square acres. 

MILITARY Academy, Wolwich, established, 1741. 

MILITIA, the present act passed 1757 ; altered 1764, 
1781 ; permanent local militia established, 1808. 

MILNER (Isaac), Divine and Mathematician, died 
1820 

MILTON (John), born 1608, died blind, 1674. 

MINE-*, royal, established, 1565. 

MINOTATjR, of seventy-four guns, wrecked on the 
Haaks bank, and 480 of the crew drowned, 
D-'cember 22, 1810. 

MINSTER at York, much injured by fire, inten- 
tionally caused by Martin, a lunatic, February 2, 
1829 ; re-opened, after complete restoration, May 
6, 1832. 

MINT (New), erected, 1813. 

MIRABAUD, the French statesman died, 1791 . 

MIRRORS invented by Praxiteles, 228 years before 
Christ. 

YHTCHELSTOWN, at a barn near, at which a 
number <jf persons had met to celebrate a wedding, 
a tire took place, in which the bride, and nearly 
twenty other persons perished, February 12, 1816. 

MITFORD (Jack), an eccentric author, died in St. 
Giles'-workhouse, December, 1831. 

MOHOCKS, a set of disorderly people, who went 
about London streets at night, and took pleasure 
in wounding and disfiguring the men, and inde- 
cently exposing the women, 1711 ; £100 reward 
was offered by royal proclamation for apprehending 
any one of them. 

MOIR (Captain), found guilty of murdering a fisher- 
man, who persevered in trespassing on his grounds 
at Little Warham, Essex, July 30, 1830, executed 
August 2, following. 

MOLA (Pietro Francesco), born 1609. died, 1665. 

MOLDAVIA and Wallachia invaded by the Rus- 
sians, November 23, 1806. 

MOLE, at Athens, built 120. 

MOLT ERE (Jean Baptiste), French comedian, born 
1620, died 1673. 

MONASTERY, the first founded, to which the 
sister of Saint Anthony retired, 270 ; the first in 
Britain, 596. 

MONCEY (General), defeated by the Patriots of 
Valencia, July 1, 1808. 

MONEY, first mentioned as a medium of commerce 
in the 23d chapter of Genesis. 

MONK (General), born 1608, arbiter of England's 
fate, 1659; made Duke of Albemarle, July 13, 
1660; died January 4, 1669-70 

MONK, the first was Paul of Thebais, about 250. 

MONMOUTH (Duke of), beheaded 1685, aged 35. 

MONMOUTH (Jeffery of), wrote in 1152. 

MONMOUTH was made an English county, 1535. 

MONTAGUE (Lady Mary Wortley), an elegant 
writer, died 1762. 

MONTEM. The triennial custom of the Eton- 
scholars parading to Salt-hill, near Windsor, and 



distributing salt. Originated in the friars selling 
their consecrated salt for medical purposes. 

MONTESQUIEU (Charles), born 1689; died 1755. 

MONTE VIDEO taken by storm by the British, 
February 3, 1807 ; capitulated to Buenos Ayres, 
June 20, 1814. 

MONTREAL discovered 1534; settled 1721. 

MONTREAL taken by the English, 1760; by the 
Provincials, November 12, 1775 ; and re-taken by 
the English, June 15, 1776. 

MONUMENT, London, began 1671; finished 1677 ; 
repaired 1786. 

MONUMENT at Ayr, to Robert Burns, completed 
July 4, 1823. 

MOORFIELDS levelled and first planted, 1614; 
converted to Finsbury-square in 1789. 

MOORGATE, London, sold for £160., and pulled 
down 1761. 

MOORE (Sir John), killed in the battle of Corunna, 
Januarv 16, 1809. 

MORAVIANS (Order of) appeared In Bohemia, 
1457; in England, 1737. 

*MORE (Hannah, died September 7, 1833. 

MORE (Sir Thomas), born 1480; beheaded July 6, 
1535: aged 55. 

MOREAU, French general, wounded by a cannon- 
ball while talking to the Emperor of Russia, before 
Dresden, August 28, and died September 4, 1813. 

MORELLO, general of the insurgent army in South 
America; condemned and executed at Mexico, 
1816. 

MORLAND (George), painter, died October 29, 
1804, aged 39. 

MORLEY (Lord), tried at Westminster-hall for 
murder, 1666. 

MORNING CHRONICLE, property of the, sold 
for £40,000., 1823. 

MORRISON, R., D.D., F.R.S. Born at Morpeth, 
January5, 1782; died at Canton, in China, August 
1, 1834. Was received into the Dissenting Aca- 
demy at Hoxton, near London, January 7. 1803. 
Left England, January 31, 1807. Landed at Macao, 
September 4, 1807. In 1813, completed an edition 
in Chinese, of the whole of the New Testament 
The translation and publication of the whole of 
the Old and New Testaments, in nineteen volumes, 
octavo, was completed in 1819, assisted by Dr 
Milne. Dr. Morrision's " Chinese Dictionary " is 
unquestionably the imperishable monument of his 
literary fame ; it occupied, from its commencement 
to its completion, thirteen years of the prime ot 
his laborious life. He dedicated it to the Court ol 
Directors of the East India Company, by whose 
orders the Company's funds were munificenth 
charged with the entire expense of its publication, 
amounting to about £12,000. Sir George Staunton 
pronounced him to be " confessedly the first 
Chinese scholar in Enrope." 

MORTARS, for bombs, first made in England. 1543. 

MOSCOW entered by the French, September 14, 
1812 ; set on fire in 500 places at once, by order of 
the Russian governor, and three-fourths of the city 
destroyed two days after; evacuated by the 
French, and re-entered by the Russians, October 
22, 1812. 

MOSCOW had 2000 houses destroyed by fire, July, 



* Hannah More, the youngest but one of the five daughters of Jacob More, who was descended from a 
respectable family at Harleston, in Norfolk, was born, in 1745, in the parish of Stapleton, in the county of 
Gloucester. She wrote the pastoral drama, "The Search after Happiness;" and soon after formed an 
acquaintance with Langhorne, the poet, whose correspondence, in 1773, begins the list of that illustrious 
company of scholars, poets, wits, historians, actors, bishops, and blue stockings, male and female, b\ 
whom H. More was received with the attention and welcome due to her talents and conduct. Her prose 
works are distinguished for soundness of argument, justness of thought, solidity of reflection, and fullness 
of illustration, combined with exalted piety. There is a moral eloquence that elevates them, an earnest- 
ness and force that come upon us with the conviction of truth. Her letters are written with grace, 
vivacity, and politeness, and are rich beyond any book that has been recently published in recollections of 
literature and anecdotes of literary men. The name of H. More will descend to posterity as one among the 
"devout and honourable women," of whom England, we trust, possesses " not a few." 



110 



ALPHABETICAL CHRONOLOGY. 



1736, again in 1752, when 13,000 houses were 
burnt. 
MOSELEY (Dr. B.), Physician, born in Essex; died 

1810. 
MOSES born 1571, died 1451, B. C. 
MOWHEE, a New Zealander, and convert to 
Christianity, died at London, December 12, 1816. 

MOZART (Wolfang Amadeus), musical composer, 
born January 27, 1756, died December 5, 1792. 

MUDGE (Major General), died 1820. 

MUGGLETONIANS, sect of, sprung from L. Mug- 
eleton, a jou neyman tailor, 1647. 

MUMFORD (Mr.), murdered near Querndon, in 
Essex, by Pallet, one of his labourers, December 
4, 1823; the murderer was executed at Chelms- 
ford. 

MUNDEN (J. Shepherd), celebrated comic actor, 
born, 1759, died, 1832. 

MUNROE (James), president of the United States 
in America, born 1759, died 1831. 

MURAT (Joachim), brother-in-law of Buonaparte, 
made King of Naples, August 1, 1808 ; acceeded 
to the confederacy of sovereigns against Buona- 
parte, January 1814 ; having been defeated by the 
Austrians, quitted Naples, April 22, 1815 ; after 
wandering from Toulon to Corsica, and from Cor- 
sica to the coast of Pizzo, in Calabria, was there 
tried by a military commission, and shot, October 
15. 1815 

MURILLO (Bartho), painter, born 1613, died 1685. 

MUSEUM (British), purchased by parliament and 
vested in the public, 1753. 

MUSICAL Festival, Westminster-abbey, at which 
King Willam IV. and Queen Adelaide were pre 
sent, 24th of June, 1834. 

MUSICAL notes invented, 1070, such as are at pre- 
sent used, 1330. 

MUSIC on bells, or chimes, invented in Alost, 1487. 

MUSKETS first used in France at the siege of Arras, 
1414 ; in general use, 1521 ; in the Netherlands, 
1567. 

MUSLINS from India first worn in England, 1670 ; 
first manufactured in England, in 1781. 

MUTINY Act first passed in 1689. 

MUTINY on board the fleet at Portsmouth for ad- 
vance of wages, &c, April 18, 1797. 

MUTINY at the Nore, which blocked up the trade 
of the Thames, subsided, June 10, 1797, when the 
principal mutineers were put in irons, and several 
executed. 

NAMUR was taken by the French, July 18, 1794. 

NANTZ (edict of), passed by Henry IV., by which 
Protestants enjoyed toleration in France, 1598; 
revoked by Louis XIV., 1685 ; by this bad policy 
50,000 French protestants left France and came to 
England. 

NAPLES, ships of war in the bay of, surrendered to 
the British, May, 1815 ; city of, quitted by Murat, 
and entered by the Austrian troops, April 22, 1815 ; 
public entrance of King Ferdinand into the city, 
after an absence of nine years, June 17, 1815. 

NAPOLEON I., Emperor of the French, born 1769, 
died 1821. 

NASMYTH (Peter), a distinguished English artist, 
born 1786, died 1831. 

NATURALIZATION, first law for, in England, 1437 
and 1709. 

NAVAL asylum, instituted by the Duke of Clarence, 
1801. 

NAVAL salute to the English flag began in Alfred's 
reign, and has continued ever since. 

NAVIGABLE Canals, the first in England, 1134. 

NAVIGATION Act first passed, 1381 ; again in 
1541 ; again for the colonies, 1646, 1651, which 
secured the trade of our colonies, 1660 and 1778 ; 
of the Thames shipping commenced, 1786. 

NAVY. In 1830 the number of commissioned ships 
was under 200, and the number of men employed 
was 30,000. 

NAVY Office founded, December 4, 1644. 

NEEDLE-MAKERS' Company, London, incorpo- 
rated, 1656. 

NEEDLES were first made in England by a native 
of India, 1545, the art lost at his death ; re- 



covered by Christopher Greening, in 1560, who 
was settled with his three children, Elizabeth, 
John, and Thomas, by Mr. Darner, ancestor of the 

B resent Earl of Dorchester at Long Crendon, 
ucks, where the manufactory has been carried on 
from that time to the present day. 

NEGROES adjudged to be free whilst in this 
country, 1772 ; declared free in Scotland, January 
15, 1778. 

NELSON (Admiral Lord Viscount, Duke of Bronte), 
killed in battle, in the glorious victory off Tra- 
falgar, October 21, 1805, and buried at the public 
expense in St. Paul's-cathedral, with a splendor 
never before witnessed in these Kingdoms, January 
10, 1806. 

NEPAUL, East India Company's war with the state 
terminated, April 27, 1815 ; treaty of peace signed 
between the parties, December 2, 1815; war 
renewed by an infraction of the treaty by the 
Nepaulese, January, 1816 ; after several contests, 
unfavourable to the Nepaulese, the former treaty 
ratified, March 15, 1816. 

NERO murdered his mother, 55, died 68, aged 32. 

NETLEY-ABBEY, Hants, built, 1239. 

NEWBROOK-House, county of Mayo, Ireland, seat 
of Lord Clanmonis, destroyed by fire December 2, 
1833. 

NEW Caledonia discovered, 1774. 

NEWCASTLE (Duke of), obtained a verdict for 
£21,000 against the hundred of Broxholme, for 
the wanton destruction of his castle of Nottingham, 
in October, 1831, August 9, 1832. 

NEWFOUNDLAND discovered by Cabot, 1497; 
settled, 1614. 

NEWFOUNDLAND Fishing Act passed,1699 

NEW FOREST, in Hampshire, made, 1081. 

NEWGATE, in the Old Bailey, London, built 1776 ; 
burnt by the rioters. June 6, 1780. 

NEW HOLLAND discovered by the Dutch, 1628 ; 
settled by the English, 1787. 

NEW INN Society founded, 1485. 

NEW-RIVER cut finished in three years time, (the 
manager, Sir Hugh Middleton, knighted by King 
James), runs fifty miles, and has about 200 bridges 
over it, 1609 ; brought to London, 1614. 

NEW SPAIN, or Mexico, discovered, 1518. 

NEWSPAPERS stamped, 1713; increased, 1815; 
reduced, 1836. 

NEW-STYLE first introduced into Europe, 1582: 
into Holland and the protestant states, 1740 ; into 
England, 1752. 

NEW TESTAMENT translated into the Chinese 
language, by the East India Company's translator 
at Canton, and printed, 1814. 

NEWTON (Sir Isaac), born Dec. 25, 1642 ; knighted 
by Queen Anne, 1705 ; died March 20, 1726-7. 

NEW YORK settled, 1664; surrendered to the 
British troops, September 15, 1776; suffered a 
damage of 100,000 dollars by fire, 1800 ; university 
organised, 1832. 

NEY (Marshal), convicted of treason, August 6, 
1815, and shot the next day. 

NICENE CREED made, 325. 

NIMMO (Alexander), an eminent engineer, born 
in Scotland, 1783, died at Dublin, 1832. 

NINEVEH, destroyed by the Medes, 612, B. C. 

NOAH, directed to build the ark, 1536, A. M., 120 
before the flood , died 1998 before Christ, aged 950. 

NO ETON, seat of Lord Ripon, Lincolnshire, de- 
stroyed by fire July 15, 1834. 

NORBURY (Lord), the facetious Irish Judge, born 
1746; died 1831. 

NORMANS, their invasions commenced in 800; 
settled in France in 1002 ; in Friesland, 1011 ; re- 
duced England, 1066 ; driven out of Naples, in 1194. 

NORTHCOTE (James), an eminent English artist, 
born 1746; died 1831. 

NORWAY, attached to Sweden, and Charles XHL, 
of Sweden, proclaimed king of, November 4, 1814. 

NORWICH Cathedral began, 1096. 

NORWICH, the lake at, opened, and the salt 
water admitted, by which all the fish were de- 
stroyed, June 3, 1831. 

NOTES and bills first stamped, 1782. 



ALPHABETICAL CHRONOLOGY. 



NOTRE DAME, Paris, built, 1270. 

NOVA SCOTIA, settled, 1622. 

NOVA ZEMBLA discovered, 1553. 

NUNNERY, the first in England, at Folkestone, 630. 

O'CONNELL (Daniel), a Roman Catholic, returned 

to Parliament for county Clare, Ireland, July 5, 

1828. 
O'CONNER (Roderic), last Irish monarch, died 

1198, very old. 
O'KEEFE (John), celebrated dramatic author, born 

at Dublin, 1747; died, February 4, 1833. 
OFFA'S Dvke made, 774. 
OLBER'S planet discovered, 1802. 
OLIVENZA surrendered to the French, June 22, 

1810 ; to the Allied army, under Lord Wellington, 

April 15, 1811. 
OMNIBUS, a species of long bodied coach, first 

introduced into London, July, 1828. 
OPERA HOUSE (English), Strand, February 16, 

1830; new house opened, July 14, 1834. 
OPERA, the first in London was in York-buildings, 

in 1692. The first at Drury-lane was in 1705; by 

Handel, in 1735. 
OPIE (John), painter, born 1761 ; died 1807. 
OPORTO taken by the French, March 29, 1809; 

evacuated by them, May 12, following. 
ORANGE (William I., Prince of), assassinated, 

June 30, 1584. 
ORDEAL by fire, abolished, 1261. 
ORGANS brought to Europe from the Greek empire, 

were first invented, and applied to religious devo- 
tion in churches, 758. 
ORKNEY and Shetland Islands conveyed by Den- 
mark to Scotland, 1426. 
ORLEANS, New, British unsuccesful attack upon, 

l"St in killed, wounded, and prisoners, 2000 men ; 

Generals Pakenham and Gibbs were also killed, 

and General Keane wounded, January 8, 1815. 
ORPHEUS, the poet, flourished 576 before Christ. 
OSNABURGH bishopric established, 1780. 
OSSIAN flourished, as a poet, in 300. 
OSTADE (Adrian Van), a Dutch painter, born 1610, 

died 1685. 
OSTEND had its works and floodgates of its canal 

destroyed by the English, May 19, 1798. 
OTAHEITE discovered, June 18, 1765. 
OTHO, the first King of Greece, born June 1, 1815. 
OTTOMAN empire begun, 1293. 
OTWAY (Thomas), English poet, born 1651, died 

1685. 
OVID born at Sulmo forty-three years before Christ, 

died fifteen after Christ. 
OWHY-HE island discovered, 1778. 
OXFORD University, founded by Alfred, 886 ; its 

castle built, 1071 ; chancellors-court established, 

1244; bishopric founded, 1541 ; new theatre built, 

1669 ; a terrible fire at, 1644 ; library built, 1745. 
OXFORD, Arthur, Duke of Wellington made chan- 
cellor of, 1834. 
PAESIELLO (John), musician, born, May 9, 1740; 

died, June 5, 1816. 
PAINE (Thomas), author of "The Rights of Man," 
&c. ; born at Thetford, Norfolk, 1737; died at 
New York, North America, June 8, 1809. 
PAINTING, the art of, first introduced at Rome, 
from Etruria, by Quintus, who on that account 
was styled Pictor, 291, B. C. The first excellent 

Rictures were brought from Corinth to Rome by 
lummius, 146, B. C. In oil, said to have been 
invented by John Van Eyck, who with his brother 
Hubert, were the founders of the Flemish school, 
1415. The first picture was an Ecce Homo, 1455. 
In chiara oscuro, 1590, introduced into Venice, by 
Venetiano, 1450; into Italy, by Antonello, 1476. 

PALEY (Dr. William), archdeacon of Carlisle, died, 
May 25, 1805. 

PALLADIO. the architect, flourished in 1576. 

PANTHEON, at Rome, built, twenty-live years 
before Christ. 

PANTHEON, Oxford street, London, entirely de- 
stroyed by fire, to the value of £60,000., January 
16, 1792. 

PAPER made of cotton was in use in 1000 ; that of 
linen rags in 1319; the manufacture of, intro- 



duced into England, at Dartford, in Kent, 1588 ; 
scarcely any but brown paper made in England 
until 1690; stamped paper first used in Spain and 
Holland in 1555. Made from straw, 1S00. 
PAPISTS admitted to seats in the British Parlia- 
ment, April 10, 1829. 
PAPISTS excluded the thione, 1689. 
PARDONS first granted at coronations, 1327. 
PARIS, entered by the Emperor of Russia, at the 
head of his troops, March 31, 1814. Treaty of. 
signed by the ministers of the Allied Sovereigns 
for the'protection of France, May 30, 1814. Treaties 
for the maintenance of that treaty between Eng- 
land, Russia, and Prussia, signed at Vienna, March 
25, 1815. Evacuated by the French, and occupied 
by the Allied army, July 3, 1815. 
PARISHES in England first laid out, 640, when it 
had 45,000; afterwards reduced to 9700, besides 
chapels, 1527. In 1776 there were 14,563. 
PARK, the first in England, made by Henry I., at 

Woodstock, 1123. 
PARLIAMENT began under the Saxon govern- 
ment; the first regular one was in King John's 
reign, 1204 ; the epoch of the House of Commons, 
January 23, 1265 ; members obliged to reside in 
the places they represented, 1413 ; peer's eldest 
son, Francis Russell, son of the Earl of Bedford, 
was the first who sat in the House of Commons, 
1549; that remarkable for the epoch in which 
were first formed the parties of court and country, 
June 16, 1620 ; a peer elected, and sat as a member 
of the House of Commons, 1649 ; the House of 
Commons committed a Secretary of State to the 
Tower, November 18, 1678 ; their speaker refused 
by the king, 1679 ; bill passed for triennial Parlia- 
ments, November, 1694. 
PARLIAMENT, Houses of Lords and Commons 
destroyed by fire, October 16, 1834. New houses 
opened, February 19, 1835. 
PARMEGIANO, an Italian painter, born 1504 ; died 

1510. 
PAROCHIAL assessment for the poor began, 1572. 
PARR (Dr. S.), born 1747 ; died 1825. 
PARR (Thomas), died 1635, aged 152. He lived in 

ten reigns. 
PARRY (J. H.), a writer of Welsh biography, 

died February 12, 1825. 
PASSOVER instituted, Monday, May 4, 1491 ; cele- 
brated in the new temple, April 18, 515, B. C 
PATENT granted for titles, first used 1344 ; first 
granted for the exclusive privelege of publishing 
books, 1594. 
PATRICK (St.), Order of knighthood in Ireland, 

began February 25, 1783. 
PAUL (St.), wrote his first Epistle to the Corin- 
thians, and that to the Galatians, 51 ; first Epistle 
to the Thessalonians, 52; second Epistle to the 
Thessalonians, 53; second Epistle to the Corin- 
thians, and that to the Philipians, Ephesians, 
Colossians, and Philemon, 62 ; to the Hebrews, 
63 ; first Epistle to Timothy and that to Titus, 65 ; 
second Epstle to Timothy, 66 ; festival instituted, 
813. 
PAUL'S (St.), London, built on the foundation of an 
old temple of Dianna, 610 ; burnt, 964 ; rebuilt, 
1240, having been 150 years building; totally 
destroyed by fire, 1666 ; first stone of the present 
building laid, 1675; finished, 1710; and cost 
£1,000,000. ; first service performed, December 2, 
1697. The iron balustrade round the church-yard 
is three furlongs and one-fifth. 
PAUL'S (St.), the ball and cross renewed, 1823. 
PAUL'S (St.), school, built, 1510. 
PAWNBROKERS first began, 1457. 
PAWNBROKERS' licence act, 1104. 
PEACE, grand ceremony of, took place in London, 
June 20. 1814. Grand procession to St. Paul's, on 
a thanksgiving day for the restoration of. July 7, 
1814. Grand national jubilee in the three parks, 
in celebration of, August 1, 1814. 
PEDESTRIANS. Powell, a lawyer, walked from 
London to York and back again in six days, being 
a distance of 402 mil s, Nov. 27, 1773. Walked 
it again, when at the age of 57 years, June 20, 



112 



ALPHABETICAL CHRONOLOGY* 



1789. Captain Barclay finished, at Newmarket, 
the task of walking 1000 miles in 1000 successive 
hours, walking one mile in each hour, April, 1809. 
Thomas Standen. near Silver-hill Barracks, com- 
pleted a similar, but more arduous task, by walk- 
ing 1100 miles in as many successive hours, July 
14, 1811. Mr. Aiken started from Westminster 
to go to a spot near Ashford, in Kent, and return, 
the distance being 108 miles, which he performed 
in nine minutes less than twenty-four hours, July 
31, 1813, &c. &c. 

PEDRO (Don), Ex-emperor of Brazil, died in Por- 
tugal, September 24, 1834, aged 36 years. 

PEERS' eldest sons first permitted to sit in Parlia- 
ment, 1550. 

PELLEW (Admiral, Sir Israel), brother to Lord 
Exmouth, a brave and judicious officer, born 
1761; died 1832. 

PELLEW (Edward, Lord Exmouth), a gallant 
British Admiral, and the hero of Algiers, born 
1757; died 1833 

PENITENTIARY-HOUSE for the confinement of 
convicts, act for the erection of passed, 1812. 

PENNY-PIECES of copper first issued in England, 
June 26, 1797. 

PENNY-POST set up in London and suburbs, by 



one Murray, an upholsterer, 1681, who afterwards 
assigned the same to one Dockwra ; afterwards 
claimed by the government, who allowed the 
latter a pension of £200. a year, in 1711 ; first set 
up in Dublin, 1774 ; it was improved considerably 
in and round London, July, 1794; made a two- 
penny-post in 1801. 

PENS for writing were first made from quills in 
635. 

PERCIVAL (Spencer), prime minister of England, 
assassinated in the lobby of the House of Commons, 
by John Bellingham, May 11, 1812. 

PERJURY punished with the pillory, 1563. 

PERNAMBUCO, revolutionary insurrection in the 
province of, in March, 1817. 

PERREAU (Robert and Daniel), executed for 
forgery, January 17, 1775. 

PERRlER (M. Cassimer), prime minister of France, 
died of cholera morbus, May 16, 1832, aged fifty- 
four. 

PERSIAN Empire conquered by Alexander, 331 

PERU discovered, 1518. 
PETERBOROUGH cathedral built, 1200. 
*PETER BOTTE mountain, at the Mauritius, 
ascent of took place, September 7, 1832. 



* The Peter Botte-mountain has always been considered inaccessible; and although a tradition exists 
of a man of that name having ascended it, and losing his life in returning, it is seldom believed ; no authentic 
account remaining of the fact. A Frenchman, forty-two years ago, declared that he had got on the top by 
himself, and made a hole in the rock for a flag-staff; and his countrymen naturally believed him ; but the 
value of this assertion may be also judged of by the present narrative. The ascent has been frequently 
attempted, and by several people, of late years ; once by the officers of his Majesty's ship, Samarang, who 
lost their way and found themselves separated from the Peter Botte itself by a deep cleft in the rock, and 
in consequence were compelled to return. Captain Lloyd, chief civil engineer, and Mr. Dawkins, made 
the attempt in 1831, and succeeded in reaching a point between the shoulder and the neck, where they 
planted a ladder, which did not however reach halfway up a perpendicular face of rock that arrested their 
progress. This was the last attempt. Captain Lloyd was then, however, so convinced of the practicability 
of the undertaking, that he determined to repeat the experiment, and accordingly made all his preparations 
by the beginning of this month (September 1832). On the 6th, he started from town, accompanied by 
Lieutenant Phillpotts, of the 29th regiment, Lieutenant Keppel, R. N., and myself. He had previously 
sent out two of his overseers with about twenty-five negroes and sepoy convicts, to make all the necessary 
preparations. They carried with them a sort of tent, and ropes, crow-bars, a portable ladder, provisions, 
and everything we could possibly want for three or four days, as we intended to remain on the shoulder of 
the mountain, close to the base of Peter Botte, until we either succeeded, or were convinced of its impos- 
sibility. These men had worked hard ; and, on our arriving at the foot of the mountain, we found the tent 
and all our tools, &c, safely lodged on the shoulder of the Peter Botte. I may as well describe here the 
appearance of the mountain. From most points of view, it seems to rise out of the range which runs 
nearly parallel to that part of the sea-coast, which forms the bay of Port Louis ; but, on arriving at its base, 
you find that it is actually separated from the rest of the range by a ravine or cleft, of a tremendous depth. 
Seen from the town, it appears a cone, with a large overhanging rock at its summit ; but so extraordinarily 
sharp and knife-like is this, in common with all the rocks in the island, that when seen end on, as the 
sailors say, it appears nearly perpendicular. In fact, I have seen it in fifty different points of view, and 
cannot yet assign to it any one precise form. But to my tale. We dined that evening, and slept at the 
house of a Frenchman, in the plain below, and rose early next morning. All our preparations being made, 
we started, and a more picturesque line of march I have seldom seen. Our van was composed of about 
fifteen or twenty sepoys, in every variety of costume, together with a few negroes, carrying our food, dry 
clothes, &c. Our path lay up a very steep ravine, formed by the rains in the wet season, which, having 
loosened all the stones, made it anything but pleasant ; those below were obliged to keep a bright look-out 
for tumbling rocks, and one of these missed Keppel and myself by a miracle. From the head of this gorge 
we turned off along the other face of the mountain ; and it would have been a fine subject for a picture, 
to look up from the ravine below, and see the long string slowly picking their " kittle " footsteps along a 
ledge not anywhere a foot broad ; yet these monkeys carried their loads full four hundred yards along this 
face, holding by the shrubs above , while below there was nothing but the tops of the forest for more than 
nine hundred feet down the slope. On rising to the shoulder, a view burst upon us which quite defies my 
descriptive powers. We stood on a little narrow ledge, or neck of land, about twenty yards in length. 
On the side which we mounted, we looked back into the deep wooded gorge we had passed up ; while on 
the opposite side of the neck, which was between six and seven feet broad the precipice went sheer 



ALPHABETICAL CHRONOLOGY. I»3 



down fifteen hundred feet to the plain. One extremity of the neck was equally precipitous, and the other 
was bounded by what to me was the most magnificent sight I ever saw. A narrow, knife-like edge of rock, 
broken here and there by precipitous faces, ran up in a conical form to about 300 or 350 feet above us ; and, 
on the very pinnacle, old "Peter Botte'' frowned in all his glory. I have done several sketches of him, 
one of which, from this point, I send by the same ship as this letter. 

After a short rest we proceeded to work. The ladder had been left by Lloyd and Dawkins last year, it 
was about twelve feet high, and reached about halfway up a face of perpendicular rock. The foot, which 
was spiked, rested on a ledge, with barely three inches on each side. A grapnel-line 'had been also left 
last year, but was not used. A negro of Lloyd's clambered from the top of the ladder by the cleft in the 
face of the rock, not trusting his weight to the old and rotten line. He carried a small cord round his i 
middle ; and it was fearful to see the cool, steady way in which he climbed, where a single loose stone or 
false hold must have sent him down into the abyss ; however, he fearlessly scrambled away, till at length | 
we heard him halloo from under the neck V all right.'' These negroes use their feet exactly like monkeys, 
grasping with them every projection almost as firmly as with their hands. The line carried up he made fast 
above, and up it we all four "shinned" in succession. It was, joking apart, awful work. In several 
places the ridge ran to an edge not a foot broad ; and I could, as 1 held on, half-sitting half-kneeling, across 
the ridge, have kicked my right shoe down to the plain on one side, and my left into the bottom of the 
ravine on the other. The only thing which surprised me was my own steadiness and freedom from all giddi- 
ness. I had been nervous in mounting the ravine in the morning; but gradually I got so excited and 
determined to succeed, that 1 could look down that dizzy height without the smallest sensation of swim- 
ming in the head ; nevertheless, I held on uncommonly hard, and felt very well satisfied when I was safe 
under the neck. And a more extraordinary situation I never was in. The head, which is an enormous 
mass of rock, about thirty-five feet in height, overhangs its base many feet on every side. A ledge of toler- 
ably level rock runs round three sides of the base, about six feet in width, bounded everywhere by the 
abrupt edge of the precipice, except in the spot where it is joined by the ridge up which we climbed. In 
one spot, the head, though overhanging its base several feet, reaches only perpendicularly over the edge of 
the precipice ; and, most fortunately, it was at the very spot where we mounted. Here it was that we. 
reckoned on getting up : a communication being established with the shoulder by a double line of ropes, 
we proceeded to get up the necessary materiel— Lloyd's portable ladder, additional coils of rope, crow- 
bars, &c. But now the question, and a puzzler too, was how to get the ladder up against the rock. Lloyd 
had prepared some iron arrows, with thongs, to fire over ; and, having got up a gun, he made a line fast 
round his body, which we all held on, and going over the edge of the precipice on the opposite side, he 
leaned back against the line, and fired over the least projecting part : had the line broke he would have 
fallen 1800 feet. Twice this failed, and then he had recourse to a large stone with a lead line, which 
swung diagonally, and seemed to be a feasible plan : several times he made beautiful heaves, but the 
provoking line would not catch, and away went the stone far down below ; till at length ^Eolus, pleased,- 
I suppose, with his perseverance, gave us a shift of wind for about a minute, and over went the stone, and 
was eagerly seized on the opposite side. — " Hurrah, my lads, steady's the word ! " Three lengths of the 
ladder were put together on the ledge ; a large line was attached to the one which was over the head, and 
carefully drawn up ; and, finally, a two-inch rope, to the extremity of which we lashed the top of our 
ladder, then lowered it gently over the precipice till it hung perpendicularly, and was steadied by two 
negroes on the ridge below. " All right, now hoist away!" and up went the ladder, till the foot came to 
the edge of our ledge, where it was lashed in firmly to the neck. We then hauled away on the guy to 
steady it, and made it fast ; a line was passed over by the lead-line to hold on, and up went Lloyd, screech- 
ing and hallooing, and we all three scrambled after him. The union-jack and a boat-hook were passed 
up, and Old England's flag waved freely and gallantly on the redoubted Peter Botte. No sooner was it 
seen flying, than the Undaunted frigate saluted in the harbour, and the guns of our saluting battery replied ; 
for though our expedition had been kept secret till we started, it was made known the morning of our 
ascent, and all hands were on the look-out, as we afterwards learnt. We then got a bottle of wine to the 
top of the rock, christened it " King William's Peak," and drank his Majesty's health, hands round the 
Jack, and then " Hip, hip, hip, hurrah !" 

I certainly never felt anything like the excitement of that moment ; even the negroes down on the shouldei j 
took up our hurrahs, and we could hear, far below, the faint shouts of the astonished inhabitants of the j 
plain. We were determined to do nothing by halves, and accordingly made preparations for sleeping under | 
the neck, by hauling up blankets, pea-jackets, brandy, cigars, &c. Meanwhile, our dinner was preparing j 
on the shoulder below ; and, about four, p. M., we descended our ticklish path, to partake of the portable , 
soup, preserved salmon, &c. Our party was now increased by Dawkins and his cousin, a lieutenant of the 
Talbot, to whom we had written, informing them of our hopes of success; but their heads would not 
allow them to mount to the head or neck. After dinner, as it was getting dark, I screwed up my nerves, 
and climbed up to our queer little nest at the top, followed by Tom Keppel, and a negro, who carried 
some dry wood and made a fire in a cleft under the rock. Lloyd and Phillpotts soon came up, and we 
began to arrange ourselves for the night, each taking a glass of brandy to begin with. I had on two 
pair of trousers, a shooting waistcoat, jacket, and a huge flushing jacket over that, a thick woollen sailor's 
Q 



Hi 



ALPHABETICAL CHRONOLOGY, 



PETER, Czar of Mtiscovy, visited England, 1698. 

PETERSBURG, in Muscovy, built by the Czar, 
Peter L, 1703. 

PETER'S, St., at Rome, began in 1514, finished in 
1629. 

PETER, St., wrote his first Epistle, 60 ; his second 
Epistle, 66. 

PETRARCH (Francis), born at Arezzo, 1304, died 
1374. 

PEVER, the river in Gloucestershire, suddenly 
altered its course, and ten acres of land, with 
every thing upon its surface, were removed with 
the current, 1773. 

PHILLIPS (Lieut. Col ), companion of the circum- 
navigator, Captain Cook, born 1756, died at Lam- 
beth, September 11, 1832 ; he witnessed the death 
of Captain Cook. 

PIAZZA planet discovered, 1801. 

PICTS' walls, between England and Scotland, built 
85, by Agricola; repaired byUrbicus 144; Adrian 
built one'from Newcastle to Carlisle, 121 ; Severus, 
from sea to sea, 203. 

PILATE made governor of Judea, 27 ; killed him- 
self, 40. 

PINDAR, the poet, died 435 years B.C., aged 80. 

PINNY, the mayor of Bristol, was tried for negli- 
gence and pusillanimity during the memorable 
riots, and acquitted, November 1, 1S32. 

PINS brought from France, 1543, and were first 
used in England by Catherine Howard, Queen of 
Henry VIII. Before that invention, both sexes 
used ribbons, loop-holes, laces with points and 
tags, clasps, hooks and eyes, and skewers of brass, 
silver, and gold. 



PIOMBO (Seb.), a Venetian painter, born 14S5, died 
1547. 

PIOZZl (Mrs.), born 1739, died 1821. 

PIPPINS first planted in England in Lincolnshire, 
1585. 

PITT (Thomas), governor of Madras, possessor of 
the great diamond, father of the Earl of Chatham, 
died 1726. 

PITT (William), Earl of Chatham died, May 11, 
1778, aged seventy, and buried at the public ex- 
pense, June 9, following. 

PITT (William), son of the Earl of Chatham, and 
prime minister of England, died January 23, 1806, 
buried, February 22, 1806. 

PHIDIAS, the statuary, lived 486 years B C. 

PHILANTHROPIC SOCIETY, commenced, 1788. 

PLAGUE, the whole world visited by one, 767 
B. C. ; in Rome, when 10,000 persons died in one 
day, 78 ; in England, 762 ; in Chichester, when 
34,000 died, 1772'; in Canterbury, 788; in London 
which killed 30*000 persons, 1407 ; at Constanti- 
nople, when 200,000 persons died, 1611 ; in London 
when 35,417 died, 1625 and 1631 ; again at London, 
the " Great Plague," which destroyed 68,000 per- 
sons, 1665. 

PLATO died 384 years B. C. 

PLATTSBURG, Lake Champlain, expedition 
against, by Sir George Prevost, abandoned after a 
naval defeat, September 11, 1814. 

PLAYS required to be licensed by the Lord Cham- 
berlain, by Parliament, 1737. 

PLEADINGS in Courts of Judicature first per- 
mitted, 788 ; first used in the English tongue, 1362. 

PLINY, the elder, died in 79 ; aged 56. 



cap, and two blankets ; and each of us lighted a cigar as we seated ourselves to wait for the appointed 
hour for our signal of success. It was a glorious sight to look down from that giddy pinnacle over the 
whole island, lying so calm and beautiful in the moonlight, except where the broad, black shadows of the 
other mountains intercepted the light. Here and there we could see a light twinkling in the plains, or the 
fire of some sugar manufactory ; but not a sound of any sort reached us, except an occasional shout from the 
party down on the shoulder (we four being the only ones above). At length in the direction of Port Louis, 
a bright flash was seen, and after a long interval the sullen boom of the evening-gun. We then prepared 
our pre-arranged signal, and whizz went a rocket from our nest, lighting up for an instant the peaks of the 
hills below us, and then leaving us in darkness. We next burnt a blue-light, and nothing can be conceived 
more perfectly beautiful than the broad glare against the overhanging rock. The wild-looking group we 
made in our uncouth habiliments, and the narrow ledge on which we stood, were all distinctly shown ; 
while many of the tropical birds, frightened at our vagaries, came glancing by in the light, and then swooped 
away, screeching, into the gloom below ; for the gorge on our left was dark as Erebus. We burnt another 
blue-light, and threw up two more rockets, when, our laboratory being exhausted, the patient-looking, 
insulted moon, had it all her own way again. We now rolled ourselves up in our blankets, and, having 
lashed Phillpotts, who is a determined sleep-walker, to Keppel's leg, we tried to sleep ; but it blew strong 
before the morning, and was very cold ? We drank all our brandy, and kept tucking in the blankets the 
whole night without success. At day-break we rose, stiff, cold, and hungry ; and I shall conclude briefly 
by saying, that after about four or five hours' hard work, we got a hole mined in the rock, and sunk the 
foot of our twelve-foot ladder deep in this, lashing a water-barrel, as a landmark, at the top ; and. above 
all, a long staff, with the Union Jack flying. We then, in turn, mounted to the top of the ladder to take a 
last look at a view such as we might never see again : and, bidding adieu to the scene of our toil and 
triumph, descended the ladder to the neck, and casting off the guys and hauling-lines, cut off all com- 
munication with the top. 

In order to save time and avoid danger, we now made fast a line from the neck to the shoulder, as taut as 
possible ; and hanging on our traps by means of rings, launched them one by one from the top, and down 
they flew, making the line smoke again. All were thus conveyed safely to the shoulder, except one unlucky 
bag, containing a lot of blankets, my spy-glass, and sundry other articles, which, not being firmly fixed, 
broke the preventer-line, and took its departure down to Pamplemousses. We at length descended, and 
reached the shoulder all safe, and without any accident, except that of the blankets— not a rope-yarn 
being left to show where we got up. We then breakfasted, and after a long and somewhat troublesome 
descent, got to the low country, and drove in Lloyd's carriage to town, where we were most cordially 
welcomed by all our countrymen ; though, I believe, we were not quite so warmly greeted by the French 
inhabitants, who are now constrained to believe that their countryman, alone, did not achieve the feat, 
and that the British ensign has been the first to wave over the redoubtable Peter Botte.— From a lette* 
publtshed in the Nautical Magazine , 



ALPHABETICAL CHRONOLOGY. 



115 



PLINY, the younger, born G2; died 116. 

PLUTARCH, died 119; aged 69. 

PLYMOUTH burnt by the: French, 1377. 

POET LAUREAT, the first, 1487. 

POLAND, insurrection of, November 29, 1830; 
subdued and restored to Russia, September 7, 
1831. 

POLIGNAC (Prince), the faithful minister of 
Charles X., of Fiance, tried and condemned to 
perpetual imprisonment, December 21, 1830. 

POMPEY killed in Egypt, 48 years before Christ ; 
aged 59. 

POOR RATES, in England, began in 1573. 

POOR LAW BILL Amendment Act, 1834- 

POPE, the title of, formerly given to all bishops ; 
confined to the bishops of Rome, 606. 

POPE (Alexander), the poet, died 1744 ; aged 55. 

POPERY abolished in England, by law, 1536. 

PORTER (Anna Maria), an English novelist, born 
1780; died 1832. 

PORTER CASK, a, at Messrs. Meux and Co.'s, 
Liquorpond-street, is 65% feet in diameter, 25% 
feet high, and has 56 hoops, from one to three tons 
each ; it contains 200,000 barrels of porter ; con- 
sists of 314 staves of English oak, 2% inches thick ; 
has been four years building, and cost £10,000. 

PORTEUS (Captain), attending an execution at 
Edinburgh, apprehending a rescue, ordered the 
soldiers to fire, April 14, 1736; accused of murder 
and convicted, but respited by Queen Caroline, 
June 22, 1736 ; put to death by the mob at Edin- 



burgh, September 7, 1736. 
PORTLAND ISLE h 



had 100 yards of its north end 
sunk into the sea, which did £4000. damage to the 
pier, December 20, 1735. 

PORTSMOUTH Dock-yard received £400,000. 
damage bv a fire, July 3, 1760; again, July 27, 
1770, which did £100,000. damage ; and a third 
fire, December 7, 1776, when £60,000. damage 
was done. 

PORTUGAL (Queen of), visited London, October 
6, 1828 

POST OFFICE (New), in London, began 1822; 
opened 1828. 

POST OFFICES first established in Paris, 1462; in 
England, 1581 ; in Germany, in 1641 ; Turkish 
dominions, 1740 ; regulated by Parliament, and 
made general in England, 1656 ; and in Scotland, 
1695. The first mail, conveyed by stage coaches, 
began, August 2, 1785; began to be conveyed to 
Waterford, by Milford Haven, 1787. 

POSTS, regular, established between London and 
most towns of England, Scotland, and Ireland, 
1635. 

POTATOES first brought to England from America, 
by Hawkins, in 1563 ; introduced into Ireland, by 
Sir Walter Raleigh, in 1586 ; and were not known 
in Flanders till 1650. 

POTOSI evacuated by the royalists, and entered 
by the Buenos Ayres army, under General Ron- 
deau, April 5, 1815. 

POUSSIN (Gasper), an Italian painter, born 1600 ; 
died 1663. 

POUSSIN (Nich), a French painter, born 1594; 
died 1665. 

PRAYING towards the East first ordained by the 

PRE P DEsfiNARIANS, sect of, began, 371. 

PRESBYTERIAN church, the first erected in 
England, was at Wandsworth, near London, 1572. 

PRESSING seamen commenced, 1355 

PRETENDER, the old, born, June 10, 1683; died 
1776. 

PRETENDER, the young, his son, born, November 
31, 1720; died, January 31, 1788, without male 
issue. 

PRINCE OF WALES, the title of, first given to 
the king's eldest son, 1286. 

PRINTING invented by J. Faust, 1441 ; first unde 
public by John Gottenburgh, of Mentz, 1458; 

. wooden types first used, 1470 ; brought into Eng- 
land by William Caxton, a mercer of London, 
1471, who had a press in Westminster Abbey till 
j 1494 ; first patent granted for it, 1591 ; first intro- 



duced into Scotland, 1509 ; first used at Lyons in 
1488; first set up in Constantinople in 1784. 
Printing in colours invented, 1626. 

PRIVILEGED places in London, the following 
suppressed : — Minories, Salisbury-court, White- 
friars, Ram-alley, Mitre-court, Fulwood's-rents, 
Baldwin's-gardens, the Savoy, Montague-close. 
Deadman's-place, the Clink, and the Mint, 1696, 
This last was not wholly suppressed until the reign 
of George I. 

PRIVY COUNCIL instituted by Alfred the Great, 
in 836. 

PRIZE MONEY is divided by government into 
eight equal parts, and distributed in the following 
proportions :— captain to have three-eighths, un- 
less under the direction of a flag officer, who, in 
that case, is to have one of the said three-eighths ; 
captains of marines, and land forces, sea lieuten- 
ants, &c, one-eighth; lieutenants of marines, 
gunners, admirals' secretaries, &c. one-eighth ; 
midshipmen, captains' clerks, &c. one-eighth; 
ordinary and able seamen, marines, &c. two- 
eighths. Given at St. James's, the 17th of April, 
1793. 

PROMETHEUS struck fire from flints, about 1715 
B. C. ; he being the first person, is said to have 
stolen it from heaven. 

PROMOTION of Christian Knowledge, Society for 
the, established 1699. 

PROPAGATION of the Gospel in foreign parts, 
Society for the, incorporated, 1701. 

PROSTRATION at the elevation of the mass, 
ordained, 1201. 

PROTESTANTS, first so called, 1529. 

PSALMS of David translated by Sternhold and 
Hopkins, 1552. 

PUBLIC-HOUSES, a power of licensing them, 
first granted to Sir Giles Montpesson, and Sir 
Fiancis Michel, for their own emolument, 1627. 

PUMPS first invented, 1425. 

PUNIC WAR, the first commenced, 263; the 
second, 218 ; the third, 149 B. C. 

PURGATORY, the doctrine of invented, 250; 
introduced into the church, 593. 

PURITANS, sect of began, 1545. 

PYRAMIDS of Egypt built, 1430 B. C. 

QUACK Medicines taxed, 1785 ; increased, 1803. 

QUADRANTS, solar, introduced, 290 B. C. 

QUAKERS' sect began, 1650 

QUAKERS, sixty, were transported to America by 
order of council, 1664 ; their affirmation taken as 
an oath in the courts below, 1636 ; one John Arch- 
dale, his election to a seat in parliament made 
void, on his refusing to take oath, 1638. 

QUARLES (Francis), English poet and writer, 
died 1644. 

QUEBEC taken from the French, September 13, 
1753; besieged in vain by the Provincials, Dec. 
6, 1775. 

QUEEN ADELAIDE of England's dower bill, 
securing to her majesty £100,000 per annum, be- 
sides the demesne of Bushey-park, in the event of 
the king's demise, received the royal assent, 
August 2, 1831. 

QUEEN of the Sandwich Islands died in London of 
the small-pox, July 14, 1824. 

QUICK, a celebrated comedian, born 1748, died 
1831, 

QUICKSILVER, use of discovered in refining silver 
ore, 1540. 

QUILLS were first used for pens, 635. 

QUIN (James), the comedian, born 1693 ; died 1766, 
aged 73. 

QUINTILIAN died about 94. 

QUINTIN (Matsys), the blacksmith of Antwerp, 
who painted the celebrated picture of the Two 
Misers, in his majesty's collection at Windsor, 
died, 1520. 

QUITO, in Peru, swallowed by an earthquake, 
April 24, 1755. 

QUITO, insurrection at, suppressed and thirty-nine 
persons punished with death, among whom were 
four marquisses and counts, eight ecclesiastics, 
fourteen lawyers, and the president, May, 1810. 



iu 



ALPHABETICAL CHRONOLOGY. 



QUIVEDO, the Spanish poet, died 1647. 

RABELAIS (Francis), French writer, born 1483, 
died 1553. 

RADCL1FFE (Anne), writer of romances, born 
1764, died 1823. 

RADNOR FOREST destroyed by fire, August, 
1800. 

RAINBOW, theory of given, 1611, improvements, 
1689. 

RAIN in Wales, which destroyed 10,000 sheep, 
September 19, 1752 ; in the Isle of Cuba, on the 
21st of June, 1791, when 3000 persons and 11,700 
cattle of various kinds perished, by the torrents 
occasioned by the rain. In the summer of 1816, 



the harvest was much injured by continued rains 

in various places on the continent, as well as iu 

England. 
RALEIGH (Sir Walter), beheaded, October 29, 

1618, aged 65. 
RAMI LIES, Battle of, Whit-Sunday, 1708, in the 

reign of Queen Anne. 
RAM (Joseph), a black on the Morice Halls estate, 

Jamaica, died at the age of 146 years, 1833. 
RAMSEY (Allen), Scotch poet, died 1743. 
RAMSGATE Theatre, fire at, November 30, 1829. 
♦RAPHAEL (d'Urbino), painter, born at Urbino, 

1483, died 1520. 
RAPIN (Rene), died 1687, aged 72. 



I 



* Raphael, the prince of modern painters, was also distinguished as an architect, and was employed in 
the construction of St. Peter's at Rome. Many of his minor works are conceived with great taste ; and, 
observes a competent critic, " if he has in some degree departed from the strict imitation of the antique, 
he has, at least, made us ample compensation in the beauty and elegance of his combinations." The recent 
exhumation of the mortal remains of Raphael having been chronicled in the journals of Europe, a brief 
outline of the life of the illustrious painter may not be unacceptable to the general reader. Raphael (Raf- 
faello Sanzio d'Urbino) was born at Urbino, in 1483, and was the son of Govanne de Santi, a painter of 
meagre and slight capacity. Raphael was placed by his father under the tuition of Pietro, at Perugia. 
" From that moment every work of his pencil, even those of the earliest date, became consecrated by the 
respect given to him by posterity, and are made the constant objects of investigation with all who aim at 
attaining a critical knowledge of the art. Hence we are enabled to trace the process of his mind with the 
utmost accuracy, and follow him step by step." Two specimens, painted at the early age of seventeen, 
are preserved in the Vatican ; and in the cathedral of Sienna are some further proofs of the development of 
his inventive talents. A picture, illustrating one of the next epochs in his style, is that of our Saviour 
".arried to the Sepulchre, which is now placed in the Borghese-palace, at Rome : this work is remarkable, 
as having been painted shortly after his journey to Florence, where it is said that he caught something of a 
new light from seeing the great cartoon of the Battle of Pisa, by Michael Angelo. Soon after this, Raphael's 
relation, Bramante, who was employed as the architect of St. Peter's, introduced him to the notice of Pope 
Julius II., and procured for him a commission to paint the suite of apartments in the Vatican, now known 
as the Stanze di Raffaello. His first piece was the allegorical representation, called the Dispute of the 
Sacrament, in which not only gilding is used around the heads of the figures, but many other peculiarities 
of the style of the ancient masters may be discovered. His success in this work induced the Pope to give him 
an order to decorate the whole of the range of apartments, and to paint out the labours of the masters who 
; had previously been employed upon them ; a few of the ornaments of their ceilings only being permitted to 
j remain. These aparments contain the Borgo Incendiato, the Battle of the Saracens, the School of Athens, 
I the Release of St. Peter, and other masterpieces of art, which fully combine all the classical dignity and 
' grace, and force of expression, which are the peculiar characteristics of Raphael ; and it is reported, that 
! the artist received twelve hundred golden crowns, or scudi, for each room, the four sides being severally 
; painted. The decoration of the Loggie di Raffaello was his next great work ; this gallery contains a series 
! of paintings from scripture history, executed in small compartments ; the rest of the work being in the 
j arabesque style. For this wall, Raphael studied various antique specimens, and especially the painted 
\ borders on the stucco, which were about this time discovered in opening the baths of Titus. After this, we 
: find him employed on the Marriage of Psyche, in the Villa Farnesina, and subsequently in making cartoons 
as designs for the tapestry, annually to be exhibited in the corridor of the Vatican, on the solemnity of the 
Corpw Domini; seven out of the original number of these (for there were twelve in all), found their way 
to England. To this period, also, may be ascribed several of Raphael's best easel pictures , such as the 
Spasimo di Sicilia, the St. Cecilia, and the celebrated one of Transfiguration, painted expressly for the 
church of St. Pietro, in Montorio, but which has been transferred, since its return from Paris, to the 
gallery of the Vatican. "No artist," observes the Rev. Mr. James, "ever received greater general 
attention than Raphael ; a train of fifty artists attending him, like a prince, to and from his audiences with 
the pope ; and at one time he carried his expectations so high as to aspire to the honour of being made a 
cardinal, though it is added, that this was only because large sums of money were due to him from the 
court. How far he was warranted in his idea, we know not, for he was unfortunately cut off on his thirty- 
seventh birth-aay, being lamented as a public loss to Italy, and to the world." His munificent patron, 
Leo X., testified great emotion at the news of the death of Raphael, and caused his body to lie in state in 
a hall, in which was placed his picture of the Transfiguration. He was buried in the church of the 
Rotonda, or the Pantheon ; yet his tomb could scarcely be recognised a few years since. An English 
resident at Rome, 1817 and 1818, says, " In vain I inquired for Raphael's tomb ; in vain I sought it through 
the Rotonda ; no traces of it met the eye, nor could one of the Italians who were present show me where 
it was to be found ! I returned afterwards to the Pantheon, with a friend, who pointed out to me a stone, 



ALPHABETICAL CHRONOLOGY. 117 



beneath which his remainR repose; no tomb has been placed over them. His bust, among the undistin- 
guished crowd, upon a shelf above the neighbouring altar, is the only tribute paid to his memory in the 
city that was embellished by his genius, and honoured with his dust. Beneath it is inscribed Cardinal 
Bembo's famous distich • — 

" Ille hie est Raphael, timuit quo sospite vinci 
Rerum magna parens, quo moriente mori." 

It has been very faithfully translated into Italian ; and I have attempted something like It in English :— 

" Nature, in life, saw thee herself outvie, 
Yet, Raphael ! feared, in death with thee to die." 

"towards the close of 1833, however, was made the discovery of the remains of Raphael, which has 
settled the site of his tomb beyond a doubt, and decided a long dispute respecting a skull preserved 
beneath a glass case in the Academy of St. Luke, and pretended to be that of Raphael. The following 
particulars are from a letter written by Signor Thibby to M. Quatremere de Quincy. " It is well known 
that the Academy of St. Luke, as the academy of painting is called at Rome, has been for a century in the 
habit of showing a skull, which they pretend to be that of Raphael. The circumstance of the Academy's 
possessing it, was explained by saying, that when Carlo Maratti employed Nardini to produce a bust of 
the artist for the Pantheon, he had contrived to open the tomb of the great artist, and extract the skull, t j 
seive as a model for the sculptor's labours. Considerable doubts, however, were cast on the authenticity 
of the skull, and an authentic document, discovered about two years back, clearly proved the cranium to 
have belonged not to Raphael, but to Don Desiderio de Adintorlo, founder of the Society of the Virtuosi of 
the Pantheon, in 1542. This Society, in consequence, claimed the head of its founder from the Academy 
of St. Luke, which indignantly resisted the claim, and held the skull in its possession to have been 
veritably that of Raphael. The Society of Virtuosi, after some delay and consideration, summoned the 
chief members of the Painting Academy to aid in a search after the tomb and remains of Raphael d'Urbino. 
Taking as their guide the descriptions given by Vasari, in his " Lives of Raffaelle and Lorenzetto," the com- 
mission of research began their explorations by excavating the earth under the statue of the Virgin in the 
Pantheon. Nor was it long before they were, stopped by a piece of masonry, in the form of a grave. 
Sinking through this for about a foot and a half, they found a void ; and supposing, with justice, this to b 
the depository which they sought, it was opened in all solemnity before the chief magistrates and per- 
sonages of Rome. When the surface was cleared, a coffin displayed itself, with a skeleton extended 
within, covered over with a slight coat of dust and rubbish, formed in part by the garments, and the lid of 
the coffin, that had mouldered. It was evident that the tomb had never been opened, and, consequently, 
that the skull, possessed and shown by the Academy of St. Luke, was spurious. But the dispute was 
forgotten in the interest and enthusiasm excited by the discovery of the true and entire remains. The first 
care was, to gather up the dust and the skeleton, in order to their being replaced in a new mausoleum. 
Amid the mouldering fragments of the coffin, which was of pine-wood, and adorned with paintings, were 
found a stelletta of iron, being a kind of spur, with which Raphael had been decorated by Leo X., some 
buttons and fibulae. Pieces of the argil of the Tiber showed that the waters of the river had penetrated 
into the tomb. The sepulchre had, nevertheless, been carefully built up, the chief cause of the good state 
of preservation in which the skeleton was found. On the 15th of September, the surgeons proceeded to 
examine the skeleton, which was declared to be of the masculine sex, and of small dimensions, measuring 
seven palms, five ounces, and three minutes, (five feet, two inches, three lines, French measure). In the 
skull, which has been moulded, may be traced the lineaments of Raphael, as painted in his School of 
Athens : the neck long, the arm and breast delicate, the hollow of the right arm marked by the apophyse, 
a projection of a bone, caused by incessant working with the pencil. The limbs were stout in appearance ; 
and, strange to say, the larynx was intact and still flexible. The Marquis Biondi, President of the 
Archeological Society, enumerated the proofs and circumstances, showing this to be the tomb and body o( 
Raphael, in the presence of all the learned and celebrated in Rome. He asked, was there a doubt in any 
one's mind as to their identity? Not one was found to question it.— In the disposing of the remains, the 
will of Raphael was consulted, and his wishes again followed. They were to be replaced in a leaden coffin, 
and more solidly entombed in the same spot where they were found. From the 20th to the 24th, the 
remains were exposed to the Roman public, whose enthusiasm and tears may be imagined by those who 
know them." "Without descanting on the propriety of this exhumation of the mortal remains of the illus 
trious painter, we agree with a contemporary, that the "discovery must read a sore lesson to the apostles 
of phrenology. The skull at Luke's, on which they have so written and descanted (see Combe and others, 
passijii), as the finest example of the organ of colour, &c, is not Raphael's; but, as was suspected, the 
caput of an ancient canon." The remains were returned to their resting-place in October, 1833, with 
great ceremony ; although such a display, or any other means which the most fervid imagination could 
suggest, must be considered as feeble attempts to glorify the genius of one whose excellence is felt or 
acknowledged throughout the civilized woild. 



118 



ALPHABETICAL CHRONOLOGY. 



RELIGIOUS Houses suppressed m Kugland by 
Henry VIII., 1540, amounted to 1041; by the 
National Assembly in Fiance, in 1790, amounted 
to 4.500; by the Emperor of Germany, in 1705, 
near 200, 

REMBRANDT, a Dutch painter, born 1606; died 
iocs. 

RENI (Guido), an Italian painter, born 1575 ; died 
1643. 

RENNIE (John), engineer of the Plymouth Break- 
water, and of the Waterloo-bridge. London, born 
1757 ; died October 4, 1821 ; aged 64. 

RENT in England first made payable in money, 
instead of kind, 1135. 

REPRESENTATIVES in Parliament obliged to 
residence, 1413. 

REPRISALS at sea first granted, 1295. 

REQUESTS, Court of, began, 1494. 

REVENUE Officers deprived of their votes for 
members of Parliament, 1782. 

REVOLUTION in England, in 1668; Poland, in 
1704, 1709, and 1795; Turkey, in 1730 and 1808; 
Persia, in 1748 and 1753; Russia, in 1682, 1740, 
and 1762; Sweden, in 1772 and 1809; America, 
in 1775; France, in 1789; Holland, in 1795; 
Venice, May 17, 1797 ; Rome, February 26, 1797 ; 
South America, April 19, 1810. 

REYNOLDS (Sir Joshua), died, February 24, 1792; 



RUEhS, the last king of South Wales, killed, 1091 

R1ALTO, at Venice, built, 1570. 

RICARDO (David), political economist, died 1823; 

aged 56. 
RICE, its first cultivation in South Carolina, by 

chance, 1702. 
RICHARDSON (Samuel), moral writer, died 1761 ; 

aged 72. 
RICHLIEU (Cardinal), died 1642, aged 57. 
RICHTER (John Paul Frederick), a novelist, born 

1769 ; died 1825. 
RIDLEY, Bishop of London, burnt at Oxford, 

October 16, 1555 
RIEGO y NUNEZ, put to death, 1354. 
RIGHTS, Bill of, established, 1641 ; and of succes- 
sion, 1689. 
RINGSTEAD, Cliff at, opposite to Weymouth, 

commenced burning, 1827. 
RIOT ACT passed, 1715. 
RIVERS in England began to be made navigable, 

1135. 
RIVERS (Lord), found drowned in the Serpentine 

river, Hyde-park, January 23, 1831. 
RIZZIO (David), an Italian musician, killed., March 

9, 1566. 
ROADS in the Highlands of Scotland were begun 

by General Wade in 1726, and finished in 1737. 
*ROBIN HOOD died 1247. 
ROCHEFOUCAULT (Duke of), died 1680 ; aged 68 



* Robin Hood, or more correctly Robert Fitzooth, was born at Locksley, in Nottinghamshire, about the 
middle of the twelfth century. It appears by the concurrent testimony of the earliest writers, that he was 
of good family, although the title so frequently assigned him, in ballads, " Earl of Huntingdon," is con- 
sidered very apocryphal. He is said to have exhibited his unrivalled skill in archery at a very early age, 
and to have excited the jealousy of the keepers of the neighbouring forests by his successful rivalry. We 
next find him an outlaw — for what cause is very uncertain ; Fordum alludes to somewhat of a quarrel 
between him and the king, or some of the higher state officers ; Grafton says, it was for debt ; while others 
mention, as the cause, his accidentally killing one of the forest rangers. On this circumstance alone are his 
biographers divided ; they all concur in representing him subsequently as surrounded by a company of the 
best archers in England, and enjoying " alle manner of freedom and joyous liberty," in the leafy solitudes 
of merry Sherwood. His method of collecting his company of " yeomen good," was very characteristic 
both of the times and the man ; for " wheresoever he hearde of anie thatte were of unusual strengthe and 
hardnes, he wolde desguyse hymself to knowe them, and after he hadde foughte wythe them, and tryed 
them, he wolde never give them over until he had broughten them to live after his faschyon :" the reade 
will easily recollect the many ballads in which this custom forms the leading incident. In course of time 
these retainers of this king of the forests amounted to 100 men. Old Drayton has given a very picturesqm 
description of them in his " Poly Olbion ;" and although we cannot believe that' Robin Hood's arche 
band were actually habited as he pretends, the description is still interesting, for it gives a minute pictui 
of the dress and general appearance of the English archers during the sixteenth century. 

" An hundred valiant men had this brave Robin Hood, 

Still ready at his call, who bowmen were right good, 

All clad in Lincoln green, with caps of red and blue ; 

His fellow's winded horn, not one of them but knew, 

When setting to their lips their little bugles shrill, 

The warbling echoes waked from every dale and hill ; '. 

Their baldries set with studs, athwart their shoulders cast, 

To which, beneath their arms, their sheaves were buckled fast ; 

A short sword at their belt, a buckler scarce a span— 

Who struck below the knee was counted not a man ; 

All made of Spanish yew, their bows were wondrous strong, 

They not an arrow drew, but was a cloth yard long." 

And, surrounded by this valiant band, whom " foure times thatte number of the boldest fellows," says 
Major, " woulde not dare attack," and accompanied by a fair damsel, the well-known maid Marian (who 
seems to have become his wife), and by his inseparable companion, Little John, Robin Hood ranged Sher- 
wood, Barnesdale, Needwood, and Charnwood, redressing the wrongs of the widow and orphan, main- 
taining the cause of the helpless, robbing the wealthy to aid the poor, and affording willing succour and 
protection to all for whom, in those turbulent and oppressive times, the law could do nothing. It was thiB 
chivalrous spirit,, which bold Robin seems so eminently to have possessed, that rendered him so popular, 



ALPHABETICAL CHRONOLOGY. 119 



and which caused the baron in his castle-hall, and the lady in her tapestried bower, to listen to the ballad 
praises of the outlaw of merry Sherwood, with almost as much delight as to the lays that told the prowess 
of Sir Gawain, or King Arthur. In one respect, however, he was remarkably unchivalrous ; for the knight 
vowed, not merely to succour "all widows, and orphans, and damsels distrest," but to aid and honour all 
ecclesiastics, and especially to maintain all the rights of holy church, while bold Robin was never better 
pleased than when the property of some rich abbot, or haughty bishop, became his by right of conquest. 

" These bischoppes and these archbischoppea 
Ye shall them beate and bynde," 

says he in hih parting address to his men, and right willingly do they seem to have followed his commands ; 
and often had the neighbouring convents to mourn over the loss of " vessayle of golde and sylvere," — 
" capes and altar cloths,"— or bags full of " good red golde." It is a singular fact, and one that seems to 
the writer evidently to prove, either that heresy abounded in the land, or that the Roman Catholic religion 
differed widely from the form it assumed in later days, that the hero of ballad lore, for so many generations, 
should have been more distinguished for his hostility to the established clergy, and their haughty preten- 
sions, than for his courage, gallantry, or generosity. Instances of poetical redicule and censure of the 
priesthood, are by no means uncommon in the remains of troubadour poetry, or among the compositions of 
the early Italian poets. Boccacio, too, in his own most cutting but most delicate satire, has often held 
up the pretensions of an arrogant clergy to scorn ; and Dante, in strains that forcibly remind us of Milton's 
Bublime sonnet on the Piedmontese massacre, could denounce the sure, though long delayed vengeance of 
heaven, on her "whositteth on her seven hilled throne :" but these were all compositions intended for 
the noble and learned, the productions of men who were inhabitants of palaces, and protected by the 
power of their patrons from the vengeance of that body they had so mortally offended. The Provencal 
baron might amuse himself with the Strvente of the free spoken troubadour, and the Italian nobleman, 
laugh heartily at the. rogueries of Fratre Cipella, but the great mass of the people knew not of the ridicule 
cast on their guides; for them there were legends, and tales, and ballads, all proving the infallible salvation 
of those "who honoured the church in the person of her ministers," and depicting forcibly, though rudely, 
the awful vengeance of heaven on those who saw but in a priest a partaker of our common humanity. 
While such was the case, in respect to popular literature, in every other European country, what a striking 
difference do the ballads of Robin Hood present ! What was the theme of the minstrel at the market cross, 
in the village alehouse at the harvi st home \ " How Robyn Hood met ye cellarer of Seynte Mary's abba} e. 
and robbed him of £400. to paye a pore knyghte;' "How Robyn Hood foughte wythe ye curtal friare, 
and mayde hym go alonge wythe hym ;" or, worse than all, " Howe Robyn Hood robbed the bischoppe. 
and mayde him singe masse in a tree." Surety, respect for holy church could not have been very great, 
when such ballads as these resounded from the Tyne to the Severn, and the praise of Robin was on ever\ 
lip, and admiration of his character in every heart. But to return to the few authentic particulars of hit- 
life. For many years (according to some writers, more than forty), he continued to lead the wild and 
merry life of an outlaw, reigning an independent sovereign in his leafy domains ; and when molested b\ 
superior force in one place, retiring to another, and making his enemies pay dearly for their open attacks, 
as well as for their clandestine treachery. The name of outlaw may, to some better acquainted with the 
modern state of society than that of this early period, sound harshly, and excite unpleasant feelings towards 
our hero, but those conversant with the " olden time," well know that the outlaw was, in almost every 
instance, "more sinned against than sinning." " An outlaw in these times," remarks Ritson, "destitute 
of protection, could owe no allegiance ; ' every man's hand was against him.' The forests were his terri- 
tory, and if those who accompanied him chose to adhere to him as subjects, it is a question humbly 
submitted to the political philosopher, what better title King Richard could pretend to the throne of 
England, than Robin Hood had to the dominion of Barnesdale and Sherwood.'' Notwithstanding the 
hatred he bore to the clergy, he seems to have possessed a deep though rude feeling of devotion, which we, 
in these more heretical times, may easily perceive to be perfectly consistent with his sacrilegious notions 
of church property, and undisguised hostility to the priesthood. Fordum relates, that, on one occasion, 
while hearing mass, " he was espyed by a sheriff and his officers, who were in pursuit of him ; some of his 
attendants advised him to fly, but this he absolutely refused to do until service was ended. The greater 
part of his company thereupon fled. Robin, confiding in the protection of him he had been worshipping, 
with his few remaining men now attacked his enemies, and completely overcame them." Having for a long 
series of years continued monarch of the forests, performing many gallant deeds, and rendering himself the 
idol of the commons, during which time tradition reports, that Richard Ceeur de Lion and himself met, 
each unknown to the other, and fought a goodly game of quarter-staff, a tradition most probably founded 
on fact, a proclamation was issued from the Exchequer, in the early part of the reign of Henry III., offering 
a considerable reward to whoever would bring him dead or alive. It was in vain ; the bold outlaw still 
ranged the forests, and it was reserved for domestic treachery to put an end to his life The infirmities o f 
old age increased fast upon him, and desiring to be relieved by that infallible specific for every illness, 
according to the notion of those times, blood letting, he repaired to the priory of Kirklees, for the purpose 
f being bled by the prioress, who was his relation, but she, with a perfidy almost unknown to this rudt 



120 



ALPHABETICAL CHRONOLOGY. 



ROCHESTER-BRIDGE built, 1392; Cathedral, 
610; Castle, 1070. 

RODNEY (Admiral, Lord), died, May 24, 1792. 

ROLLIN (Charles), died 1741 ; aged 80. 

ROMAN Catholies,in England "Relief Bill" passed, 
April 10, 1829, received the royal assent. 

ROMAN Emperor, the first that properly had that 
title was Augustus Octavius, 27 B. C. 

ROMAN Empire began, 44 B. C. ; ended 63 A. D. : 
began in the West, 74; ended, 92: began in the 
East, 364 ; ended, 1553 : it was 2000 miles broad, 
and 3000 in length. 

ROMAN Highways made in Britain, 415. 

ROMAN Ladies poisoned their husbands, 170 suf- 
fered death for it. This was the first example of 
such a crime, 331. 

ROMANO (Julio), painter, died 1546 ; aged 54. 

ROME, its foundation laid by Romulus, 'the first 
king, 753 B. C, according to most chronologers ; 
by Sir Isaac Newton's chronology, 627. They 
seize the Sabine women and detain them for wives, 
750 B. C. Rome taken and plundered by the 
Goths, 410. By the Vandals, 455. Recovered for 
Justinian, by Belisarius, 537. In 517 the Goths 
retook it. In 553, Narses, another of Justinian's 
generals, reconquered it for the emperor. It 726 
it revolted from the Greek emperors, became a 
free state, and was governed by a senate. Finally, 
the senate and people acknowledged Charlemagne, 
King of France, as Emperor of the West, who 
surrendered the city and duchy to the Pope, 
reserving the sovereignty, A. D. 800. The Popes 
afterwards made themselves independent, and con- 
tinued in possession of this renowned city and its 
territories, called the ecclesiastical states, till 1798. 

ROMILY (Sir Samuel), an eminent British lawyer, 
in a paroxysm occasioned by a brain fever destroyed 
himself, November 2, 1818. 

ROMNEY (George), died, November 15, 1802. 



ROSAMOND (Fair), born 1162 ; shut up at Wood 

stock, 1177. 
ROSARY, or beads, first used in Romish pra}ers, 

1093. 
ROSA (Salvator), an Italian, born 1614; died 1673. 
ROSCIUS flourished 60 B. C. 
ROSES first planted in England, 1522. 
ROSS (Captain), sailed, May 30, 1829; returned to 

England, after passing three years in the Arctic 

regions, 1833. 
ROTHSAY CASTLE, steam vessel, from Liverpool 

to Beaumaris, wrecked near the latter place, when 

180 souls perished, August 17, 1831. 
ROUB1LLIAC, the sculptor, died, January 11, 17C2. 
ROUNDAWAY DOWN, Battle of, July 13, 1643, 

in the reign of Charles I. 
ROUND TABLE, order of knighthood, began, 516; 

revived, 1344. 
ROUSSEAU (John James), French poet, died, July 

2, 1778 ; aged 72. 
ROUSSILLON, &c. annexed to the kingdom ol 

France, 1349. 
ROWE (Elizabeth), died, February 20, 1737 ; 
ROWE (Nicholas), made Poet Laureat, August 11, 

1715 ; died December 6, 1718 ; aged 44. 
ROYAL Exchange, built, 1566; burnt, 1666; re- 
built, 1670. 
ROYAL Observatory, in Greenwich-park, built 1675. 
ROYAL Society, London, instituted, December 30, 

1660. 
ROYALTY Theatre, in Well-street, Rosemary-lane, 

opened, April 20, 1787; burned down, April 11, 

1826. 
ROY RAMMOHUN, an Indian rajah, converted to 

Christianity. He visited England, and died at 

Stapleton, near Bristol, September 27, 1833. 
*RUBENS (Sir Peter Paul), born 1577; died 1640. 
RUMFORD (Ber.j. Count), born 1753; died, August 

19, 1814. 



state of society, bled him to death. The date of the death of this bold outlaw is placed, by Ritson, in 1247, 
the 31st of Henry III. He was interred by his perfidious hostess under some trees a short distance from the 
convent "by the highwaye syde," says an ancient writer, "where he hadde used to robbe and spoyle 
those thatte passed thatte waye ; and upon hys grave did the prioresse laye a very fayre stone, whereon his 
name was graven, and sette a crosse atte eythere ende of the sayde tombe, as nowe is seene atte thys pre- 
sente. " Among the papers of Dr. Gale, Dean of York, was found the following epitaph, supposed to have 
been the one inscribed on his tombstone. It is a singular circumstance respecting it, that Dr. Percy, 
Editor of the "Reliques," who has admitted so many modern ballads into his collection, vehemently 
opposes its claim to that high antiquity, and pronounces it a modern fabrication ; while Ritson, the most 
cautious and fastidious of antiquaries, seems inclined to believe its genuineness. This is it, and if it were 
really inscribed on bold Robin's tombstone, it was more likely the affectionate tribute of some warmly 
attached follower, than the epitaph of his treacherous hostess : — 

" Heare undernead dis laitel stean 

Lais Roberte Erie of Huntington 

Neere arcer ver as hie sa geud 

An pipi kauld im Robyn Heud 

Sic utlaws as hie an iz menne 

Will Englande nivr see agen." 
It were to be wished, that history or tradition had recorded a just retribution upon Elizabeth de Staynton, 
his murderess : her tombstone yet remains near that of Robin Hood, having been probably removed from 
the chapel to that place. It is in better preservation. The cross is similar in kind, but more richly 
ornamented, and the inscription is very legible; it is in Norman-French, and supplicates mercy in a more 
earnest manner than is usual in the inscriptions of this period, as though, deeply conscious of her guilt, she 
determined to implore pardon even from the tomb. 

* Peter Paul Rubens, although far from being the greatest, may be fitly described as the cleverest of 
painters. Rubens, whose family was noble, was born at Antwerp in 1557. His father died when he was 
only ten years old, leaving him the youngest of seven children. The profession chosen for him by his mother 
was that of the law ; and, having been sent to the grammar school with this view, he evinced the quickness 
of his parts by the extraordingry progress which he made in classical learning, soon acquiring such famili- 
arity with the Latin as to be able to write and speak it as fluently as his native tongue* The talents of 
Rubens, indeed, there can be no doubt, were such as would have enabled him to make a distinguished 



ALPHABETICAL CHRONOLOGY. 



121 



RUSSELL Institution commenced. 1808. 

RUSSELL (Lord William), beheaded, July 21, 1683. 

RUSSIA, Emperor uf, with the King of Prussia, 
Prince Blucher, and other illustrious persons, 
entered London amidst great rejoicings, June 8, 
1814. Left England with the King of Prussia, 
June 27. 



RUSSIA invaded by the French, July, 1812. Poland 

annexed to the empire, 1815. 
RUYSDAEL (Jacob), painter, born 1G10; died 

1682. 
RYE-HOUSE Plot prevented by a fire that hap- 

Jened at Newmarket, March 22 ; discovered, 
une 12, 1683. 



figure in any line of exertion to which he had devoted himself. But nature had appointed him another 
destination than that contemplated by his mother. While yet very young, the genius of the future painter ' 
declared itself in an importunately urged desire to be allowed to dedicate himself to the art in which he 
afterwards acquired so illustrious a name. He was accordingly placed under the charge of Adam Van Ort # 
one of the ablest masters who then resided in Antwerp, but whose school he soon after left for that of Otto | 
Vaenius. Four years of study sufficed to render him superior to both his teachers ; and, indeed, to promisa [ 
for him so distinguished a reputation in his own country that, being yet only in his twenty-third year, ha ■■ 
proceeded to Italy, furnished with the warmest recommendations from the Archduke Albert, the governor of 
the Netherlands. In Italy he spent seven years, visiting, in the course of that time, Venice, Mantua, Rome, 1 1 
Florence, Bologna, Milan, and Genoa, and everywhere both improving his taste and knowledge by the j 
study of the great works of his predecessors, and leaving proofs of his own skill and genius in numerous i 
pictures which he executed for the sovereigns and wealthy inhabitants of the different states through which j 
he passed. After this, returning to his native country, he was received there with the greatest distinction, ! 
and the Archduke having bestowed upon him an honourable and lucrative appointment, he took up his 
residence at Antwerp. Here the salary of his office and the sums which he received for the productions of 
his rapid and unwearied pencil, enabled him to live in great splendour. The remainder of the history of 
Rubens presents him as sustaining the twofold character both of an illustrious painter and of an important 
political personage. It was in the latter of these capacities that he visited England in 1630, his object 
being, as commissioned by the Court of Madrid, to facilitate the negotiation of a peace between this country 
and Spain. As usual, however, he availed himself of the opportunities which he derived from his reputa- 1 
tion, and the exercise of his profession as an artist, to introduce himself to the confidence of the king and 
.he other persons whom he wished to influence ; nor was he, during the whole period of his visit, less busy 
with his pencil than if painting had been his sole occupation. Besides various works which he executed 
for the king and several of the nobility, he painted, by command of Charles'!., the ceiling of the banqueting- ' 
nouse of Whitehall, for which he received £3000. This painting was repaired in the reign of George II. '' 
I oy the English artist William Kent, and again, about half a century ago, by the much superior skill of 
Cipriani, who is said to have received £2000. for his trouble. It represents, in a series of nine compart- j 
ments, the principal events of the reign of James I. Notwithstanding both a very active and a very j 
temperate life, Rubens was visited in his fifty-seventh year by so sharp an attack of gout as to be disabled j 
from ever again handling his pencil. He lived, however, for four years longer, when his" death took place I 
at Antwerp on the 30th of May, 1640. A life of brighter and more unshaded prosperity than that of Rubens 
has rarely fallen to the lot of man. To say nothing of the political importance and honours to which he 
attained, he had the glory of raising himself, in the general estimation of his comtemporaries, to the first 
rank among the practitioners of his art, and, indeed, of seeing his name acquire a celebrity over all 
Europe unrivalled by any other existing painter. In one respect, at least, as has been already intimated, 
Rubens must be considered as the most extraordinary painter that ever lived— in the miraculous ease and 
rapidity with which he executed his performances. Many of Rubens's greatest works were actually 
finished in a few days; and, although in his later years, and after the establishment of his reputation, there 
is no doubt that he often employed his pupils to fill up his designs and to do the more mechanical parts of 
the picture, while he contented himself with giving the finishing touches by his own hand, still net even in 
this way could he have completed the number of compositions he has left behind him without the most 
remarkable industry as well as fertilit}'. His works are reckoned to amount to about 1500 in all, of 
which about 1300 have been engraved. Besides a good many which are to be found in private collections 
in England, the National Gallery, in Pall Mall, contains four or five, among which are his Rape of the 
Sabines, considered one of his greatest performances ; a Landscape of exquisite beauty ; and a fine allegori- 
cal composition on the subject of Peace and War, which was painted by the artist, while in England, for 
Charles I., and which he has rendered peculiarly interesting by the introduction of his own head and those 
of his wife and children. All these pictures display in a very striking manner the luxuriance of this 
artist's style, and the splendour of his colouring, and evince as distinctly his extremely imperfect con- 
ception of ideal beauty. With great activity and richness of fancy, in truth, Rubens had little or no 
imagination ; nor would it perhaps be possible to find any better or more popularly intelligible exemplifi- 
cation of the distinction between these two faculties than might be drawn from a comparison of his works 
with those of some of the greater masters. The general acquirements of Rubens, we ought to add, were 
very divarsified, as might be expected from the character of his mental powers ; and, as a man, he was 
veiy estimable for his freedom from envy, his generosity, his devotion to his wife and children, and his 
delight in simple and domestic enjoyments. R 



ALPHABETICAL CHRONOLOGY. 



RYSBRAC (John Michael), Bculptor, died 1770: 

aged 78. 
SADDLES in use. 340. 
SADLER'S WELLS, eighteen persons trodden to 

death at the Theatre, October 15, 1807. 
SAIL CLOTH first made in England, 1590. 
SAINT VINCENT (Earl), admiral, born 1735; 

died 1823. 
SALAMANCA entered by the Duke of Wellington, 

June 16, 1812. 
SALAMANCA University founded, 1240. 
SALAMIS, Battle of, which delivered Greece from 

the Medes, 480 B. C. 
SALISBURY Cathedral began building, April 28, 

1220; finished, 1253 ; cost 40,000 marks. 
SALTING Herrings, after the Dutch method, 1416. 
SALT Mines in Staffordshire discovered, 1670; rock 

salt discovered about 950 ; in Poland, in 1289. 
SAMSON pulled down the Temple of Dagon and 
• destroyed 3000 Phillistines, 1117 B. C 
SANDWICH Harbour destroyed by an earthquake, 

15S0. 
SANDWICH Islands, in the Pacific Ocean, dis- 
. covered, 1778. 
SANDWICH Islands, King of, died in London of 



SAPPHO lived C03 B. C. 

SARAGOSSA taken by the French, Feb. 21, 180X 

SARDINIA, Buonaparte crowned King of, May 2H, 

1805. Restored to its rightful sovereign, Victor 

Emanuel, with Genoa added to it, Dec. 14, 1814. 
SARTI (Signor), musical composer, died, July 28, 

1802. 
SARTO (Andrea del), painter, born 1478; died 1580. 
SATURN'S Satellites first discovered, 1608; ring 

discovered, 1634. 
SAVAGE (Richard), born, 1698 ; condemned for 

murder, 1727 ; pardoned, 1728; died, 1743. 
SAVARY, Duke of Rovigo, minister of France 

under Napoleon, died, June 1, 1833 
SAVIOUR S, St., Church, Southwark, built 1093-. 
SAVOY restored to Sardinia, 1816. 
SAXONS first arrived in Britain, 449, from Bremen, 

in three ships, commanded by Hengist and Horsa. 
SAXONY, Upper, ceded to Prussia, 1815. 
SCALCKEN (Godfrey). painter, bom 1643; died 1706. 
SCALIGER, Julius Ceeser, died 1558 ; aged 75. 
SCARLET Dye invented, 1000 ; first used at Bow, 

near Stratford, 1643. 
SCENES first introduced into theatres, 1533. 
SCHILLER (Frederick), German poet, born, Nov. 



the small-pox, July 8, 1824. ■ 10, 1759 ; died, May 9, 1805. 

SANDWICH (Lord) seat of (Henchinbrook House) I *SCHINDERHANNES, a famous robber, bora 
burned, January 22, 1830. | 1779; executed, November 21, 1803. 



* Schinderhannes was born at Muhlen, on the right bank of the Rhine, in 1779, and his father gained his 
livelihood by skinning cattle. He was scarcely four years of age when his father left Muhlen to emigrate 
into Poland ; but, on the journey, he enlisted in the imperial regiment of Hildburghausen, which was then 
in garrison at Olmutz, in Moravia. When he was nine years of age, his father deserted; his mother and 
himself followed him to the Prussian frontiers, where they again met with him. With a Prussian passport 
they came to the banks of the Rhine, at Merzweiler, on the Hundsruck, where his father was bom. They 
successfully resided at Hommerich, Langweilen, and Hobstetten, where his father was a garde c7iampetrc. 
Here Schinderhannes went to school ; and at Cappeln he was confirmed in the Lutheran faith. After this 
his father lived at Hommerich, Kirchenbollach, Idar, and Weitsrod. At this last place he left his father, 
on account of his first avowed crime ; this was in 1797. He was then a little more than fifteen years of 
age. An innkeeper, by name Koch, gave him a louis to buy some brandy at Oberstein. Instead of ful- 
filling his commission, he spent the money in drink with a man named Hannfiied. He dared not after this 
return to Weitsrod ; but wandered into the country, when absolute hunger compelled him to his first open 
robbery. It was a horse, which he readily sold to one Henri Delis, at Trois Etangs. He commenced his 
career singly; but very shortly he associated himself with others, and by his activity, courage, and 
resources, transcended and led his companions. He was an ardent admirer of the sex, and had several 
mistresses. At first he was enamoured of Marianne Schafer ; she was only fourteen, but beautiful in face, 
and lovely in person. Marianne's mother had had various dealings with Schinderhannes' band, the most 
conspicuous members of which proffered their suit to the youthful beauty ; but they were severally rejected 
for the handsome captain. One of the number, however, nicknamed the Blacken-Klas, determined on the 
possession of Marianne, and forcing his way into her dwelling, he demanded to see her. Marianne con- 
cealed herself in the cellar, and the robber vented his rage in horrible threats, and departed after pillaging 
the dwelling. The mother complained to Schinderhannes when he came to visit his mistress ; and he, 
accompanied by Seibert, pursued the depredator whom he overtook at Baldenau, where, falling upon him 
without warning, he stabbed him repeatedly with a knife, and then despatched him with a bludgeon. At 
liis trial, the captain said that it was not he, but Seibert, who gave the final blow. He could not be con-- 
tradicted, for Seibert was dead. The murder of the Jew Seligmann, by Black Peter (one of the confede- 
rates of Schinderhannes), made a great noise, and Schinderhannes left the district where it occurred for 
another; but, after a year's absence, he returned, and by a series of audacious proceedings spread con- 
sternation around. Beckenfeld was particularly auspicious to his exploits. Two worthy merchants of 
Mayence, and a Jew physician of Bingen, went to Bercherbach, near Kirn. The roads were rendered 
formidable by the banditti; and two individuals were noticed in an inn making inquiries about their 
return. The conveyance from Kreuznach took up the travellers, who were escorted by four armed men. 
They arrived at Sobernheim in safety, where they were persuaded to dismiss their escort, and hire two 
men who were reported to know well Black Peter and his band. They set out to complete their journey; 
but the weather was foggy, and roads heavy ; and when they were ascending a steep hill, the driver 
desired the two men to get down and lighten the carriage. They did so ; the carriage moved on so rapidly, 
that they were unable to overtake it ; and it was stopped within a short distance of Bockelheim by five 
men. One discharged a pistol at the party without hurting either of the travellers, and then commanded 
them to descend. Two of the robbers then fell on them, *ook every thing valuable from their persons, and 



ALPHABETICAL CHRONOLOGY. 



ransacked the carriage. They then threatened the travellers with death if they divulged the transaction 
and departed, taking with them a very considerably booty. Each night was witness to fresh violence. 
Schinderhannes resolved to plunder the dwelling of Reigel of Otzweiler. He came by night to the mill of 
Antesmulil, demanded admittance, and ordered the miller to prepare an excellent supper for himself and 
his companions. Various dainties were laid on the tables, and the robbers made a hearty repast. Not 
Satisfied With their entertainment, they demanded money. But the little which the miller had, enraged 
the banditti ; and they not only beat him severely, but broke his furniture, and then proceeded to Otzweiler. 
They were fifteen in number, and went directly to the residence of Reigel. Schinderhannes knocked at 
the duor, and said that he was a member of the police come to seize persons denounced. He gained 
admission, and entered with Benzel and Engers, leaving the others to keep watch outside the house. They 
j wanted to secure the inmates ; but Reigel's son-in-law endeavoured to escape, and was wounded danger- 
' ously by a musket-ball. The robbers fell upon Reigel's wife, beat her, and threatened her life if she did 
| not on the instant give up her valuables. Reigel or. this endeavoured to escape by a window, but was 
brought down by a sure aim, and fell dead upon the spot. The neighbourhood was by this time awakened 
by the firing, and the robbers thought fit to retreat; but not before a woman in an adjoining house, who 
unadvisedly had opened her window, had been mortally wounded in the breast. The expedition was 
abortive. Schinderhannes about this time became enamoured of Julie Blasius, a musician's daughter, and 
| determined to make her his own. She was extremely beautiful : and on her examination, she thus 
accounted for having joined the fortunes of the bandit chief. " A man from Dickesbach," she said, "with 
] whose name I am unacquainted, came to my native village, and met me in the cabaret of Jacques Frihsch, 
> with my sister Margaret. This man told me and my sister that we must accompany him to the forest of 
J Dolbach, about a quarter of a league from our abode, as some one wished to speak to me there. He would 
I neither mention to us his name, nor the reason of his invitation. 1 'was at first unwilling to go there, but 
this man at last persuaded me. My sister was my companion. When I reached the forest, I met a hand- 
; some young man, who proposed to me to leave my parents and follow him. Nothwithstanding his fine 
I promises, I refused his suit ; but he threatened to kill me ; and thus was I constrained to accompany this 
! stranger. It was not till long after, and when I was far from my parents, that I learned his name. He was 
the famous Schinderhannes." The chief gained considerable sums by levying a kind of black mail around 
the villages, and granting passports to merchants, Jews, and countrymen. He was, moreover, guilty of an 
act of glaring audacity, which is worth mentioning. With Pick and Dalleimer, he had posted himself en 
a rock near the castle of Bockelheim, where he was waiting for Jews returning from the fair of Kreutznach. 
Forty-five of them approached, and five peasants ; but the robbers were not intimidated by numbers. The 
spot which they had selected for the robbery was a hollow in the road. Schinderhannes hid himself 
behind a rock, while his companions planted themselves in the opening of the pass. The Jews were sud- 
denly called on to stand — the robbers issued from their concealment, and wounding two of their victims 
who attempted an escape, demanded their money from the party. But they were poor, and had only a few 
kreutzers. Being satisfied with this, the captain ordered all to take off their shoes and stockings and place 
them in a heap. He then desired each to take his own. The consequence was, that a quarrel took place 
among the Jews : they who had surrendered their lives to the banditti, fought with determined fury about 
their shoes and stockings. Schinderhannes, to show his contempt for the party, gave his carbine to one of 
their body to hold, while he gathered from the ground the watches that he had taken from the Israelites. 
His next conspicuous exploit was at Hottenbach, where a Jew, named Wolff, had been pointed out by 
others of his order as able and fit to come within the robber's black mail system. He sent the Jew an 
order for some handkerchiefs, tobacco, and money ; but not being attended to, he knocked at Wolff's door 
very late one night, and requested the inmates to bring him forth some brandy. The Jew at first refused ; 
but taking alarm, he opened his door, and the robbers rushed in and struck him to the ground. His wife 
was equally ill-treated ; and even an infant in a cradle was not spared. While this violence was being 
perpetrated in Wolff's house, cne of the bandits forced the door of a neighbour named Marx, and compelled 
him to surrender his money and valuables. The band then brought Wolff, his father-in-law, and Marx, 
into a cellar, and after making them distribute wine to the party, they desired them to remain quiet for a 
quarter of an hour, not to speak to any one on the subject of the robbery, and to send fifteen louis by a 
certain day to a particular spot. Schinderhannes gained so much by this expedition, that he lived for 
I some time at his ease. After tarrying on the other side of the Rhine, he became as active as ever. Accom- 
panied by his wife, he concerted with some members of the JRiederlander band to make a trial on the 
I maitre deposte, at Wurges. This was successful. He made arrangements for regular tribute from the 
Jews of Hundsbal, and various other places. In some villages the local authorities allowed his proceedings 
l in silence. He resolved on robbing Jacques Bor, of Marxheim, in 1801. A confederate resident in this 
J place told him that the bailly (rent-meister) wished to seehim, and that he must be disguised as a travelling 
j wine-seller, lest his family should suspect the truth. Schinderhannes went to Marxheim ; the bailly 
j entertained him well, and proposed that he should rob Brr, against whom he had a deep grudge. The 
I robbers took their station at a windmill near the village, and sent word to the bailly that B6'r should be 
I attacked in the night. His messenger brought back a present ol wine, and a request that some of tha 
: boot/ should be left in a particular place. At night the robbers, about ten or twelve in number, pro- 



124 ALPHABETICAL CHRONOLOGY. 



ceeded to Marxheim, and met the watch, consisting of six men, who demanded where they were going in 
such number. " To rob a Jew," was the captain's unhesitating reply. They thundered at Bor's door, and 
told him Hannes wished to see him. He recognising the robbers' voices, endeavoured to parley ; then 
begged them to desist : but the delay making them savago, the Jew thought of retiring with his wife and 
children to the upper part of the house. The captain perceived him, forced the shutters, entered with one 
of his band, and followed Bor to his garret. There they beat him unmercifully, and left them lifeless ; 
then, after collecting all the valuables from the shop into the riz de chausse, they forced the first-floor door, 
where Madame Bor, who was in the room with her children, opened a chest of drawers, whence they 
abstracted thirty louis, and many articles in gold and silver. Altogether they collected a rich booty. 
While they were engaged in the robbery, the corneur (watchman) passed by the door, entered into con- 
versation with the robbers, and went on without molesting them. Schinderhannes proceeded to the right 
bank of the Rhine, to sell the stolen merchandise. Many robberies were committed at this time— the 
robbers got money so fast, and in such plenty, that they gave themselves up to the grossest debauchery 
This was not done in the dark forest or the gloomy cavern — but in the open face of day, in the midst of 
populous villages and towns, where they had not the slightest apprehension in showing themselves. 
Schinderhannes had a narrow escape after a robbery at Ullmet. With six of his band he entered the house 
of a Jew, Herz, and collected an amazing booty : Herz and his wife were most cruelly treated. The alarm 
was sounded in the village ; the inhabitants assembled and pursued the robbers, who were fortunate enough 
to reach the Schonwald. The captain's escape was more narrow on another occasion. With one comrade* 
he joined Miiller, and five others of the Niederlander land, and entered the house of a Jew at Bayerthal, in* 
the palatinate. They cruelly treated the Jew, his wife, and servants ; ransacked his storehouse ; and were 
returning well satisfied with their acquisitions, when daylight set in, and they divided into two parties. 
Near Hansen he with his party saw a crowd of peasants, in great hubbub and alarm. Supposing they were 
in search of him and his comrades, they fled, and were pursued by the countrymen, who gained rapidly 
upon them. Two of the Belgians hid themselves in some bushes, but were discovered and taken. Schin- 
derhannes and his comrade, Blum, reached a wood, and climbed a tree ; the thick foliage of which suffi- 
ciently screened them. The countrymen threaded the wood in vain, and gave up the search in despair. 
At night the chief reached Wooghausen, where he met Miiller, Julie Blasius, and others : they were in the 
loft of a small cabaret. Presently, the place was surrounded by some French and palatine chasseurs, who 
examined the house. Miiller was caught by the side of Schinderhannes, but he lay concealed in some hay 
and escaped : Miiller was released by the bailly of the village. Blum was caught and delivered over to 
the civil authorities ; and the bandit chief proceeded by the Neckar to the Black Forest. He was not long 
| before he returned to his old haunts and avocations. Robberies continued to be nightly committed, with 
\ stubborn audacity and needless cruelty. On one occasion they were plundering the mill of Kratzmann 
of Kratzmuhle, near Marxheim. They had seized the miller by the throat, flung him to the ground, and 
| tied him hand and foot, when they pulled his sick infirm mother-in-law from her bed, and applied burning 
j amadou between her toes. They afterwards burned her chemise on her person with a candle, and held the 
i candle under her arms. Schinderhannes at length took compassion on the expiring old woman, and dashed 
' some water over her oody. After eighteen months of preliminary investigations, the robbers and their 
! accomplices were arraigned; they were sixty-seven in number. The respective cases were minutely 
| heard. Of the prisoners, twenty were found guilty of the crimes imputed to them ; and Schinderhannes, 
| Schmidt, Porn, Klein, Welsch, Schulz, and Miiller the elder, were condemned to death as assassins ; six 
j to twenty-four years in the bagnes ; three to twenty-two (of these, old Buckler was one) ; one to fourteen 
years ; two to ten years ; two to eight years ; one to six 3'ears ; one to two years' imprisonment. Julie 
Blasius was acquitted of participation in the crimes of her husband, but found guilty of vagabondage, and 
of having received things from Buckler which she knew to have been acquired by robbery. She was con- 
demned to two years' imprisonment. Bossmann and Charles Gabel were to have five months' imprison- 
ment ; the women, Schulz and Reinhard, were to be banished the republic. Those who were condemned 
to irons were for six hours to be exhibited on a scaffold, according to law : all others were to be discharged. 
Schinderhannes during his trial had preserved a light and gay demeanour; he was not touched on hearing 
his own sentence, but gave utterance to an emotion of joy on hearing the mild fate of Julie Blasius. On 
leaving the court, the robber said to the assembled multitude, " Regardez-moi, bien ; car aujourd'hui et 
demain c'est pour la derniere fois." His guard wished to hurry him ; but he exclaimed, "He, quoi! le 
bourreau est-il done si impatient!" The judgment of the criminal tribunal was without appeal; and 
execution was ordered for the morrow, the 21st of November, 1803. The chief seemed resigned, and 
received the sacrament. The prisoners were taken in five carts to the scaffold, which was erected where 
once stood the chateau of La Favorite. On his way, he saw an old acquaintance, to whom he said " Bon 
soir!" sending, at the same time, his last adieu to Julie. He then turned to the minister of religion, and 
said, " I will now explain to you how I came to follow so sad a life." He continued his account till they 
reached the scaffold, which he mounted with rapid steps. He examined the guillotine, and inquired if the 
blow were precise and sure, as it was reported to be \ The officials told him it was. He wished to prepare 
himself for the fatal stroke, but was advised to submit to the usual routine. Then looking around on the 
multitude, he said, "J'ai merite la mort; mais dix de mes camarades meurent innocens. Voila mes 



ALPHABETICAL CHRONOLOGY. 



12.-) 



SCOTLAND received the Christian faith, 203; its 
regalia and crown taken and brought to England, 
with the coronation chair, now in Westminster 
Abbey, 1296; the kingdoms of England and Scot- 
land united under the title of Great Britain, in 



SCOT (Reginald), eminent English writer, died 1599. 
•SCOTT (Sir Walter), author of Waverley and many 

other excellent novels, born 1771 ; died, September 

21. 1832. 
SCRIPTURES ordered to be read in Monasteries in 

Britain, 746. 



dernieres paroles !" The twenty criminals were executed in twenty-six minutes. The sight of the coffins, 
which were ranged along the scaffold, and of the fatal instrument, shook the courage of the stoutest of its 
destined victims. Schinderhannes alone laid down his head with calmness. His death was the harbinger 
of peace and security to the provinces of the Rhine. 

* Sir Walter Scott was born at Edinburgh on the 15th of August, 1771. His father, Mr. Walter-Scott, < 
was a respectable writer to the signet, a branch of the law profession in Scotland, corresponding to that of 
attorney or solicitor in the English courts. The house occupied by the family, at the period of the poet : s 
birth and for some time afterwards, stood at the head of the College Wynd, a narrow alley leading from 
the Cowgate to the northern gate of the College, and now considered one of the meanest lanes of the Old 
Town. At that time, however, the College Wynd was inhabited by several families of respectability ; and, 
among others, by that of Mr. Keith, grandfather to the present Sir Alexander Keith, likewise a writer to 
the Signet, who, agreeably to the ancient Edinburgh fashion, occupied the two lower flats of the same 
house of which the upper stories, accessible by another entrance, belonged to the family of the poet. This 
mansion was eventually pulled down to make way for the new college. The father of Sir Walter Scott 
was not a man of shining talents, but was much esteemed as a steady and expert man of business, and as 
a person of great benevolence and integrity. He held for many years the honourable office of Elder in the 
parish church of Old Grayfriars, of which Dr. Robertson, the historian, and Dr. Erskine, an eminent presby- ' 
terian divine, then had the collegiate pastoral charge. His professional career was prosperous, and he 
6eems to have early attained ease, if not affluence of worldly circumstances. The wife of this worthy man, 
and mother of the poet, appears from all accounts to have been a more remarkable person. She was a 
daughter of Dr. John Rutherford, Professor of the practice of Physic in the University of Edinburgh, and 
sister of Dr. Daniel Rutherford, Professor of Botany in the same institution, both men of considerable 
scientific reputation, and living in habits of familiar intercourse with the first literary society which 
Scotland in their day produced. Besides the advantage of such connexions, and of an excellent education, • 
Mrs. Scott possessed superior natural talents, had a good taste for poetry, and great conversational powers. | 
She is said to have been well acquainted in her youth with Allan Ramsay, Beattie, Blacklock, and other j 
Scottish authors of the last century ; and independently of the influence which her own talents and 
acquirements may have given her in training the opening mind of her distinguished son, it is obvious that 
he must have been greatly indebted to her for his introduction, in early life, into the select literary and 
intellectual society of which she and her near relations were ornaments. Sir Walter was the third child 
of a family of six sons and one daughter, all of whom he survived. From an early period of his infancy 
until the age of sixteen, he was afflicted with frequent ill health ; and either from the effects of a sickly 
constitution, or, as some accounts say, from an accident occasioned by the carelessness of a nurse, his right 
foot was injured and rendered lame for life. The delicacy of his health induced his parents to consent to his 
residence, during a considerable part of his early boyhood, at Sandy Know, the house of his paternal grand- ' 
father, a respectable farmer in Roxburghshire. This farm-house occupies an elevated situation near the 
old border fortlet, called Smailholm-tower, and overlooks a large portion of the vale of the Tweed and the 
adjacent country, the Arcadia of Scotland, and the very cradle of Scottish romance and.song. Southward, : 
on the Northumbrian marches, rise, dark and massive, the Cheviot mountains, with the field of Flodden on 
their eastern skirts ; while on the west, within a few miles' distance, appears the legendary three-peaked 
Eildon, looking down on the monastic ruins of Melrose and Dryburgh, on the Rhymer's Tower, and luntly 
Bank, and Leader Haughs, and Cowdenknows, and on the storied streams of Teviot and Ettrick, and 
Yarrow and Gala-water, issuing to the Tweed from their pastoral glens. " The whole land," to use the 
poetical language of Allan Cunningham, " is alive with song and story : almost every stone that stands 
above the ground is the record of some skirmish or single combat ; and every stream, although its waters be 
bo inconsiderable as scarcely to moisten the pasture through which they run, is renowned in song and in 
ballad. ' I can stand,' said Sir Walter, one day, 'on the Eildon Hill, and point out forty-three places, 
famous in war and verse.' " Such was the country that opened, from the thatched farm-house at Smail- 
holm-tower, to the eyes and the imagination of the future minstrel ; and the impressions that were then 
indelibly stamped on his infant mind by the pastoral scenery and legendary lore of the " land of his sires," 
are beautifully described in the introduction to the third canto of " Marmion." While his poetical educa- 
tion (if we may so term it) was thus prosperously though unconsciously proceeding, his progress in school 
instruction is understood to have been considerably delayed or interrupted by his absence in the country 
and his irregular health. Mr. Cunningham mentions that he was taught the rudiments of knowledge by 
his mother. Mr. Chambers states that he received some part of his early education at a school kept by a 
Mr. Leeshman, in Bristo-strcet, Edinburgh ; other accour*" say that he attended a school at Musselburgh ; 



L 



126 ALPHABETICAL CHRONOLOGY. 



and the present writer happens to know that he resided some time at Kelso, in his early days, in the house 
of a relative, but whether or not he attended any school there, he cannot say. These minute details, though 
all highly interesting in reference to a man so distinguished, must necessarily be left to be accurately 
sifted out by more competent biographers. It is sufficient for our present purpose, to mention that he 
entered the class of Mr. Luke Frazer, in the High School of Edinburgh, in October, 1779, when he bad 
completed his eighth year ; and two years subsequently he was transferred to the class of the Rector, 
Dr. Adam, an amiable man and an excellent teacher, whose memory Sir Walter ever held in high regard. 
It would appear from all accounts that have yet reached the public, that his progress in the classics was at 
this period by no means extraordinary. It is even affirmed that he was remarkable for incorrectness in his 
exercises ; and it appears, at least, pretty well ascertained, that he left no distinct impression of superior 
talent or acuteness, either on his teachers or his fellow-pupils. He is better remembered for having been 
"a remarkably active and dauntless boy, full of all manner of fun, and ready for all manner of mischief;" 
and so far from being timid or quiet on account of his lameness, that very defect (as he has himself remarked 
to be usually the case in similar circumstances with boys of enterprising disposition) prompted him to take 
the lead among all the stirring boys in the street where he lived, or the school which he attended. He left 
the High School in 1783, ranking only eleventh in the Rector's class. However idle or backward, however, 
the schoolboy Scott might be in regard to classical attainments, he had, it seems, even then acquired a 
high character as a romancer. Of this curious fact he gives the following account in the general introduc- 
tion to the new edition of the " Waverley Novels :"— " I must refer to a very early period of my life, were 
I to point out my first achievements as a tale-teller ; but I believe some of my old school-fellows can stiil 
bear witness that I had a distinguished character for that talent, at a time when the applause of my com- 
panions was my recompense for the disgraces and punishments which the future romance-writer incurred 
for being idle himself, and keeping others idle, during hours that should have been employed on our tasks. 
The chief enjoyment of my holidays was to escape with a chosen friend, who had the same taste with 
myself, and alternately to recite to each other such wild adventures as we were able to devise. We told, 
each in turn, interminable tales of knight-errantry, and battles, and enchantments, which were continued 
from one day to another, as opportunity offered, without our ever thinking of bringing them to a conclusion. 
As we observed a strict secrecy on the subject of this intercourse, it acquired all the character of a con- 
cealed pleasure ; and we used to select for the scenes of our indulgence, long walks through the solitary 
and romantic environs of Arthur's Seat, Salisbury Craigs, Braid Hills, and similar places in the vicinity of 
Edinburgh; and the recollection of those holidays still forms an oasis in the pilgrimage which I have to 
look back upon." He entered the University of Edinburgh in October, 1783, at the age of twelve years ; 
but he appears (as far as can be ascertained from the matriculation records) to have attended only the 
Greek and Humanity (or Latin) classes for two seasons, and that of Logic one season. If he entered any 
other classes, it seems probable that his irregular health had interrupted his attendance. The consequence 
was that he had little opportunity, even if he had had the ambition, to distinguish himself at college; and 
he thus entered the world with a very desultory, and, as far as regards the classics, apparently a rather 
defective education. Nor was his course of private reading (it could scarcely be called stud}) much cal- 
culated to remedy that disadvantage. Having thus passed through a somewhat sickly and solitary infancy, 
which threw him much into the society of his elder relatives, and a somewhat idle boyhood, in which the 
recurrence of ill health cast him upon the resources of romance reading and romance dreaming, the con- 
stitution of the imaginative youth, about his sixteenth year, experienced a decisive improvement. His 
lameness, indeed, remained so far, that he was obliged to use a staff to assist his foot in walking ; but in 
other respects he became remarkably robust, and able to endure great fatigue, whether bodily or mental. 
! He now applied himself with vigour to the study of law ; and besides attending the usual classes in the 
university necessary to fit him for the bar, he performed the ordinary duties of an attorney's apprentice 
under his father, in order to acquire a more thorough technical knowledge of his profession. He exhibited, 
however, no ambition to distinguish himself at any of the debating societies at which the academical youth 
of Edinburgh, and more especially the candidates for forensic honours, are wont to train their unfledged 
powers of eloquence or argumentation. " He was never heard of," says a Scottish biographer, "at any of 
those clubs , and so far as he was known at all, it was only as a rather abstracted young man, very much 
0ven to reading, but not the kind of reading with which other persons of his age are conversant. " On the 
10th of July, 1792, about three months before he had completed his twenty-first year, he passed Advocate 
at the Scottish bar, after the usual examinations. Mr. Chambers, whose respectable biographical sketch 
we have already quoted, in reference to this period of his professional career, makes the following state- 
ment : — " The young barrister was enabled by the affluence of his father, to begin life in an elegant house 
in the most fashionable part of the town ; but it was not his lot to acquire either wealth or distinction at 
the bar. He had, perhaps, some little employment at the provincial sittings of the criminal court, and 
occasionally acted in unimportant causes as a junior counsel ; but he neither obtained, nor seemed qualified 
to obtain, a sufficient .share of general business to insure an independency. The truth is, his mind was not 
yet emancipated from that enthusiastic pursuit of knowledge which had distinguished his youth. His 
necessities, with only himself to provide for, and a sure retreat behind him in the comfortable circum- 
stances of his native home, were not so great as to make an exclusive application to his profession impera- 



ALPHABETICAL CHnONOLOG 127 



tive ; and h« therefore seemed destined to join what a sarcastic barrister has termed, " the ranks of th« 
gentlemen who are not anxious for business." Although he could speak readily and fluently at the bar, 
his intellect was not at all of a forensic cast. He appeared to be too much of the abstract and unworldly 
Bcholar to assume readily the habits of an adroit pleader ; and evem although he had been perfectly com- 
petent to the duties, it is a question if his external aspect and general reputation would have permitted the 
generality of agents to intrust them to his hands. Throughout all the earlier years of his life, as a barrister, 
he was constantly studying either one branch of knowledge or another. Unlike most of the young men of 
his order, he was little tempted from study into composition. Sir Walter was by no means a precocious 
author, either in verse or prose. He had reached his 25th year before he had given any indications of the 
peculiar talents which were destined to render him the most popular and voluminous writer of his age. 
The circumstances which awakened his dormant powers, and altered the whole complexion of his future 
life, have been detailed by himself in a very interesting manner, in the biographical introductions prefixed 
to the later editions of his works. After mentioning the remarkably low ebb to which the art of poetry 
had Allien during the last ten years of the eighteenth century, he describes the effects produced by the 
introduction of some translations of the German ballad school, especially of Burger's " Leonore," and the 
extraordinary excitement produced by the German poetry on his own mind. Having recently made him- 
' self master of the German language, he was led to form an acquaintance with Mr. Lewis, the author of 
j " The Monk," who chanced, about that period, to visit Edinburgh ; and " out of this acquaintance," says 
i Scott, " consequences arose which altered almost all the Scottish ballad-maker's future prospects in life." 
j In early youth he had been an eager student of ballad poetry, both printed and oral, but he had never 
dreamt, he says, of attempting that style of writing himself. "I had," he observes, "indeed, tried the ! 
metrical translations which were occasionally recommended to us at the High School. I got credit for 
attempting to do what was enjoined, but very little for the mode in which the task was performed ; and I 
used to feel not a little mortified when my verses were placed in contrast with others of admitted merit." 
The result of this resolution was the translation of several ballads from Burger; and finding these very 
favourably received by the friends to whom he showed them in MS. he was induced to try their effect on 
the public by publishing annonymously the translation of " Leonora,'' with that of " The Wild Huntsman," 
in a thin quarto. " The fate of this my first publication,'' he remarks, "was by no means flattering. I 
distributed so many copies among my friends, as materially to interfere with the sale ; and the number of 
translations which appeared in England about the same time, including that of Mr. Taylor, to which I had 
J been so much indebted, and which was published in the ' Monthly Magazine,' were sufficient so exclude a 
j provincial writer from competition. * * * In a word, my adventure proved a dead loss ; and a great part 
j of the edition was condemned to the service of the trunk-maker." By the time that Scott had attained 
j his thirty-second year, he was in a situation to take this step without imprudence. His success as a 
barrister was not such as to hold out any very flattering prospects of his attaining either wealth or 
J distinction by his profession ; at least not with such divided affection as he was inclined to bestow upon 
j it. " My profession and I," he says, "came to stand nearly upon the footing which honest Slender consoled 
| himself with having established with Mrs. Anne Page ' There was no great love between us at the 
[ beginning, and it pleased Heaven to decrease it on farther acquaintance !' I became sensible that the time 
was come when I must either buckle myself resolutely to • the toil by day, the lamp by night,' renouncing 
all the Dalilahs of my imagination, or bid adieu to the profession of the law, and hold another course." 
His appointment as Sheriff, however, with some fortune left him by his father, secured him a moderate 
competency; and his marriage, which took place in 1797, is understood to have augmented his family 
resources by an annuity, which Mrs. Scott possessed, of £400. ; so that when he made up his 
mind to abandon his professional practice, he must have attained an income of at least £700. or 
£300. a year. The lady' he married was a Miss Carpenter, a native, we believe, of the city of 
Lyons, but of English parentage, with whom he had become acquainted at the watering-place of 
Gilsland, in Cumberland. She is said to have possessed in youth great personal attractions. After 
his marriage he spent several summers in a delightful retreat at Lasswade,' on the banks of the 
Esk, about five miles from Edinburgh. Here he continued the prosecution of his favourite studies, and 
commenced the work which first established his name in literature — "The Minstrelsy of the Scottish 
Border." The materials of this work were collected during various excursions, or raids, as Sir Walter 
was wont to call them, through the most remote recesses of the border glens, made by the poetical compiler 
in person, assisted by one or two other enthusiasts in ballad lore. Pre-eminent among his coadjutors in this 
undertaking, was Dr. John Leyden, an enthusiastic borderer and ballad-monger like himself, and to whom 
he has gratefully acknowledged his obligations both in verse and prose. " The Lay of the Last Minstrel," 
appeared in 1S05. The structure of the verse was suggested, as the author states, by the " Christabel " 
of Coleridge, a part of which had been repeated to him, about the }-ear 1800, by Sir John Stoddart. The 
originality, wildness, poetical beauty, and descriptive power of Scott's border romance produced an effect 
on the public mind, only to be equalled, perhaps, by some of the earlier woris of Byron. In the spring of 
1800, Sir Walter obtained an appointment, which, he says, comp'etely met his moderate wishes as to pre- 
ferment. This was the office of a principal clerk of Session, of which tlie duties are by no means heavy, 
though personal attendance during the sitting of the courts is required. Mr. Pitt, under whose adminis- 



lis ALPHABETICAL CHRONOLOGY. 



tration the appointment had been granted, having died before it was officially completed, the succeeding 
Whig ministry had the satisfaction of confirming it, accompanied by very complimentary expressions from 
Mr. Fox. to the nominee on the occasion. The emoluments of this office were about £1200. a year ; but 
Scott received no part of the salary till the decease of his predecessor in 1812, the appointment being a 
reversionary one. From the appearance of the " Lay of the Last Minstrel " the history of Sir Walter 
Scott is, with the exception ot a few important incidents, little else than the history of his numerous pub- 
lications. To criticise, or even to enumerate with precision, the whole of that voluminous and splendid 
array, forms no part of the object of the present article ; but we must briefly notice the appearance of 
the principal works. " Marmion " appeared in 1808, and, though pretty sharply criticised by some of the 
reviewers, was received by the public with a degree of favour, if possible, even surpassing that experienced 
bj' the "Lay." This was succeeded in 1810 by "The Lady of the Lake;" in 1811 appeared "Don 
Roderick ;" in 1813, " Rokeby ;" and in 1814, " The Lord of the Isles." " The Bridal of Triermain," and 
" Harold the Dauntless," appeared anonymously, the former in 1813, and the latter in 1817. While the 
Court of Session was sitting, Scott lived in Edinburgh, in a good substantial house in North Castle-street. 
During the vacations he resided in the country, and appeared to enter with ardour i«"-t.o the ordinary occu- 
pations and amusements of country gentlemen. After he was appointed Sheriff of Selkirk, he hired for his 
summer residence the house and farm of Ashiesteil, in a romantic situation on the banks of the Tweed ; 
and here many of his poetical works were written. But with the increase of his resources grew the desire 
to possess landed property of his own, where he might indulge his tastes for building, planting, and 
gardening. Commencing with moderation, he purchased a small farm of about one hundred acres, lying on 
the south bank of the Tweed, three miles about Melrose, and in the very centre of that romantic and 
legendary country which his first great poem has made familiar to every reader. This spot, then called 
Cartly Hole, had a northern exposure, and at that time a somewhat bleak and uninviting aspect ; the only 
habitable house upon it was a small and inconvenient farm-house. Such was the nucleus of the mansion 
and estate of Abbotsford. By degrees, as his resources increased, he added farm after farm to his domain, 
and reared his chateau, turret after turret, till he had completed what a French tourist not inaptly terms 
" a romance in stone and lime ;" clothing meanwhile the hills behind, and embowering the lawns before, 
with flourishing woods of his own planting. The embellishment of his house and grounds, and the enlarge- 
ment of his landed property, became, after the establishment of his literary reputation, the objects, 
apparently, of Scott's most engrossing interest ; and whatever may be the intrinsic value of the estate as a 
heritage to his posterity, he has at least succeeded in creating a scene altogether of no ordinary attractions, 
and worthy of being for ever associated with his distinguished name. The appearance of the prose 
romance of " Waverley,'' in 1814, forms an epoch in modern literature as well as in the life of Scott. The 
circumstances which led him to attempt this new style of composition, and induced him for so long a 
period carefully to conceal his authorship, are detailed in a very interesting manner in his introduction to 
the new edition of this extraordinary series of tales. We cannot do more than merely refer to his own 
narrative. But we may remark in passing, that however well the secret was kept, and however vehement 
and ludicrous the controversies to which it gave rise, it was in reality no secret at all to any one (to any 
Scotchman, at least, of literary sagacity) who was acquainted with Sir Walter's other works, or with his 
trains of thought and modes of expression. Among the literary men of Edinburgh, assuredly there was 
scarcely e^en the shadow of a doubt from the beginning. The writer of this sketch remembers well a con- 
versation he had with Sir Walter, after the publication of " Guy Mannering," about the gypsy heroine, 
Jean Gordon, subsequently avowed to have been the prototype of Meg Merrilies. After relating the story 
(now well known) of Jean Gordon and the Goodman of Lochside, — " I have a great notion," added Scott, 
with impenetrable command of countenance, though he saw that his auditor could not repress a smile, " I 
have a great notion that * the author of Waverley ' had Jean Gordon in his eye when he drew the character 
of Meg Merrilies." And his visitor concurred in the opinion as gravely as he could ; having at the same 
time no more doubt as to the authorship than he has now. In the spring of the ensuing year (1820) he was 
created a baronet of the United Kingdom, by George IV., as a testimony of personal favour and friendship. 
On the King's visit to Scotland, in 1822, Sir Walter was invited to superintend the* arrangements for his 
Majesty's reception; and he performed that delicate and difficult task with admirable address and 
propriety, and gave, by his animating influence, something of a high and chivalrous character to what 
would probaly have otherwise appeared a formal as well as a frivolous piece of pageantry. " The author 
of Waverly " was still continuing to issue the apparently inexhaustible " coinage of his brain," at the rate 
of from three to eight volumes a year, exclusive of as much additional poetry and prose " by Sir Walter 
Scott" as would have built up a goodly reputation for any ordinary author, when, in January 1826, the 
house of Constable and Co. became bankrupt. It then became known, to the extreme surprise and 
universal regret of the public, that their great literary benefactor and favourite was involved by the failure 
to an extent which appeared utterly ruinous. By bill transactions with Messrs. Constable and Co., and by 
other means not yet very distinctly detailed, he had become responsible for debts to the enormous amount 
of £120,000., of which not above one-half were actually incurred on his own account. How a man of Sir 
Walter's characteristic prudence and knowledge of business should have been so incautious as to entangle 
himself in such transactions is most surprising, and scarcely well accounted for by any explanation that has 



ALPHABETICAL CHRONOLOGY. 



121) 



SEA at Teignmouth, and other places on (lie coast 
of Devonshire, rose and fell to the height of two 
feet, several times in the space of ten minutes, 
August 10, 1802. By a singular convulsion of the 
sea in the port of Plymouth, the shipping and 
craft were left dry and floated again several times 
in the space of twelve hours, June 1, 1811. 

SEA, embankment of, upon Cartmen Sands, Lanca- 
shire, by which 0000 acres of marsh lands were 
obtained, 1809. Embankment of, at Tre-Madoc, 
Carnarvonshire, completed, 1811. Byan incursion 
of, during a hurricane, a house at Kingsgate, near 
Margate, called the Admiral Digby'sHead, was 
carried awa}-, except one wing, October 13, 
1816. 



SEALING Charters and Deeds first used in England 
1065. 

SEALS not much in use with the Saxons, but they 
signed parchments with the cross, impressions of j 
lead being affixed. There was a f-eal of King: 
Edward's at Westminster, about 1188. Coats of 
Arms were nut introduced into seals till 1216. 
Great seal of England first used to crown grants, 
&c. 1050; stolen in 1781. 

SEAMEN'S V.'r.ges were advanced by Government, 
April 26, 1797. The Pursur's deduction of one- 
eighth of provisions taken oflf. 

SECRETARIES of State first appointed in Eng- 
land, Lord Cromwell was so made by Cardinal 
Wolsey, 1529. 



yet appeared of these concerns. He encountered adversity with dignified and manly intrepidity. On 
meeting the creditors, he refused to accept of any compromise, and declared his determination, if life was 
spared him, to pay off" every shilling. He insured his life in their favour for £22,000. ; surrendered all his 
available property in trust ; sold his town house and furniture, and removed to a humbler dwelling ; and 
then set himself calmly down to the stupendous task of reducing this load cf debt. The only indulgence 
he asked for was time ; and, to the honour of the parties concerned, time was liberally and kindly given him. 
A month or two after the crash of Constable's house, Lady Scott died— domestic affliction thus following 
fast on worldly calamity. The divulgement of the Waverley secret became, by the exposure of Constable's 
concerns, indispensable, and took place at an anniversary dinner of the Edinburgh Theatrical Fund Asso- 
ciation in February, 1827. The original MSS. of these works falling into the possession of the creditors, 
were afterwards sold in London by public auction. For five years after his pecuniary misfortunes, namely, 
from January, 1826, to the spring of 1831, Sir Walter continued his indefatigable labours, and in that 
period, besides some eight or ten new works of fiction, produced the " Life of Napoleon," in nine volumes; 
a " History of Scotland," in two volumes ; " Tales of a Grandfather," in nine small volumes ; " Letters on 
Demonology;" " Malagrowther's Letters," and a variety of smaller productions. The profits of these 
works, and of the new edition of the " Waverley Novels," which was commenced in 1829, were so con- 
siderable, that towards the end of the year 1830, £54,000. of debt had been paid off; all of which, except 
six or seven thousand, had been produced by his own literary labours. The prodigious labour which these 
numerous and voluminous works necessarily required, was too much, however, for even the most ready 
intellect and robust frame. The springs of life, so long overtasked, began to give way. During the ensuing 
winter symptoms of gradual paralysis (a disease of which his father, it seems, had also died, but at an 
advanced age) began to be manifested. His lameness became more distressing, and his utterance began to 
be obviously affected. Yet even in this afflicting and ominous condition he continued to work with undimi- 
nished diligence. During the summer of 1831 he grew gradually worse. His medical attendants strictly 
forbade mental exertion ; yet he could not be restrained altogether from composition. In the autumn a 
visit to Italy was recommended ; and a passage to Malta in a ship of war was readily obtained for him. He 
was with difficulty prevailed on to leave Scotland ; but yielded at length to the entreaties of his friends, 
and sailed in October, accompanied by his eldest son and his unmarried daughter. His health seemed 
improved by the voyage ; but after visiting Naples and Rome, at both of which cities he was received with 
almost regal honours, his desire to return to his native land became irrepressible, and he hurried homeward 
with a rapidity which, in his state of health, was highly injurious, and doubtless accelerated the catastrophe 
which, perhaps, no degree of skill or caution could have long delayed. He experienced a futher severe 
attack of his disorder in passing down the Rhine, and reached London in nearly the last stage of physical 
and mental prostration. Medical aid could only, it was found, for a short period protract dissolution ; and 
to gratify his most ardent dying wish, he was conveyed by the steam packet to Leith, and on the 11th of 
July, 1832, reached once more his favourite house at Abbotsford, but in such a pitiable condition, that he 
no longer recognised his dearest and nearest relations. After lingering in this deplorable state till, in the 
progress of this melancholy malady— this living death— mortification had been some time proceeding in 
different parts of the mortal frame— he expired without a struggle on the 21st of September, 1&32. The 
funeral was attended chiefly by the personal friends and relatives of the deceased, and by the gentlemen of 
his acquaintance in the vicinity ; but the inhabitants of the neighbouring towns and villages evinced their 
respect for his memory by spontaneously suspending all business and generally assuming the emblems of 
mourning, while the funeral train were proceeding to deposit the body in its last narrow dwelling. He 
was interred in his family burial aisle amidst the ruins of Dryburgh Abbey, a spot of great picturesque 
beauty, lying on Tweed Side about half way between Smailholm, the scene of his simple infancy, and 
Abbotsford, the stately home of his latter years. Sir Walter Scott has left a family of two sons and two 
daughters. The eldest son, the present Sir Walter, is a Major in the 16th Hussars; Charles, the younger, 
is an Attache to the Neapolitan Legation. The elder daughter was married in 1820 to Mr. J. G. Lockhart, 
editor of the Quarterly Review ; the younger, Miss Ann Scott, remains still unmarried. 



I'M) 



ALPHABETICAL CHRONOLOGY, 



SEDAN CHAIRS were introduced into England, 

1734. 
SEDGljMOOR, in Somersetshire, Battle of, August 

6, 1685, in the reign of Charles II. 
SELBY and LEEDS Railway, opened September 

22. 1S34. 
SENEGAL taken by the English, May 1, 1758 ; 

again, 1779; again, July 13, 1809. 
SEPTUAGINT said to have been found in a cask, 

217. 
SERINGAPATAM, capital of the Mvsore, taken by 

the English under General Harris, May 6, 1799. 
SERVETUS, burnt at Geneva, October 27, 1553. 
SEVERUS, died 211 ; aged 58. 
SEVERUS' WALL built in the north of England, 

203. 
SEVIGNE (Marchioness de) born 1G26 ; died 1696. 
SEVILLE University founded, 1517. 
SEXTANT invented by Tycho Brahe, at Augs- 

burgh, in 1550. 
SHAKSPEARE, born 1564; died April 3, 1616. 
SHARK caught in the nets of the fishermen at 
Broad-stairs, measuring in length 31 feet, in girth 
17^ feet, and weighing six tons, June 6, 1813. 
SHARP, Archbishop of St. Andrew's, born 1618; 

shot in his coach, May 3, 1679. 
SHAVING of priests first introduced, 169. 
SHEERNESS blown up by the Dutch fleet, 1667. 
SHEEP from England first permitted to be sent to 
Spain, which has since injured our manufacture 
' 1467. From the wool grower to the consumer, s 
piece of cloth passes through 100 different hands. 
SHELLEY, the poet, born 1792; drowned 1822. 
SHENSTONE (William), English poet and mis- 

cellaneous writer, died 1763. 
SHERIDAN (Richard Brinsley), public funeral of 

Julv 13, 1816. 
SHERIFFS first appointed, 1079; first in London, 

1189. 
SHERIFFS of London, fifty appointed in one day 
thirty-five of whom paid their fines, July 2, 1734. 
SHERLOCK (Dr. Thomas), Bishop of Ljndon, died 

1761. 
SHETLAND ISLANDS, nineteen fishing boats 
foundered in a storm off, and 111 persons drowned, 
October, 1832. 
SHILLINGS first coined in England, 1505. 
SHIP. The first seen in Greece arrived at Rhodes 
from Egypt, 1485 B. C. The first double-decked 
one built in England was of 1000 tons burden, by 
order of Henry VII., 1509 ; it was called the Grea't 
Harry, and cost £14,000. ; before this, twenty-four 
gun ships were the largest in our navy, and these 
had no port-holes, the guns being on the upper 
decks only. Port-holes and other improvements 
were invented by Dechaiges, a French builder, at 
Brest, in the reign of Louis XII., 1500. There 
were not above four merchant ships of 120 tons 
burden before 1551. 
SHOEING of horses first introduced, 481. 
SHOES of the present fashion first worn in England, 
1633 ; but the buckle was not introduced till 1670. 
SHOREHAM Suspension Bridge, opened, May 2, 

1833. 
SHORE (Jane), mistress of E 1 ward IV., did penance, 

1483 ; her husband executed for coining, 1496. 
SHOVEL (SirCloudslev), lost on the rocks of Scilly, 

October 22, 1707, aged 56. 
SHREWSBURY, Battle of, July 22, 1403, in the 

reign of Henry IV. 
SICILY first peopled from Italy, 1262 B. C ; sepa- 
rated from the kingdom of Naples, 1805. The 
government restored to Ferdinand 1814. 
SIDDONS (Mrs.) the greatest tragic actress ever 

seen in England, born 1755; died, June 7, 1831. 
SIDNEY (Algernon) beheaded, December 7, 1683. 
SIDNEY (Sir Philip) born 1554; killed in battle, 

September 22, 1536. 
SIGNALS at sea first devised by James II., 1665. 
SILK, wrought, brought from Persia to Greece, 325 
B. C. From India, 274 A. D. Known at Rome 
in the time Tiberius, when a law passed in the 
senate, prohibiting the use of plate of massive gold, 
and also forbidding men to debase themselves by 



wearing silk, fit only for women. Heliogabuhw 
first wore a garment of all silk, 220. Silk-worms 
were brought to Europe 300 years later. Silk at 
first of the same value with gold, weight for 
weight, and thought to grow, like cotton, on trees, 
220. The Emperor Aurelian, who died in 275, 
denied his empress a robe of silk, because too 
dear. Silk introduced into Europe by some monks, 
551. Some monks who had been in India, in 555, 
brought from thence silk-worms' eggs to Constan- 
tinople, where raw silk was in time produced in 
abundance, and worked up into manufactures at 
Athens, Thebes, Corinth, &c. &c. Silk manu- 
factured in England, 1604. First silk manufactured 
in France, 1521. First worn by the English clergy, 
1534. 
SILVER first coined at Rome, 269 B. C. 
SILVER MINES first discovered in Germany, 950; 
first discovered at Brittany, in France, November, 
1730 , in Devonshire, 294; at Potosi, 1545 ; at Cusco, 
1712; on the Cornish side of the river Tamer, 1811. 
SILVER PENNY the largest coin in England, 

1302. 
SIMONIDES, the poet, flourished 503 B. C. 
SIMPSON (Thomas), English mathematician, died 

1761. 
SINGING in churches established, 67. 
SION College, London-wall, founded, 1623. 
SIERRA LEONE coast discovered, 1460. 
SLAVE Trade from Congo aud Angola, begun by 
the Portuguese in 1482. Begun with England, 
1563, in South America, 1550. Abolished by the 
Quakers, 1784. By the French Convention, 1794. 
By the British Parliament, 1807. By the Prince 
of the United Netherlands, 1814. In France, by 
Buonaparte, March 29, 1815. 
SLOANE (Sir Hans), born 1660; died, January II, 

1752. 
SMALL-POX Hospital, Coldbath-fields, instituted, 

September 26, 1746. 
SMIRKE (Richard), died at Brampton, July, 1S15. 
SMOLLETT (Dr. Tobias), the historian, died, Sep- 
tember 17, 1771. 
SNEYD (Nathaniel), an Irish gentleman of rank 
and fortune, shot in the streets at noon by Mason, 
a lunatic, July 31, 1833. 
SNOW for eleven days, 1762 ; remarkably deep in 
1731 and 1736 ; 7000 Swedes perished in a storm 
of snow upon the mountains of Rudel and Tydel, 
in their march to attack Dronthiem, in 1719. 
Great fall of snow in every part of England in 
January, 1814. Considerable fall of snow in the 
counties of Cambridge and Huntingdon, by which 
much damage was done to the gardens, September, 
2, 1816 
SNYDERS (Francis), painter, born at Antwerp, 

1579. 
SOAP first made in London and Bristol, 1524. 
SOCIETY ISLES, in the Pacific Ocean, discovered, 

1765. 
SOCRATES put to death, 401, B. C, aged 70. 
SODOM burnt 1897 B. C, 65th of Lot's age. 
SOLAN DER (Dr.) naturalist, died May 13, 1782. 
SOLON, the lawgiver, born 549, B. C. 
SOLWAY MOSS, bordering on Scotland, ten miles 
from Carlisle, began to swell, owing to heavy 
rains, and upwards of 400 acres of it rose to such 
a height above the level of the ground, that at last 
it rolled forward like a torrent, and continued its 
course above a mile, sweeping along with it houses, 
trees, and every thing in its way ; it then divided 
into islands of different extent from one to ten 
feet dei-p, upon which were found hares, wild- 
fowl, &c. It has covered near 600 acres at 
Netherby, to which it removed, and destroyed 
about thirty small villages ; it continued in motion 
from Saturday to Wednesday, December 31, 1771. 
SOMERSET HOUSE, Strand, London, built, 1549 ; 
pulled down, 1776, and began to be rebuilt in its 
present state, same year. 
SOMERVILLE (William) English poet, died 1743. 
SOPHOCLES died 406 B. C, aged 90. 
SOUTHAMPTON, new pier at, opened, July 8, 
1833. 



ALPHABETICAL CHRONOLUCJY. 



131 



EOUTHCOTT (Joanna), pretended prophetess, who 
had manv followers, died December 27, 1814. 

SOUTH Sea Scheme in England vanished, 1720, 
after being the ruin of several hundred families. 

BOUTMWARK annexed to London, 1560, 

SOUTHWARK-BR1DGE, lust stone laid, Mav 23, 
1816, opened March 21, 1819. 

SOUTI1WARK Fair restrained in 1743; abolished, 
1762. 

SOWING corn, &c, the art of, taught by Ceres, 
1409 B. C. 

SPA FIELDS, from 20,000 to 30,000 persons assem- 
bled in, to vote an address to the Prince Regent, 
from the distressed manufacturers, tradesmen, &c, 
November 15, 1816. Second meeting, December 
2, following, which terminated in a very alarming 
riot ; the shops of several gunsmiths having been 
plundered of arms by the mob. 

SPAIN conquered by the Romans, 216 B C. The 
Moors kept possession after the Romans till 1093. 
Kingdom of Spain founded by the union of the two 
crowns of Castile and Arragon, the Queen of Castile 
having martied the King of Arragon, 1479, who 
assumed the title of Catholic Majesty. The 
kingdom seized by Buonaparte, and given to his 
brother Joseph, 1808. The theatre of war, from 
that period to the expulsion of the French, in 
1814, when Ferdinand, who had been held captive 
in Fiance, was restored. 

SPAIN (New) discovered, 1518. 

SPEAKER of the House of Commons first chosen, 
1340. 

SPEED (John) the- historian, died July, 1629, 
aged 76. 

SPENCER, the poet, born 1510, died 1598. 

SPINELLO (Gasp.), a Florentine, flourished 1330, 
died, aged 77 

SPOON ER (Mr.), at Tamworth, Warwickshire, 
died aged 57, who weighed forty stone, nine pounds, 



and measured four feet three inches across the 

shoulders, April 30, 1775, 
SPONSORS lust instituted 130. 
STA EL (Madame de) died June, 1817, in the 53d 

year of her age. 
ST. ALBANS, Battle of, May 22. 1455, in the reign 

of Henry VI. ; again on Shrove Tuesday, 1461, in 

the reig'a of Edward IV. 
STAMP Office established 1161. 
STAMPS on newspapers be<iiin, 1713; increased 

1725, 1765, 1781, 1789, 1797, 1808, 1815; reduced 

to one penny, 1336. 
STAPLE'S Inn Society, established, 1415. 
STAR Chamber Court instituted, 1487 ; abolished, 

1641. 
STARCHING linen first introduced into England, 

1552. 
STATIONERS' company incorporated, 1556. I 

STATIUS born about 41, died about 102 
STATUTE miles first ascertained in England, 1593. 
ST. DOMINGO, French part, put itself under the 

English protection, August 18, 1793; declared 

itself independant, January, 1797. 
ST. BRIDE'S avenue, first stone of, laid, November 

3. 1825, 
STEAM applied to the purpose of inland navigation 

in America, 1810. Steam-boat between Norwich 

and Yarmouth, November, 1813. Steam-boat 

between Limehouse and Gravesend, February, 

1815. 
STEELE (Sir Richard) died September 1, 1729, 

aged 53. 
STEINBURG, a German, murdered Ellen Lefevre, 

with whom he cohabited, and their four children, 

at Pentonville, September 8, 1834. 
STEPHEN, the Martyr, died September 26, 33. 
STEREOTYPE Printing invented by William Ged, 

a goldsmith, of Edinburgh, 1735. 
*STERNE (Rev. Lawrence), died 1768. 



* Laurence Sterne, the celebrated author of "Tristram Shandy " and the "Sentimental Journey," was 
born at Clonmell, in Ireland. His father was Roger Sterne, a lieutenant in the army, a younger son of Dr. 
Sterne, Archbishop of York. The subject of the present notice, therefore, although a native; of Ireland, 
was, like Berkeley, Goldsmith, Switt, and several other men of original genius who have been born in that 
country, an Englishman by descent. He also received nearly the whole of his education in England, 
having been sent to school at Halifax, in Yorkshire, in 1722. Even at this early age he appears to have 
given such indications of the vivacity of his genius as arrested the attention of discriminating observers. 
One day, as he has himself related, he had been tempted to scrawl his name in large letters on the white- 
washed wall of the school-room. The usher, on detecting the misdemeanor, sentenced the culprit to the 
usual punishment ; but the master of the school, on learning what had occurred, declared that the name 
should never be obliterated from the wall, as it was one which he was certain would in due time secure to 
itself no common distinction. On leaving school, Sterne was entered of Jesus-college, Cambridge, his fiends 
having fixed upon the church as his profession. Their choice was, as too frequently happens, directed 
more by other considerations than by any regard to his inclination or fitness for the sacred office. 
Accordingly, when Sterne, some time after leaving the university, obtained, by the interest of a brother 
of his father, the living of Sutton, in Yorkshire, he appears to have entered upon the enjoyment of its tem- 
poralities without giving himself much trouble about its duties. He spent his time, it is said, chiefly in 
shooting, in the practice of music and painting, and in light and discursive reading. In 1741 he married ; 
and soon after, through a relation of his wife, he was appointed to the living of Stillington, in the same 
count}', which he held in conjunction with the former. H*. also enjoyed a prebend in the cathedral of 
York, which he owed to his uncle. This was all the preferment he ever obtained in the church till, aftei 
he had made himself known as a writer, Lord Faulconberg bestowed upon him the living of Cawood, to 
which he then removed from Stillington. The first production which Sterne gave to the world, was a 
satirical effusion entitled "The History of a Watchcoat." But it was the twe commencing volumes of 
his " Tristram Shandy," published in 1759, which first brought him into notoriety. Very rarely has the 
work of a new writer produced such a sensation as did this extraordinary performance. It at once esta- 
blished the fame of its author as one of the most original humorists his country had ever produced ; and 
even the censure which it drew down upon him by the freedom of many passages contributed to his 
celebrity. Its continuation was eagerly expected ; but the third and fourth volumes did not appear till 1761. 
The fifth and sixth were published in 1762 ; the seventh and eighth in 1764 ; and the ninth, which con- 
cluded the work, in 1766. Soon after its completion, Sterne, whose health had for some time shown 
symptoms of general decay, the effect, it has been stated, rather of indulgence than of his literary exertions, 



132 ALPHABETICAL CHRONOLOGY. 



STERNHOLD (Thomas), the poet, died 1541. 
STEWART (Dugald), Scotch philosopher, born 

1753; died 1828. 
STEWS, public one suppressed, which before were 

licensed, 1546. 
ST. HELENA first possessed by the English, 1600; 

settled, 1651. 
STONE BULLETS in use in England so late as 

1514. 
STONE CHURCH, the first built in London, 1087. 
STOPS in literature introduced, 1520; the colon, 

15S0; semicolon, 1599. 
STOTHARD (Thomas), British artist, died, April 

27. 1834 ; aged 78. 
STOW (John), the historian, died, April 5, 1605 ; 

aged 80. 
STRABO flourished about 30 B. C. 
STRALSUND taken possession of by the French, 

January 26, 1812. 
STRAND, London, first built on, 1353. 
STRASBURGH Cathedral built, 1035. 
STRATFORD-UPON-AVON burnt, August 1, 

1614. 
STRAW used for the king's bed, 1234. 
STRIPE (John), born 1643; died, December, 1737. 
ST. STEPHEN'S Chapel, late the House of Com 



filled in fifteen hours, twenty minutes, December 5, 
1796. 

SUBSIDIES raised upon the subjects of England 
for the last time by James I., 1624, in the twenty- 
third year of his reign. 

SUETONIUS PAULINUS, in the reign of Nero, 
invaded the island of Anglesea, and burnt the 
Druids, 59 ; defeated Boadicea at London, and slew 
80,000 of the Britons the same year. 

SUGAR first mentioned by Paul iEgineta, a physi- 
cian, 625 ; originally from China and the East ; 
produced in Sicily, 1148 ; first produced in Madeira, 
1419; in the Canary Islands, 1503; carried to the 
West Indies, by the Portuguese and Spaniards, 
1510 ; cultivated at Barbadoes, 1641. Sugar refining 
first discovered by a Venetian, 1503 ; practised 
first in England, 1569; was first taxed in England, 
1685. 

SULLY (Duke de), died 1641 ; aged 82. 

SUNDAY SCHOOLS first established in Yorkshire, 
1784; became general in England and Scotland in 
1789. 

SUN-DIALS invented, 558 B.C.; the first erected 
at Rome was that by Papirius Cursor, when time 
was divided into hours, 308 B. C. ; first set up 
against churches, 613 



mons, built, 1115; burnt, October 16, 1834. t SUN, spot seen in for the first time, 1611; spot 

STUKELY (Dr.), the antiquarian, died 1765. 1 observed in, 1779. Several have since been 

SUBSCRIPTION Loan to Government for eighteen observed ; some of greater diameter than the 

millions to carry on the war against France, was | earth. 



was advised to seek a chance of restoration in foreign travel , and accordingly he proceeded to Fiance, 
taking his family with him. From France he pursued his way alone into Italy ; but the excursion was not 
attended with the benefit expected from it. It produced, however, the "Sentimental Journey," the work 
of this author, perhaps, which has continued longest popular, and has always been the most general 
favourite. It appeared in the beginning of the year 1768 ; and a few weeks after, about the middle of 
March, the author expired at his lodgings in Bond-street, London, at the age of fifty-four. Besides " Tris- 
tram Shandy," and the " Sentimental Journey," Sterne published, under the name of Yorick, two volumes 
of Sermons in 1760, and two volumes more in 1766 ; and the edition of his collected works in ten volumes, 
which appeared after his death, contains also several letters, essays, and other miscellaneous productions 
of his pen. No defence or apology can be offered for either the occasional licentiousness of Sterne's writings, 
or for the free and careless life, to call it no worse, which he led, so especially unbecoming the profession 
to which he belonged. The fine feelings, it is also asserted, which are so beautifully displayed in many of 
his delineations, were merely assumed for the occasion, or, at any rate, did not much influence his general 
conduct. With all his pretended sensibility, he is represented as having been in reality a man of an ill- 
temper and of a hard and selfish heart. The truth probably is, that he was at least incapable of acting 
upon any steady principle, or of .pursuing any permanent good at the expense of a present sacrifice ; and 
accordingly, we are told, that, though in the enjoyment for many years of a considerable income from his 
livings in the church, and his works together, he left nothing to his wife and daughter, when he died, but 
a load of debts. As a writer he is undoubtedly entitled to a high rank in his peculiar line. Attempts have 
been made to trace the peculiarities of his style to preceding writers; and Dr. Ferriar, in particular, has 
certainly convicted him of having borrowed many thoughts, and even the groundwork of some pretty long 
passages, from Burton's "Anatomy of Melancholy," and other old English works. Arbuthnot's famous 
" Martinus Scriblerus " has also been pointed out as the prototype of "Tristram Shandy." Of all his pre- 
decessors, however, Rabelais is undoubtedly the writer who has the best right to be regarded as having been 
directly imitated by Sterne. We do not allude to particular passages, in which the one may be proved to 
have been a copier of the other, so much as to general resemblance of style and manner. There is in boih 
the same nervous and idiomatic style, the same whimsicality of thought and allusion, the same intermixture 
of the most sagacious and profound remarks with the wildest absurdity, as well as the same wit and 
humour. In both, too, there is the same indelicacy— only far more frequent and reckless in Rabelais, 
whose satire is also animated in many places by a much more bitter spirit. But in this, or any other 
parallel which may be drawn to the disadvantage of Sterne's originality, it ought never to be forgotten that 
his highest attribute remains still all his own— his exquisite pathos. Of this there is nothing whatever 
either in Burton, or Arbuthnot, or Rabelais, or any other with whom he has been compared. None of 
these writers could have produced the stories of the "Dead Ass," of "Lefevre," of the "Monk," or of 
" Maria." Nay, none of them, we may venture to affirm, could have drawn or imagined anything so full of 
the eccentric and the ludicrous, and yet so mild, so attractive, and, with all its singularity, so true to 
nature, as the delineation either o/ *ny Uncle Toby or ol Corporal Trim ; though perhaps Cervantes 
might. 



ALPHABETICAL CHRONOLOGY. 



133 



SUPREMACY of the Pope above the Emperor in- 
traduced. (>07. The first prince that shook off the 
yoke of Rome was Henry VIII., who settled the 
supremacy upon himself, 1533. 

SURINAM surrendered by the English to Holland, 
1667; taken by the En'glish, August 20, 1799; 
again, M;iv5, 1801. 

SURNAMES introduced into England by the Nor- 
mans, and adopted by the nobility, 1200. 

SURPLICES first used in churches, 130. 

SURREY Canal Dock opened at Rothenthe. 1807. 

SURREY Institution commenced, 1808. 

SURVEY of England made, at first by order of 
Alfred. 900; by William the Conqueror. 1080; by 
Charles II., 1668. 

SUSSEX Kingdom, founded by Alia, a Saxon, 419. 

SWEARING on the Gospel first used, 528. 

SWEARING, the vice of, introduced, 1072. 

SWEATING Sickness, that carried off great num- 
bers, first observed in England, in 1481 ; again, 
1483; in September, 1485; again, 1506; again, so 
that in some towns half the people died, in others 
one-third, 1517; again, 1528, 1529, 1548, 1551. 

SWEDENBORG (Emanuel), born at Stockholm, 
January 29, 1689; died in London, March 29, 1772. 

SWEDE'NBORGIANS' sect began, 1780. 

SWEDEN, kingdom of, began, 481 ; united to the 
crown of Denmark and Norway, in 1394 , Gustavus 
Vasa expelled the Danes, in 1525, until which 
time the crown was elective; Christianity intro- 
duced there, 829 ; no nobility there before 1500 ; 
nobility massacred, Nov. 8, 1510; Lutheranism 
established there by Gustavus Vasa, about 1525; 
popery abolished and the crown declared here- 
ditary, 1544 ; John Bernadotte, prince of Ponte 
Corvo, was chosen crown prince, August 21, 1810. 
Norway ceded to it by treaty, January 14, 1814. 
Charles XIV., the reigning monarch, began to 
reign, February 5, 1818. 

SWIFT (Dean "of St. Patrick's), died, October, 
1745; a^ed78. 

SWITZERLAND, inhabited formerly by the Hel- 
vettii who were subdued by Ca?sar 57 years B. C. ; 
it remained subject to the Romans till again con- 
quered by the Alemans from Germany, 395 ; these 
were driven out by Clovis I. of France, 496; be- 
came part of the kingdom of Burgundy, 838 ; Swiss 
soldiers first in the pay of Fiance, 14S0 ; Swiss 
Cantons formed, 1307, six of the Cantons are Pro- 
testant and the rest Roman Catholic; joined the 
confederacy against Buonaparte, May 20, 1815. 

SWORD of State carried at an English king's coro- 
nation by a king of Scotland, 1194. 

TACITUS lived in 70 

TALMA (Francis Joseph), theGarrick of the French 
stage, born 1763 ; died 1826. 

TALMUD made 117 B.C. 

TAMERLANE, conqueror of Asia, born 1336, died 
1405. 

TAPESTRY invented by Sir Francis Crane, K'19, 
for the encouragement of which King James I. 
gave 2,000/. to build a house at Mortlake, in Surrey, 
1619. 

TAR, mineral, discovered at Col eb rook-dale, Shrop- 
shire, 1779; and in Scotland, October 10, 1792. 

TASSO (Orlando), musician, died 1594. 

TASSO (Torquato), born 1514. 

TAVERNS restrained by an act of Edward VI ,1532, 
to 40 in London, 8 in Vork, 4 in Norwich, 3 in 
Westminster, 6 in Bristol, 3 in Lincoln, 4 in Hull, 
3 in Shrewsbury, 4 in Exeter. 3 in Salisbury, 4 in 
Gloucester, 4 in Chester, 3 in Hereford, 3 in Wor- 
cester, 3 in Southampton, 4 in Canterbury, 3 in 
Ipswich, 3 in Winchester, 3 in Oxford, 4 in Cam- 
bridge, 3 in Colchester, 4 in Newcastle-on-Tyne. 



TEA-DEALERS obliged to have sign boards painted, 
1779. 

TEA destroyed at Boston by the inhabitants, 1773, 
in abhorrence of English taxes ; for which they 
were severely punished by the English parliament 
in April, 1774. 

TEA first brought into Europe by the Dutch East 
India Company, early in 1691; tea, coffee, and cho- 
colate, first mentioned in the statute books, 1660 ; 
a quantity of tea brought from Holland by Lord 
Arlington and Lord Ossory, 1699 ; the Americana 
refused to receive it with a duty, 1773. 

TELEGRAPHS invented, 1687 ; put into practice 
by the French in 1794 ; by the English, January 
28, 1796. 

TELESCOPES invented by J. Jansen, a spectacle 
maker at Middleburgh, 1590 ; first reflecting one, 
made on the principles of Sir Isaac Newton, 1692. 

TELL (William), shot Grisler, the Austrian gover- 
nor, 1317. 

TEMPLE-BAR, act passed for pulling down the 
houses without, June, 1795. 

TENIERS, painter, of Antwerp, born 1582 ; died 
1649. 

TERENCE died 159 B. C. 

TERMS of law begun, 1079. 

TERTULLIAN, a father of the church, died 96 ; 
aged 85. 

TEST ACT passed, 1673; repealed, 1830. 

TEWKESBURY, Battle of, May 4, 1471. 

THAMES TUNNEL gave way, June 12, 1828. 

THAMES was so low between the Tower and 
the Bridge that women and children waded over 
it, owing to so great an ebb in the ocean, that laid 
the sands bare several miles from the shore, which 
continued a whole day, 1214 ; rose so high at 
Westminster, that the lawyers were brought out 
of the hall in boats, 1235; and 1703; again 1736; 
Palace Yard and Westminster Hall deluged by it, 
October 21, 1812. 

THEATRE, that of Bacchus at Athens, the first 
ever erected, built by Philos, 420 B. C ; the ruins 
still exist. The first ro}'al licence for one in Eng- 
land was in 1574, to James Burbage and four 
others, servants to th j Earl of Leicester, to act 
plays at the Globe, Bankside, or in any part of 
England ; but long before their time miracles were 
represented in the open fields, where the devil 
appeared in person on the stage, shearing the 
bristles of hogs; hence the old proverb, "Great 
cry and little wool." 

THEATRE (the Brunswick) fell and killed Mr. 
Maurice, one of the proprietors, and nine other 
persons, February 28, 1828. 

THEBES, built by Cadmus, 493 B. C. 

THERMOMETERS first invented by Drebel, a 
Dutchman, 1620; improved by Reaumer, I7li0; 
and by Fahrenheit. 1749. 

THESPIS, the poet, flourished about 539 B. C. 

THISTLEWOOD, Watson, Preston, and Hooper, 
tried for high-treason and acquitted, June 9th, 
1817. 

THOMSON (James), poet, died, August 27, 1718 : 
aged 46. 

THORNHILL-LEES, Yorkshire, seveial persons 
apprehended at, for treasonable practices, b\ 
means of a spy of the name of Oliver, June 6, 1817 

THORNHILL (Sir James), died 1732; aged 57. 

THREAD first made at Paisley, in Scotland, ii 
1722. 

-*THURLOW (Lord), died, September 12, 1806; 
aeed 71. 

TIDES, the first theory of, by Kepler, 1596. 

T1LLOTSON 'Archbishop of Canterbury), die. 
1694 ; aged 63. 



* Lord Thurlnw.— Mr. Butler has given a very striking account of the eloquence of Lord Thurlow am, 
his manner in debate : we transcribe his own words. " At times Lord Thurlow was superlatively great 
It was the good fortune of the reminiscent to hear his celebrated reply to the Duke of Grafton during th< 
Inquiry into Lord Sandwich's administration of Greenwich Hospital. His grace's action and delivery. 



134 ALPHABETICAL CHRONOLOGY. 



TIME first computed from the Christian Bera, 516; 
in historv, 784: in Spain, 1258; in Arragon and 
Castile. 13S3 : in Portugal, 141,5. 

TINTERN ABBEY, Monmouthshire, built, 1131. 

TINTORETTO, an Italian painter, born 1512; died 
1594. 

TITHES first collected in England, 750. 

TITIAN, a Venetian painter, born 1477 ; died 1576. 

TITLES, first creation to, by patents, 1344. Titles 
royal : — The following is the succession in which 
the royal titles swelled in England— Henry IV. 
had the title of '' Grace " conferred on him ; Henry 
VI., that of "Excellent Grace;" Edward IV., 
that of "High and Mighty Prince;" Henry VII., 
"Highness;" Henry VlIL, " Majesty " (and was 
the first and last that was styled "Dread Sove- 
reign ") ; and James I., that of "Sacred" or 
" Most Excellent Majesty." That of " Majesty " 
was first given to Louis XL, of France ; before, it 
was the title only of emperors ; the kings of Arra- 



gon. Castile, and Portugal, had the title only of 

" Highness;" those of England, "YourGrace;" 

those of France, " Your Despotism." 
TOBACCO allowed to be cultivated in Ireland, 

1779; prohibited, 1832; and the crops paid for 

and destroyed bv government, 1833. 
TOMBS of the kings of France, in the Abbey of St. 

Denis, were ordered to be destroyed by authority, 

October 14, 1793. 
TOOKE (John Home), born 1736; died, March 18, 

1S12. 
TORRE DEL GRECO, near Naples, was nearly 

destroyed by the lava of Mount Vesuvius, June 30, 

1794. 
TORRIJOS (General), shot in the market-place at 

Malaga, December 10, 1831. 
♦TOURNAMENTS began in 170; instituted by 

Henry, Emperor of Germany, 919. 
TOWER of London built, 1078; walled in, 1099. 
TOWERS, high, first erected to churches in 1000. 



when he addressed the house, were singularly dignified and graceful : but his matter was not equal to his 
manner. He reproached Lord Thurlow with his plebeian extraction, and his recent admission into the 
peerage ; particular circumstances caused Lord Thurlow's reply to make a deep impression on the remi- 
niscent. His lordship had spoken too often, and began to be heard with a civil but visible impatience. 
Under these circumstances he was attacked in the manner we have mentioned. He rose from the wool- 
sack, and advanced slowly to the place from which the Chancellor generally addresses the hous<_; then 
fixing on the duke the look of Jove when he grasps the thunder, ' I am amazed,' he said in a level tone of 
voice, ' I am amazed at his grace's speech. The noble duke cannot look before him, behind him, or on 
either side of him, without seeing some noble peer who owes his seat in this house to his successful exertions 
in the profession to which I belong. Does he not feel that it is as honourable to owe it to these as to being 
the accident of an accident ? To all these noble lords the language of the noble duke is applicable and as 
insulting as it is to myself. But I do not fear to meet it single and alone. No one venerates the peerage 
more than I do ;— but, my lords, I must say that the peerage solicited me, not I the peerage ;— nay, more, 
I can say, and will say, that as a peer of Parliament, as speaker of this right honourable house, as keeper 
of the great seal, as guardian of his Majesty's conscience, as Lord High Chancellor of England, nay, even 
in that character alone in which the noble duke would think it an affront to be considered — as a man, I 
am at this moment as respectable — I beg leave to add, I am at this time as much respected— as the proudest 
peer I now look down upon.' This speech had its due effect both within and without the ' House.' It 
invested him, in public opinion, with a character of independence and honour; and this, although he was 
ever on the unpopular side in politics, rendered him popular with the people. Of his legal talents we 
need not speak ; they have always been the subject of panegyric. It has been said by those who dislike 
excellence in any one, that Lord Thurlow was much indebted to a Mr. Hargrave for the learning with 
which his judgments were so especially distinguished, and that that gentleman received a handsome 
remuneration for those services which rendered his lordship so popular with the people. That this remark 
is invidious no unprejudiced person will doubt for a moment. 

* Tournaments and justs, though often confounded with each other, differed materially. The tourna- 
ment was a conflict with many knights divided into parties, and engaged at the same time. The just was 
a separate trial of skill, when only one man was opposed to another ; the latter was frequently included 
in the former, but not without many exceptions, for the just, according to the laws of chivalry, might be 
made exclusive of the tournament. In the romantic ages, both these diversions were held in the highest 
esteem, being sanctioned by the countenance and example of the nobility, and prohibited to all below the 
rank of esquire; but at the same time the justs were considered as less honourable than the tournaments, 
for the knight who had paid his fees and been admitted to the latter had a right to engage in the former 
without any further demand, but he who had paid the lees for justing only, was by no means exempted 
from the fees belonging to the tournament. It is an opinion, generally received, that the tournament 
originated from a childish pastime practised by the Roman youths called the Troy Game, said to have 
been so named because it was derived from the Trojans, and first brought into Italy by Ascanius, the son 
of Eneas. But it is impossible to ascertain the precise period when tournaments first made their appear- 
ance, nor is it less difficult to determine by whom they were invented. The French and the Germans, 
however, both claim the honour : most of the German writers make the Emperor Henry I. the institutor 
of these pastimes, but others attribute their origin to another Henry at least a century after the former; 
the French, on their side, quote an ancient history which asserts that Geofry, Lord of Previlli in Anjou, 
who was slain at Gaunt, was the inventor of the tournament. It seems to be certain that tournaments 
were held in France and Normandy before the Conquest, and according to our own writers they were not 
permitted to be practised in our own country for sixty \ ears posterior to that event. The manner o. 



ALPHABETICAL CHRONOLCGY. 



135 



TRAFALGAR, Hurtle .if. Lord Nelson killed in t e 

action. October 21 , 1805. 
TRAGEDY, the first acted at Athens, on a waggon, 

by Thespis, 5S5 B. C. 
TRAJAN'S pillar erected in Rome, 114. 
TRANSPORTATION of felons introduced, 1590. 
TRIBUTE of wolves' head paid in England, 971 ; 

paid by the English to the Danes in one year, 

48,000/., 997. 
TRICHINOPOLI, in the East Indies, blown up by 

the magazine of gunpowder taking fire, 300 of the 

inhabitants lost their lives; 340,000 ball cartridges 



were destroyed, and the whole foundation shaken, 

1773. 
TRINCOMALE, in Ceylon, taken by the English, 

1782 ; and again, 1795. 
TRINITY House founded by Sir Thomas Spest, 

1512 ; incorporated, 1685. 
TROY built, 1480 ; the kingdom began, 1446 B. C. 
TROY, destruction of, June 11, 1184 B. C. 
TULIPS first brought into England, 1578. 
♦TURENNE (Marshal), born 1611; died 1675. 
TURKEYS came into England, 1523. The first in 

France, 1570. 



performing the tournament as then used, says Lombarde, " not being at the tilt, as I think, but at random 
and in the open field, was accounted so dangerous to the persons having to do therein, that sundry Pope9 
forbad it by decree. And the kings of this realm, before King Stephen, would not suffer it to be frequented 
within their land, so that such as for exercise of this feat of arms were desirous to prove themselves, were 
driven to pass over the seas and to perform it in some indifferent place in a foreign country." This 
author's statement of the fact is perfectly correct. In the troublesome time of King Stephen the rigour of 
the laws was much relaxed, and tournaments, among other species of splendid dissipation, were permitted 
to be exercised. They were again, however, suppressed by Henry II., but his son, Richard I., having, as 
it is said, observed that the French practising frequently in the tournament were more expert in the use 
of their arms than the English, permitted his own knights to establish the like martial sports in his domi- 
nions. But at the same time he imposed a tax according to their quality upon such as engaged in them 
An earl was subjected to the fine of twenty marks for his privilege of entering the field as a combatant ; 
a baron ten ; a knight having a landed estate four ; and a knight, without such a possession, two. But all 
foreigners were particularly excluded. How long these imposts continued to be collected does not ap- 
pear, but tournaments were occasionally exhibited with the utmost display of magnificence in the suc- 
ceeding reigns, being not only sanctioned by royal authority, but frequently instituted at the jtoyal 
command, until the conclusion of the sixteenth century. From that period they declined rapidly, and nft> 
years afterwards were entirely out of practice. 

* Marshal Turenne was one of the most renowned generals of modern times. Henri de la Tour d'Au- 
vergne, Viscount Turenne, was the second son or me Duke de Bouillon, Prince of Sedan, in Champagne, 
where he was born in 1611. His mother was Elizabeth of Nassau, daughter of William, Prince of Orange, 
commonly called William the First, the illustrious founder of the Dutch republic. His father having died. 
Turenne was sent by his mother, at the early age of thirteen, to the Netherlands, to be trained to the art 
of war under his uncle, Prince Maurice, who, since the assassination of William in 1584, had presided 
over the affairs of that country. The young recruit was placed at first in the ranks, and served for a yeai 
! as a common soldier, taking his share in all the labours and hardships of his comrades, before he was raised 
| to a post of command. In 1630 he returned to France, and was immediately invested with the command 
I of a regiment. In 1634, having made a brilliant display of his skill and courage at the siege of the fortress 
| of La Motte in Lorraine, he was raised to the rank of Marechal de Camp. The next year he was sent U. 
1 Germany to take part in the war against the Emperor. From this date till his death, he was almost con- 
stantly engaged in active service; and for the next forty years no military name in France, or in Europe, 
was more renowned than that of Turenne. But we cannot here follow him through his successive cam- 
paigns. He was made a Marshal of France in 1G42, at the early age of twenty-seven, and Marshal -General 
of the French armies, on the marriage of Louis XIV. in 1660. The chief scenes of his exploits were Holland 
and Flanders, Italy, and different parts of Germany. He also took a leading part in the civil dissensions 
which distracted his native country during the minority of Louis XIV., espousing in the first instance the 
cause of the Fronde, or combination of malcontent nobility, but afterwards taking the side of the court, 
and fighting as valiantly against his late associates. The career of Turenne was closed by one of the 
accidents of war which may befall the highest or the humblest soldier. As he was reconnoitring the 
position of the Austrian General Montecuculi, near Saltzbach, he was struck by a cannon ball, and fell 
dead from his horse, on the 27th of July, 1675. Turenne had married in 1653 the daughter of the Duke de 
la Force, who died however in 1666, without leaving children. This lady was a person of great piety, and 
strongly attached to the Protestant faith, of which her ancestors had been among the first and most 
strenuous defenders. While she lived, Turenne, a. Protestant also by education and by descent, both on 
his father's and mother's side, resisted all the solicitations of the court to change his religion. Not long 
after the death of his wife, however, after professing to have studied the points in dispute between the two 
churches, he publicly declared himself a Catholic. In sagacity, steady perseverance, self-reliance, and 
many of the other qualities which go to form an able commander of an army, Marshal Turenne has scarcely 
:>een surpassed ; and he was also brave as his sword, and so wholly devoted in heart to his profession, that 
:ie thought as little of its toils as of its dangers, and was at all times ready to share both with the meanest 
ui the camp. Hence he was the idol of his men as weh as their pride ; they not only admired, and followed 



136 



ALPHABETICAL CHRONOLOGY. 



TURNPIKES first legally erected in England, 1663. 
TYCI10 BRAHE, astronomer, of Denmark, born 

1646; died 1601. 
TYPES of wood, for printing, used, 1470. 
ULYSSES flourished, 1149 13. C. 
UNCTION, extreme, practised in the first century; 

in common use, 550. 
UNITARIAN sect besan, 1553. 
USURY forbidden by Parliament, 1341. In 1260, 

two shillings per week for the loan of twenty 

shillings, which was restrained by an act, 1275, 

aeainst the Jews. 
UTRECHT, University of, founded (in Holland), 

1636. 
VACCINE Inoculation introduced, 1799, by Dr. 

Jenner, who received 10,000/., for the discovery 

from Parliament, 1802; a national institution for 

the promotion of, established, 1809. 
VANBURGH (Sir John), died, March 16, 1726. 
VANDEVELDE (Adrian), painter, born 1639; died 

1672. 
VANDYCK (Sir Antony), painter, born at Antwerp, 

1599; died 1641. 
VARNA, Battle of, between the Russians and 

Turks, 1828. 
VAUXHALL Bridge, first stone of, laid, May 9, 

1811 ; opened July 25, 1817. 
VENICE. — The islands on which the city stands 

becan to be inhabited by Italians about 421. 
VENTILATORS invented by the Rev. Dr. Hales, 

1 740. 
VERNET, painter, died 17G0; aged 91. 
VERNON, the largest British frigate ever built, 

registered 2032 tons, launched at Woolwich, May 

1 1 832. 
VERONESE (Paul), an Italian painter, born 1532; 

died 1583. 
VERSAILLES Palace, France, began, 1687; finished, 

1708. 
VESTA, a new planet, discovered by Dr. Olbers, 

at Bremen, March 29, 1S07. 
VESUVIUS, Mount, threw out such a quantity of 

flame and smoke that the air was darkened, and 

the cities of Pompeii and Herculaneum were over- 
whelmed by the burning lava, A. D. 79. 
VIENNA, Emperor of Russia and King of Prussia 

made their solemn entry into, September 25, 1814. 

Other sovereigns arrived at, to form a congress, 

September 26. Discussions by their ministers 

commenced, November 1, 1814. 
VIENNA was very obscure till 1151 ; besieged and 

taken by the King of Hungary, 1490 ; besieged and 

taken by Solyman the Magnificent, with an army 

of 300,000 men, 1529. 
VINCE (Rev. S.), English astronomer, died 1821. 
VIOLINS invented, about 1477, and introduced 

here by Charles II. 
VIRGIL, born at Andes, near Mantua, in 63; died 

at Brandusium, in Italy, 18 B. C. 
VIRGIL (Polydore). died 1553 ; aged 80. 
VIRGINIUS slew his daughter, that she might not 

fall a sacrifice to the lust of Appius Claudius, 446 

B. C. 
VITRUVIUS, the architect, flourished. 135 B. C. 
VOLCANIC Island formed in the Mediterranean, 

off the coast of Sicily, September, 1831. 
VOLCANO, in the Isle of Ferro, broke out Sep-, 

(.ember 13, 1777, which threw out an immense [ 

quantity of red water, that discoloured the sea J 



for several leagues, a new voicanc. appt- 
one of the Azore islands, May 1, 1808. Volcano ol 
Albay, in Manilla, burst forth February 1, 1S14 ; 
the eruption lasted ten days; five populous towns 
and the greater part of Albay were destroyed, 
1200 persons killed and many more dreadfully 
burnt. 
VOLNEY (Count de), writer, born 1757 ; died 

1820. 
VOLTAIRE, died 1778; aged 85. 
VULGATE edition of the Bible discovered, 218. 
WAITHMAN (William,, alderman and represen- 
tative of the Citv of London, a column erected to 
his memory at the foot of Ludgate Hill, 1833. 
WAKEFIELD (Edward Gibbon), convicted of ille- 
gally carrying off Miss Turner, March 23, 1827. 
WALCHEREN, the Island of, taken by the English, 
August, 1809; evacuated by them the following 
December. 
WALES first inhabited by Britons, on their being 
expelled England by the Saxons, ('85 ; divided 
into North Wales, South Wales, and Powis Land, 
970 ; conquered and divided, by William I , among 
the conquerors, 1091 ; the last king died, 1137: 
the sovereign from that time was a prince only. 
WALES had its prince defeated and murdered, and 
the principality annexed to England, 1286; in- 
vaded by the French, February 22, 1797. 
WALES, Prince of, committed to prison for assault- 
ing a Judge on the Bench, 1412. 
WALKER (Adam), philosophical lecturer, died 

1821 ; aged 90. 
WALLACE (Sir William), eminent Scotch general, 

killed, 1304. 
WALLER (Edmund), born, March 3, 1605. 
WALPOLE (Sir Robert), Earl of Orford, born 1674 ; 
committed to the Tower, 1712; took his seat in 
the House of Peers, February 11, 1741 ; died 
1745. 
WALSINGHAM (Lord), house of, Harley Street, 
London, burnt, April 27, 1831, when hi-; lordship 
perished, and his lady died of the injuries she 
sustained. 
WALTHAM Abbey, 1062; cross built, 1292. 
WALWORTH, Lord Mayor of London, knocked 

down Wat Tyler with the city mace, 1381. 
WARBECK (Perkin), executed, November, 1429. 
WASHINGTON City, in America, founded, 1791. 
WASHINGTON (General), died, December 15, 

1799 ; aged 69. 
WATCHES invented at Nuremburg, in Germany, 
1477 ; first used in astronomical observations, 1500 
The Emperor, Charles V., was the first who had 
any thing that might be called a watch, though 
some call it a small table clock, 1530. Watches 
first brought to England from Germany, 1577. 
Spring pocket ones invented by Hooke, 1658. 
WATER first conveyed to London by leaden pipes, 
21st of Henry III., 1237. It took near fifty years to 
complete it ; the whole being finished and Cheap- 
side conduit erected only in 1235. The New River 
brought to London from Amwell, in Hertfordshire, 
at an immense expense by Sir Hugh Middleton, in 
1614. The New River Company incorporated, 
1620. So late as Queen Anne's time there were 
water carriers at Aldgate Pump as now at Edin- 
burgh. 
WATERLOO, man of war, 120 guns, launched at 
Chatham, June 18, 1833. 



vith alacrity to the field, the consummate captain and hero of a hundred victories, but they loved the 
nan. This military spirit was the soul of Turenne's character and the source both of its bright and of its 
arker points. Indeed, bred as he was to the trade of arms almost from his childhood, and living in an 
ge of such incessant warfare, it was hardly possible that he should have been anything more than a mere 
oldier. His name will be eternally disgraced by the ravages which he caused to be committed in the 
smpaign of 1674, in the Palatinate, or the dominions of the Elector of Palatine. At the same time it 
nould be borne in mind that war was the spirit of his age ; and it would be unjust to pronounce upon the 
?aracter of an individual, who certainly possessed many high qualities, by subjecting him to the standard 
y which we have learnt to estimate the pretensions of mere warriors. 



ALPHABETICAL CHRONOLOGY. 



137 



WATER Mills, for grinding corn, were invented by 
Belisarius, while besieged in Rome by the Goths. 
The ancients parched their con. and pounded it 
in mortars. 

WATSON (James), tried for assaulting a patrole 
■with a sword on the night succeeding the Spa- 
fields riot, and acquitted, June 16, 1817. 

WATSON (Richard), Bishop of Llandaff, died, 
July 4, 1816. 

WATT (James), celebrated engineer, born 1736; 
died 1819. 

WATTS (Dr. Isaac), born 1673; died 1748. 

WEBER (Carl Maria Von), musician, born 1786; 
died 1826. 



WEDGE WOOD (Josiah), the celebrated potter, 

died Januarys, 1795. 
WEIGHTS and Measures invented, 869 B C. ; 

fixed to a standard in England, 1257 ; regulated, 

1492. 
♦ WELLINGTON (Duke of), born 1769; fought a 

duel with Lord Winchelsea, March 21, 1829; 

made Chancellor of Oxford, 1834. 
WEMYSS (Earl of), packet from Leith to London 

wrecked, and 10 passengers lost, off the coast of 

Norfolk. September ], 1833. 
fWESLEY (Rev. John), died, March 28, 1791 ; 

aged 88. 



* The Duke of Wellington is the fourth son of the Earl of Mornington, at whose house, still existing in 
Grafton Street, Dublin, now occupied by the Royal Irish Academy, Arthur Wellesley was born on the 
1st of May, 1769— the same year in which Napoleon Buonaparte was born. The life of the Duke of Wel- 
lington is one of the most singular on record, there is, we believe, no other instance of so large an exempli- 
fication of the caprice of fortune in the inundation of any individual with a similar ocean of gifts; we must 
content ourselves with a running recapitulation of the leading points alone which have characterised his 
grace's career. The Hon. Arthur Wellesley received his education at Eton, and his brilliant military edu- 
cation at Angers, in France ; entered the army in 1787, as an ensign of the 41st foot, and exchanged into the 
cavalry in 1792. His first action was at Antwerp, under the Duke of York. He rose rapidly to the rank 
of colonel, and commanded a regiment (the 33rd) under General Harris in the Indian war, and established 
his fame at the siege of Seringapatam, of which he was appointed commandant. He returned to England 
having fully established a high military reputation in 1805. On the 28th of July commenced the first 
action in which Wellington and Napoleon were confronted, and which terminated in the victory of Tala- 
vera; the forces of the French amounting to 40,000, and that of the British army to only 18,300. This 
victory raised Wellington to the peerage, and obtained for him a pension of 2,0C0Z. per annum. Badajos, 
Cuidad Rodrigo (one of the most brilliant of Wellington's victories), Salamanca, Vittoria, and St. Sebas- 
tian, followed in rapid succession to complete the diadem of the Peninsular conquests. In June, 1814, 
Wellington on his return to England took his seat in the House of Lords as Duke of Wellington, his 
income being then raised to 17,000Z. per annum. His stay in this country was short, for on the following 
August he again left England to attend the Congress at Vienna. Buonaparte having escaped from Elba, 
the campaign was renewed, and terminated in the victories of Quatre Bras and Waterloo. Of the 
political career of the Duke of Wellington we forbear to speak, except to remark that his greatest oppo- 
nents in politics have universally allowed, that his sincerity and honesty has shone even in his supposed 
errors. 

t John Wesley, the celebrated founder of the more numerous division of the English Methodists, was 
the second son of the Rev. Samuel Wesley, Rector of Epworth, in Lincolnshire, where he was born in the 
year 1703. Although his father was a man of considerable literary attainments, being known to the public 
as the author of various works in verse, it was to his mother, a woman of a much more zealous and active 
character than her husband, that Wesley was chiefly indebted for his early education, and probably also 
for the seeds of many of his distinguishing mental habits. After receiving a very systematic elementary 
tuition from his mother, John Wesley was sent to the Charter-house, from whence he removed at the usual 
time to Christ Church College, Oxford. Here he distinguished himself greatly by his diligence and success 
as a student, showing from the first, in the distribution of his time, the same punctual and persevering 
regard to method by means of which he mainly achieved all the greater objects of his life. The reading of 
some religious works, and especially of " Law's Serious Call," awakened in him a strong spirit of religious 
fervour , and he formed that association with a number of his college acquaintances of similar views and 
feelings, to which, from the punctilious regularity of the members in their devotions and general demeanour, 
the epithet of " methodists " was given as a name of reproach by the wags of the university. As has hap- 
pened in other cases, the objects of the intended satire were much too earnest in the views they had 
adopted to feel or to regard any point of ridicule which it might be supposed to possess, and frankly adopted 
he nick-name thus bestowed upon them by their opponents, as their proper designation. Among their 
number, besides Wesley, was the afterwards equally celebrated George Whitfield. We cannot here 
attempt to pursue minutely the remainder of the course of Wesley's busy life, or to trace the rise of that 
extensive fabric of ecclesiastical policy of which he was the founder. Suffice it to say, that having com- 
menced his public labours as a religious teacher in the newly-formed colony of Georgia, in America, in the 
year 1735, he pursued from this time a course of almost constant journeying, preaching, and writing, till 
within a week of his death, on the 2nd of March, 1791, in the eighty-eighth year of his age. During the 
greater part of this long period he rarely preached less than twice, and often four or five times a day ; while, 
besides presiding with the most minute superintendence over all the public affairs of the large and rapidly 
growing community which acknowledged him as its head, and transacting a great deal of pr : v*te business, 

T 



138 



ALPHABETICAL CHRONOLOGY. 



♦WEST (Benjamin), artist, born 1738 ; died 1820. 

WESTERFIELD Islands, in the Pacific Ocean, 
discovered by Captain Warden, 1830. The in- 
habitants are peaceable, and enjoy a regular 
domestic government. 

WEST India Docks completely opened, July 12, 
1806. 



WEST Indies discovered by Columbus, 1492. 

WESTMINSTER Abbey, built by Ethelbert, of 
Kent, on the spot where stood the Temple of 
Apollo, 914; rebuilt, 1065; again rebuilt, 1269: 
made collegiate, 1560 ; towers built, 1732 ; north 
porch repaired, 1750. 

WESTMINSTER (Matthew of), died about 1380. 



he found time to send to the press a succession of works, which, in the collected edition, amount to be- 
tween thirty and forty volumes. Mr. Southey, who has made the life of this extraordinary man one of the 
most interesting books in the language, has given us the following account of the manner in which he con- 
trived to get through all this occupation. "Leisure and I," said Wesley, "have taken leave of one 
another. I propose to be busy as long as I live, if my health is so long indulged to me." This resolution 
was made in the prime of life, and never was resolution more punctually observed. " Lord, let me not 
live to be useless!" was the prayer which he uttered after seeing one whom he had long known as an 
active and useful magistrate, reduced by age to be " a picture of human nature in disgrace, feeble in 
body and mind, slow of speech and understanding." He was favoured with a constitution vigorous beyond 
that of ordinary men, and with an activity of spirit which is even rarer than his singular felicity of health 
and strength. Ten thousand cares of various kinds, he said, were no more weight or burthen to his mind 
than ten thousand hairs were to his head. * * His manner of life was the most favourable that could have 
been devised for longevity. He rose early, and lay down at night with nothing to keep him waking, or 
trouble him in sleep. His mind was always in a pleasurable and wholesome state of activity ; he was 
temperate in his diet, and lived in perpetual locomotion. A frequent change of air is, perhaps, of all 
things, that which most conduces to joyous health and long life. The time which Mr. Wesley spent in 
travelling was not lost. " History, poetry, and philosophy," said he, " I commonly read on horseback, 
having other employment at other times." He used to throw the reins on his horse's neck, and in this 
way he rode, in the course of his life, above a hundred thousand miles, without any accident of sufficient 
magnitude to make him sensible of the danger which he incurred. 

* Benjamin West, whose parents were Quakers, was born at a village called Springfield, in North 
America, which seems to have been principally a settlement of persons of that communion, in the year 
1738. Many interesting anecdotes have been related of the early years of this artist, which show how 
strong was the natural bent of his genius. He was only entering his seventh year when being left one 
day to watch the infant of his eldest sister, which was asleep in its cradle, he was detected by his mother, 
on her return, in an attempt, and by no means an unsuccessful one, to made a drawing with pen and ink 
of the features of the child. From this time the sketching, in the same simple way, of flowers, birds, and 
such other objects as struck his fancy, was long his favourite occupation, to which he would willingly 
have devoted every moment. At length a party of Indians who paid a visit to Springfield enlarged his 
stock of colours, which had as yet consisted only of black and red ink, by teaching him how to prepare red 
and yellow ochre ; and he soon after supplied himself with brushes from the tail and back of a cat. It is 
said that up to this period he had never seen a picture or engraving. He had been practising his art for 
about a year, when a Mr. Pennington, a merchant from Philadelphia, chanced to come to see his father, 
and was so much surprised and delighted with the untutored efforts of the boy, that on his return home he 
sent him a box furnished with colours, oils, and brushes, and also a few prints. We give the remainder of 
the story from the ' Pursuit of Knowledge :'— " Benjamin was perfectly enraptured. The true nature of 
the prints he did not suspect at first, the existence of such an art as that of engraving never having entered 
his imagination. But, of course, he thought them the finest things he had ever seen in his life. During the 
remainder of the evening he scarcely lifted his eyes from his box and its contents. Sometimes he almost 
doubted that he was actually master of so precious a treasure, and would take it in his hand merely to be 
assured that it was real. Even after going to sleep he awoke more than once during the night and anxi- 
ously put out his hand to the box, which he had placed by his bed-side, half afraid that he might find his 
riches only a dream. Next morning he rose at break of day, and carrying his colours and canvas to the 
garret, proceeded to work. Every thing else was now unheeded. Even his attendance at school was 
given up. As soon as he got out of the sight of his father and mother he stole to his garret, and here 
passed the hours in a world of his own. At last, after he had been absent from school some days, the 
master called at his father's house to inquire what had become of him. This led to the discovery of his 
secret occupation. His mother, proceeding to the garret, found the truant ; but so much was she astonished 
and delighted by the creation of his pencil, which also met her view when she entered the apartment, that, 
instead of rebuking him, she could only take him in her arms and kiss him with transports of affection. He 
had made a new composition of his own out of two of the engravings, which he had coloured from his own 
feeling of the proper tints ; and so perfect did the performance already appear to his mother, that although 
half the canvas yet remained uncovered, she would not suffer him to add another touch to what he had 
done. Mr. Gait, West's biographer, saw the picture in the state it which it had thus been left, sixty-seven 
years afterwards ; and the artist himself used to acknowledge that in none of his subsequent efforts had he 



ALPHABETICAL CHRONOLOGY. 



139 



WET Docks in Wapping, called the London Docks, 
the first stone of, laid, June 26, 1802; opened, 
January 30, 1805. 

WEYHlLL (air nearly destroyed by fire, October 
15,1784. 

WHALE fishery, the first by the Dutch, 1596 ; by 
the English at Spitsbergen, 1598. 

WHALES, 98 driven on the beach at Lewos, in 
Scotland, April 25, 1832. 

WHALES, one killed above London Bridge, Sep- 
tember, 1781 ; one nineteen feet long killed at 
Execution Dock, August 22, 1796; one of enormous 
size taken on the coast of the Isle of Wight, of the 
supposed value of 5001. , September, 1813. 

WHITEHEAD (Samuel), died by his own hand 
when in a state of mental derangement, July 6, 
1815. 

WHITE (Gilbert), of Selbourn, Hants, one of the 
most delightful of writers upon natural history ; to 
his mind nothing was too mean for the closest in- 
spection ; the domestic cat itself was an object of 
considerable interest ; there was not a road-side 
bank but it furnished him with an agreeable book 
from which to draw the choicest fruits for re- 
flection. 

WHITEHALL, Westminster, built by Cardinal 
Wolsey, 15.45 ; gateway pulled down and carried 
to Windsor, 1746. 

WHITE (Henry Kirke), poet, born 1785; died 1806. 

WHITFIELD (Rev. George), preached in the fields, 
1735 ; excluded the church, May 10, 1739 ; died 
1770; aged 56. 

WHITTINGTON (Sir Richard), thrice Lord Mayor 
of London, 1377, and two other years. 

WICKLIFFE opposed the Pope's supremacy, 1377 ; 
died 1385 ; and forty years alter burnt for being an 
heretic. 

WIGHT, Isle of, taken by the French, July 13, 
1377. 

WIGS, full bottom, were first worn by the judges in 
1674. 

WILBERFORCE (W.), the opponent of slave n 
born 1750; died, July 29, 1833. 

WILK.ES (John), the patriot, expelled the House of 
Commons, February, 1769 ; died, December 26, 
1797 ; aged 70. 

WILLIAMS charged with the murders in Ratcliflfe 
Highway, December 27, 1811. 

WILLIAMSON and family murdered at Ratcliffe 
Highway, December 20. 1811. 

WILSON (Richard), painter, died in May, 1782. 

WINDMILLS invented, 1299. 

WINDOWS of glass first used in England, for 
houses, 1180. 

WINDSOR Castle built, 1364 ; chapel built, 1473 ; 
terrace made, 1587. 

WINE first made in England, 1140 ; in Flanders, 
276. 

WITCHCRAFT was pretty much believed in the 
sixteenth century; in the reign of Henry VII. a 
woman was executed for this supposed crime by 
the sherilf of Devon ; 600 were executed for it in 
France, 1609. Grandiere, a priest of London, 
burnt for bewitching a whole convent of nuns, 



, 1634; twenty women were executea in Bretagne. 
1654 ; nine more were burnt in Poland, 1755. 

WOAD first cultivated in England, 1582 ; the fixing 
its colour discovered, 1753. 

WOLFE (General), killed before Quebec, Sep- 
tember 13, 1759 ; aged 33. 

WOLSEY, Minister to Henry VIII., 1513; Arch- 
bishop of York, 1514; Cardinal, 1515: Chancellor 
December 24, in the same year; Legate, 1518; 
resigned the seals, October 18, 1529 ; stipped of all 
his possessions, and died, November, 18, 1530 ; 
aged 59. 

WOOD Cuts invented, 1460. 

WOOD (Rev. Basil), a miscellaneous writer of re- 
pute, born 1761 ; died 1831 

WOOL, 150 hanks in the pound, were spun in 1754, 
by Mary Powyle, of East Dereton, Norfolk; and 
this was thought so extraordinary, that an account 
of it is registered at the Royal Society ; 85,000 
yards, or 48 miles. 

WOOLLEN-CLOTH, manufacturers of, in all civi- 
lized countries, and in very remote ages, and 
probably of linen also. Strabo, speaking of Turte- 
tania, in Lusitania, says, in 34, that cloths were 
formerly the exports of that country. 

WOOLWICH Arsenal, stores, &c. burnt, to the 
value of 200,000/., May 20, 1802. 

WORDE (Winken de), the printer, died 1534. 

WORMWOOD, and other plants, used for pre- 
serving malt liquors, before the use of hops, 1492. 

WOUVERMANS (Philip), a Dutch painter, bom 
1620 : died 1668. 

WREN (Sir Christopher), died 1725; aged 91. 

WYAT (SirT.), beheaded, February 23, 1555. 

WYCHERLY (William), born 1640; died Januarj 
1, 1715. 

WYKEHAM (William of;, eminent English prelate, 
Bishop of Winchester, died 1404. 

XENOPHON, died at Corinth, 309 13. C. ; aged 90. 

YEAR, the solar, found to consist of 365 days f; 
hours, and 49 minutes, 283 ; introduced by Caesar. 
45 B. C. 

Y~RK, built 1223 B. C. 

YORK Cathedral built, 628; rebuilt, 1075. 

YORK (Duke of), had 40,000/. annuity settled oi: 
him, 1792. 

YORK Jail was daily throw open for three weeks 
previous to the 26th of November, 1814 ; there not 
being a prisoner, either debtor or felon, in it. 

YOUGHALL, in Ireland, had its barracks blown up 
by accident, in September, 1793, when the face oi 
Mr. Armstrong, the quarter-master, was so burnt 
that the whole of his skin was scorched ; but it 
was singular that he was much marked with the 
small-pox before the accident happened, and on 
getting a new skin, it became perfectly smooth 
without any remains of the small-pox marks. 

YOUNG (Dr. Edward), died 1765 ; aged 81. 

ZACH (Baron de), a celebrated astronomer of Hun- 
gary, born 1754 ; died 1833. 

ZEDWITZ, in Germany, the Catholic chapel, th< 
mansions of three Counts of Zedwitz, the post- 
office, and 4,000 private dwellings, destroyed bj 
fire at, December 12, 1814. 



been able to excel some of the touches of invention in this his first essay." It was many years after this 
however, before West emerged from the obscurity of his native village. When he was fifteen he was at 
length taken to Lancaster and Philadelphia, under the patronage of some persons of influence who were 
anxious to foster his talents. In his eighteenth year he set up as a portrait painter in Philadelphia, and 
after some time he proceeded, in the same capacity, to New York. Means were then found by his friends- 
to send him to Italy, where he remained, studying and practising his art, for about three years. Frorr 
Italy he came to England, reaching London in August, 1763. In this country he spent the remainder o 
his life, and executed all the works upon which his reputation is founded. Among these are particularly 
celebrated his 'Death of General Wolfe,' his 'Last Supper,' his 'Christ healing the Sick,' and hi* 
1 Death on the Pale Horse.' On the death of Sir Joshua Reynolds in 1791, West was chosen to succeed 
him as President of the Royal Academy ; and to this honourable office he was annually re-elected (will 
the exception of one year) so long as he lived. He died on the 11th of March. 1820, in the eighty-second 
year of his age. 



140 



ALPHABETICAL CHRONOLOGY. 



ZENO died 264 B. C. 

ZEPHANIAH, the prophet, flourished 641 B. C. 
ZIMMERMAN (J. G.), physician and writer, author 
of the work on "Solitude," born 1728; died 



ZODIAC, signs of the, invented by Anaximandei 

547 B. C. 
ZOROASTER flourished 1066. 
ZUINGLIUS, killed in the Swiss war, 1531 ; aged 

44. 



WILLIAM HENRY COX. 

% BREAl QUEEN -STREET, LINCOLN'S 'NN 



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PoUina Places for ike County %*' 

Boundaries ofBonmghs, 

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EXPLANATION 

Comity Totvn DORCHESTER 

MafketTowns Bridport jk, 

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Ov 

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Scati & Tories 

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Turnpike J;.-.l* jfe 

Cross Roads ^k« 

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llivers £• T1ntercoia\res..~y — 



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Jicrnpike Roads' 

G'oss Roads 

RailRoads 

Stations 



STA 



Polling Places. »i« 

Boundary of Boroughs ■••• 

Ditto Lathes ....... 

Ditto County ■-.-• 

Figures attached to Hums denote the distance thorn London, 



EAT HE S 

Sutton atLfone 1 

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Scnqy 3 

SLdugustine 4 

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<J> 



Oxdnhton. . 

YxanA 

] ^. iibanoVbrd \ ^^p^eratora- /£^ rfc771 l 






s 



ycJcivoud cum, fojltori 



* 



E XPLANATION 
££, <zrf> NORWICH Ihrnpike Roads 

MarketTowns Yarmouth. Gross Roads 
Filiates Samlets Sec Earlham, Rail Roads 

Canals " 

Rivers & Watercourses 




gm Stations *TA 

Boundary of Boroughs 

—£*- I Ditto Hundreds 



| Tolling Places * Ditto CojuxW 

figures attached to Towns denote the distance iro ml ondon, 



ZO 



«to 



27 



r^=^ 



.- ^T 



,o^ e 



hunv 






SCALE 



v?J_ 22^ 






iminpham 



56 







rton, 



46 



^Sm^&^^mX&^w^^^^^Myn, 



rratb^ 

tor 






Jr&iru? 



fpeophar 



tliesthbrpe^ 






ffethel+h // 






■* Yarm 



ibvay-h,. 



\Lagfaley 



^ Tfa^W^V'J/rpeKxMaithias 

^>jF"V2$£Be c cle s 
HUNDRED S 



&<-n\«>, Garhton /% X dAHtirtJtZ 0rf ^?yt ™*#™ft ^^^t£%fgZ* OjE^ldLe^ ,_>/( 114 ' 

// >' •-.w '-.Vfe? ^i n Aarj'.™. 



36 



SO 



Clackclose " Eitisrord 



^ 



o y¥/ ^ 



Sff'n Grimshoe 
ina.li South Greenhoe 

//'V>9 Snuthdon 

Jirothercross 
Gallon 
Launditch 
Mitford 

Y^y, Stiroph am 
Guiltcross 
Diss 
Depwada 
Humbleyard, 
Forehoe 



3 Worrit Given hot' 

5 North ErpintjhattL 

6 South Erpintjho.ni 
1 Tmisiead 

8 Happing 

9 WestFleqg 

10 EastFUyq 

11 Wai-rhtini 
13 Jilourirltl 

13 Met is Is tid 

14 LoJtion 

15 Earsham 

16 ClaveririA 
17 



18! 

19 M 
20 



28 
29 
50 
31 
ft 3 
33 



I 



u 1° Greenwich 



20 



30 



40 



Dram UXngrcare&bj JCAretefienioruraleSonaon 




5? 



Kbigs Sutton Hund'f. 1 

Chippina Warden 2 

Greens Norton 3 

Cleley 4 

Wymerslev 5 

Jbweesixr. 6 

Spelhoc 1 

No bottle tiro re 8 

Fawsley. 9 

tsuilsboroiulh 10 



RothwellHund* 11 

Orlmobttry 12 

Hamfordshoe „.._ 13 

Hiphani Ferrers 14 

Htuvloc 15 

Corbv 16 

Volebrook 17 

Wllvbrook 18 

Noiis/brd 19 

Peterborough Liberty ZO 



-. 






Meridian <■/ C) urrenwi. h 



i .«- Engraved b\ XArdhsr. Penten\ ■, 



GQ 




H«S 




h-axa 

inmruiiirimiiiir- 

West 40 from, Oreer 



A\ 




i. Jinlmin.itrr 


USomerton 


2Avi/ix/i<mi 


VlY.o.il 


SJi.tth 


ISIbnituter 


■\fromr 


llJIrii/i/riititrr 


^tKllltllT.Tfioil 


l.'iTnuiiloii 


QChewton 


WiHclliiuitcii 


7 Ming/on 


17 Jli.r/in/>.tJ.\tliiml 


aWeUr 


mnwitoi, 



9 Ship ton M.illct l9(hrfumtpton 
lOfftneauitfon lOMilifrton 



of Greenwich SO 



rl' r „t,',:v,ll<- /..••,. 1,-1 




Lackford/ 
Blackbown/ 
Thingoc ... . 

Bisbridg& 4 

Babergh/ 5 

Thedwestry 6 

Cosforcb. 7 

Stow. 8 



HUNDRED S 
1 

2 Hoxne 

3 Thralling 
Bosmere and/ 
Qaydorv 

Soanpford, 13 

Colmeis 14 

IpswichLiberiy. 15 



30 



CarVorcL 16 

WUforcL. 17 

Loes 18 

FlomesgaAe/ 19 

wLgZd, 21 ^ Mfif* » J 

Mwtforci 22 Maiuxmgtr* 

LoMngJand 23 



40 



50 West 



r. 




Thsam .<■/:"> ;.-■....•./ Iv.Ll,,/,.; PontonvOlo JL. ■<.,?,• 



37 




i 

2 
"g, JVaUinpton. 3 

Hinbrrdge 4 

Reioato f> 

Walton 6 

Farnham, 



Copthome frTffi>vphant 7 
Elmbrulge. 8 

Godley <fc Cherts ey 
Woking ' 10 

BUiriekcath 11 

QoAalming 

13 



20 



70 



Meridian, of Greenwich 







° J / w 




Engraved, /w- DtLgdale s Ei 



K) 




EIPLAUATIO ST 

County Town, as JLPPI.EBY 

Market Towns KukhylCeml.il 

•es .S- JLitnlt ts Me-vensKcwn, 

Seats & larks 

Canals 

Turnpike Roads 

Cross Roads 

RailRoads 

Stations 

Rivers &■ Watercourses 

Woods Sc Rlantntions 

Rolling Rlaces + 

Boundary trf Rorottahs 

Wards 

County 

Tigures attached to Towns denote 
the- Distanre tronx London 



r>mm\ i-En/jmi-.-d bv X drrttrK P.-rn- ■■ 



IBKCBSTEESHilX _« 4 



01Z34S618 9lOiles ^ 



DIVISION'S X 
The- Hundred J&US& 1 



Upton 
FersTioro 

Bloclcley 
W JDroitwichj 

JTbrtfineZd- 

Six>jj?%Y%dg& 8 

ISddemvb%ster 9 

Dudley 10 



52 ( 





Drawn. SrJEnym i.vi* bv J. Archer: Pnittm lillaZcrndcr 





jpSfildfe } t ) MIX '**- 

terburr 










_ iFr^^ik^ifn.ri-dnf^ J r < -7 ^V ..1 



JWodT, 



m. 



12 ,• •; \tf,' 



13 

— 1 



t 



T JUL !K 3> Jfai iil jE 



NORTH RIDING &c. 



<* 



lit Hoods 



^ 




ffamborough Head. 



lo Milts 

EXPLANATION 
Cvby as.' YORK 

Market-Towns as Picloerin.g' 

Tillages Hamlet? he. Jhinmanby 

Seats h Forks 

Canals 

Turnpxke/BjoaxLs 

Cross Ra ads 

EaiLRoads *«««*««*, 

Stations *TA 

Polling Places * 

Woods & Plantations ^ss» 

Rivers &> Watercourses _!>. — ■ — 

Boundary of Boroughs 

Ditto Wapentakes .-.. 

Ditto County' & Ridings 

Figures attacked-to Toyvns denote, 
the- distance from London, 



WAPENTAKES 

Langbarg West Division, 1 

Ditto East-It? 3 

Whitby Strand- 3 

Pickering Lythe- 

RyedcUe- .\ 5 

Birdfordiy 6 

Bubrrver 7 

Suc7crose- 8 

Dickering 9 

Holderness 10 

BainmnBeacon DivV'ofHh.rtbiU 11 
Wilton Ditto D? VZ 

Ainsn- of York 13 

Claro 14 



10 



54? 



Meridian nf l~"~rcn a'ich 



J 



Dtwrt X- Kngrnved fty J.lr-chrr Pentonr M 



IP 



1 



PART OF THE 

IORTH HIDING &c 



54: c 



EXP LAN ATI ON 

Market Town*? as KiettlewelL 
Villages Samlets $ce. Marion -oj 

Saab? 8c Parks. *dH 

Canals r. .. 

Turnpike Roads i==^— -7 

Cross Roads r^7r===^= 

RaURoads wWWHim 

Stations 5.TA . 

Rivers icWater Courses -==^— 

Wooas&Plantations <^^ 

Polling Places * 

Boundary ofBoroixglv ..." 

Ditto Wapentakes "■•'"'■ 

Ditto Cbicnty HcRidings- — 

Figures atbtchedto Towns denote 
the distance. /ronvLondon . 

WAPENTAKES 

GiBcng West 1 

Ditto East 2 

JXLertonsTiire- 3 

L angoarglv WestDiv? 4 

Birdfordv & 

6 

7 

* 8 

HangWest 9 

lO 

11 

12 




44 




Omim S>JBngrai ad hv J.J r dkm 



pletorv 



roughs 




46 



hrxpt&n, 
HfenfioTi: 




t 



jTHE 
RIDING. 



r • 



EXPLANATION 

<2*y, a* YORK 

Market Towns Hornsea 

Villages, Hamlets &o. BUton 

Seats SoParks 

Canals 

turnpike- Roads 

(ross Roads. 

Rail Roads 

Stations STA 

Rivers & Water Courses ..... ^ — 

Woods & Plantations *£***. 

Potting Places i« 

Boundary of Boroughs .. 

JHtto Wapentakes 

Bitto County A Ridings ....... 

Figures attachedto Towns denote 
the distance ironv London . 



West 




kBtymvrd \)- if rinflWI PwitWH flit t tllrfll 




i>r<i..7; Sb&rurrawi bv J. Archer retitkmvUU.loniion . 



CO! 



I I 







3 HIH S R V f) 



rl N « •* »ft '£> 



iliili 




^r 



u 



«3 




rntrn JhSnqriivett bv .ljjvhrr,l'rt>t<>:i\ill/-,j.i>n 1 l,>n. 





SCALE 






• Me 
V 

9 




4 6 


8 


io Mile<r 




m, 


"'•'''""■ ^§^ 




^ - T ' % - 4 i 






v^: — 






I 1 










^==y 


*?==-' 




^L 


1" 


UK 


: ~~=- 


,ff 




MB 














20 









50 



40 




•Harlech. 

HUNDRED S 

Creyddyrv. 1 

Irar. 2 

VchaC. 3 

JS T ant Contra*. 4 

Jsg^rrt^u 5 

Eiiorvyedd 

UchgwrfaL 7 

Dinlae.11. 

Ga/Flogiarv. 9 

Cwmnvwd Maen. 10 

TVestrrom ^ Greenwich 50 



Cay as BANGOR 

County To wn CAE RUTARVON 

Marlcet To was Aberconwar 

Villages Hamlets &c Llanfilianyel 

Seats A- Parks ££& 

Canals. ■ 

Tiimfyike Hoads 

Cross Jioads ^^= 

liail lioads .n-iiimmii 

Stations $TA 

Hi vers &- Ttatercoursiis -Oi__^_ 

floods A' I'hmUitions 

Tolling Tlaces. >{• 

Boundary of Hoixuitfhs 

Ditto Hundreds 

Jh'tto County 

Figures attached to Towns denote, 
the distance thorn London 




Draxm kXngrccvtd t>v JCJtrehar,! 



■fO 



SCALE 



EXPLANATION 



County To wn cur..:.. CARDIGAN 

Market Towns Aberystwyth 

YEUag es Samlets Jcc. Llandegwy 

Seats SaParks <<SSS> 

Turnpike Roads <==C 

Cross Roads ^^"^ 

Rivers 8c Watercourses. j.j^Ss — 

Woods &> Plantations. ^zss&- 

Polling Places * 

Boundary of Boroughs 

Ditto. Hundreds .t'-..- 

Ditto. County _. ..... 

Figures attached, to Towns denote 
the distance- from, London 



^m 





O N E T H 

EXPLANATION 

County Town as DENBIGH 

Market Towns Llangollen 

VUlages Mdtnlets Sec Zlandtttio 

Seats &>ParTcs j&8s> 

Canals . 

Turnpike Roads 

Cross Roads. 

Rivers &> Watercourses xz> — > 

Woods &> Plantations. &9 

Potting Place* ♦ 

Bovcndary of Boroughs. 



# 



Ditto- County ...». 

Figures atbajchedsto Towns denote 
the distance fronvlondon/ 




40 



52 



3° 



JtJ 16 i3 «© 1 b Ml e> jd I ,«*> /S 




Draxri HBngravcd bv JArcher.I'enromiUfJ..<nJon. 




EXPLANATION 

City as S* ASAPH 

County Toivrt FLINT 

Marjcet Towns. Hawarden. 

Wages. Hamlets Sec,. Whitford 

t^Seatf <fc Parks' ^BIS^ 

Canals - 

Turnpike Roads. ^^^P 1 

Cross Roads 

Rivers So Watercourses -X>v-^^ 

Woods Sc Plantations <r£L^A 

Polling Places "fr 

Boundary ofjBorougJis. 

Jiitto Hundreds.... .... .- 

Ditto County 

Figures attaclied to Towns deiwte 
the distance from London 



HPBfD REDS 

Prestatyn- ,.\ 

Rhyddlarv. 2 

ColeshiH 3 

Mold, 4 

McLvlor 5 



jLLLiox 



53 



nwmsMVE 



SCALE 



Miles 




Engraved, bv J Archer. Pen&oTwW&Lon&Sr* 




Citv as LLANDAFF j Stations 



County Town. CARDIFF 

Market Towns Llantriss ant 

VMag es JTarnlets 8cc.Peri.mark 

Seats- ScTarks &&? 

Turnpike Roads ss=~2== 

Cross Broads ^^C 

liaiJ Roads 



Canals — ■ - ■ 

Rivers & Watercourses. i=» — 

Woods <fe Plantations. ^S^ 

Polling riaces "i* 

Boundary of Boroughs - - 

Ditto Hundreds 

Ditto County 

Figures attached, to Towns denote t/ie distaace rrortv London, 
i iiiiiiiM.iniihiii i ii i hiiiiiiiiiMii ii H iii i _j==miiiiMiii M iii i iiiii i iiii i ii i ii iim iiiiiii = 



JO 



We stfrom 4° Green wich- 




Engraved for Dii^dales E: 



?££** 




ss 



HUNDREDS 

Ardixdwy is Astro 1 

Penllvi i -is A foil. 2 

Edeiniion 3 

Talybont fr Mowddu .4 

Estuncinef. 5 



rhfiw-cH 



EXPLANATION 

County Town, a* HARLECH 

Market Towns. Dolg-eTly 

Villages Jtfarriletr Sec LlandriMo 

Seats & Forks M&> 

Turnpike Roads 

Cross Roads 

Hail Roads M 

Rivers <fr Water-courses. ^C^ 

Woods 8b Plantations ^S^E" 

Polli/rg Places "t 

Boundary of Boroughs 

Ditto Hundreds. 

Ditto. County 

Figures attachedto Town is denote 
the distance ri'oni London 



60 



46 



* 



mxioHcrif HBski 






jo Miles 



30 



JO 



J)r€tiiti Si'Enqrtivfd bv *f.Archsr. Pt-nton i ill*: L<*riJ,>r, 



ncLancL Wales fl&U/uxtted. 



EXPLANATION 
County To urn ^MONTGOMERY 

Marfeet Jbwns Welshpool 

I 71/aaes Hamlets Ssa Tregynorh 

Peats & Paries 

Canals 

Tiirjipilce Roads 

G\?ss Roads 

Rivers & Watercourses 

oods & Plantations... 

Polling Places •£ 

Boundary of Boroughs 

Ditto Hundreds 

Ditto County. 

Figures attached to Tbwns denote, 

die distance fro m. london^ 




56 




■omrcoNEZiSHis] 



SCALE 

t i"ii"i'i"i'i \\\n\\\n '"miii;:mi i 



West ih'in JJ° Greenwich 







frestfi-om 5° Gremtk 



JRu graved for PugdalfiS En . 



57 




*£w,us.; in J..irvk*nr>n:t-iir. W.'ls.ZonJo 



l& and Wales DeJinextfed, 




I A i 




Thrnpihe, Roads 

Cross Roads. 

RaHRvads 

Rivers Jfe TtZUercourses 

Woods <fc Plantations... 

Polling Plaxxs.. * 

Doundary of Boroughs. 

Ditto Hundreds. 

Ditto County. 

Figures attached to To mis denote 
the distance from London, 



uiimmumimiiuuniii n uir 

West t'roin 3° Oreennich. 



J)r,tmi ,(-i>.,n:iw !<v . T A~rh r. l\-:ttw: >iVelonJo 







^ J 










^ V ' * Y * ° ' 

u ^> s r k? <s* * 



^ 




oT 9* 






L s °< 






or 
V 






\> 






4e 



«y 



\ > 



«5 o. 









*+ 





















/ 









^ 

^ ' 

^ 









>' 



$ 



\> 



% 



<*<3* *«S* **°<* ' ^°' 



















<^ 



i( \ v 



# 



^\ 



<L ^ 



LIBRARY OF CONGRESS 

lilillllllllll 

018 459 621 



1 I 



